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4th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic InfectionsWashington, DC - January 22-26, 1997 |
Cite as: Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 1997 Jan 22-26;4th:Abstract No. xx
| Session 1 — Opening Session |
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| S1 | Bernard S. Fields Memorial Lecture: Can HIV Be Eradicated from an Infected Person? Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:212 (abstract no. S1) Ho, D Abstract not available. |
| S2 | Plenary Lecture: HIV/AIDS: The Global Status and Response to the Epidemic Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:212 (abstract no. S2) Piot P Abstract not available |
| Session 2 — State-of-the-Art Lecture Viral and Cellular Dynamics: Implications for Antiretroviral Therapy |
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| L1 | Viral & cellular dynamics: implications for antiretroviral therapy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:210 (abstract no. L1) Perelson AS, Essunger P, Markowitz M, Ho DD In HIV-1 infected patients, following administration of potential antiretroviral agents, the virus plasma levels drop approximately one hundred fold in the first two weeks. In many patients, this initial rapid decay is followed by a 10-20 fold slower second phase of decay. Mathematical models have been used to interpre |
| Session 3 — State-of-the-Art Lecture Chemokines: Structure and Biological Activities |
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| L2 | Chemokines: structures and biological activities. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:210 (abstract no. L2) Baggiolini M Chemokines are major regulatory proteins of inflammation and immunity. They act mainly on leukocytes inducing migration and release responses. Chemokine activities are mediated by seven-transmembrane-domain, G-protein coupled receptors. Four CXC chemokine and five CC chemokine receptors are known (CXCR1 to 4, and CCR1 |
| Session 4 — Slide Opportunistic Infections: PCP, Fungi, Cryptosporidiosis, PML, and Dementia |
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| 1 | Changes in HIV RNA viral load in AIDS patients during Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:65 (abstract no. 1) Bush CE, Donovan RM, Markowitz NP, Sluchak-Carlsen J, Kvale P, Saravolatz LD Immune activation during opportunistic infection may increase HIV replication, thereby facilitating HIV pathogenesis and also confound the interpretation of HIV RNA viral load measurements. This retrospective study examined the serum HIV RNA level, neopterin level, and CD4 count in 10 subjects prior to the development |
| 2 | ACTG 268 trial - gradual initiation of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (T/S) as primary prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:65 (abstract no. 2) Para MF, Dohn M, Frame P, Becker S, Finkelstein D, Walawander A T/S is recognized as the superior agent for PCP prophylaxis, but a high incidence of adverse drug reactions limits its use. We tested the hypothesis that gradual initiation of T/S prophylaxis might reduce the incidence of toxicities compared to initiating double strength tablets. Method: ACTG 268 was a rando |
| 3 | Mutations in Pneumocystis carinii associated with prophylaxis breakthroughs in AIDS patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:65 (abstract no. 3) Locke A, Meshnick S, Lane B, Cannon M, Kileen A, Beals T, Hossler P, Kazanjian P, Bartlett M, Smith J PURPOSE: P. carnii pneumonia ( PCP ) breakthroughs on sulfa prophylaxis (TMP/SMX or dapsone) occur, but the mechanism is unknown. The purpose of this study is to determine whether mutations in the P. carinii dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) gene are associated with these breakthroughs. METHODS: 14 patients with AIDS and |
| 4 | A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of paromomycin (par) for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis (cs) in patients with advanced HIV disease and CD4 counts under 150 (ACTG 192). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:65 (abstract no. 4) Hewitt RG, Yiannoutsos CT, Carey J, Geiseler PJ, Soave R, Rosenberg R, Vazquez GJ, Wheat J, Fass RJ, Higgs ES, Antoninjevic Z, Walawander AL, Flanigan T, Bender J To determine the clinical and antimicrobial efficacy of par for cryptosporidiosis in patients (pts) with advanced HIV Disease. Methods: 35 pts were randomized in a double blind fashion to receive par 500mg QID for 21 days or placebo (pla). After 21 days, all pts received open label par 500mg QID for 21 days. |
| 5 | A phase II dose escalation trial of high dose fluconazole with and without flucytosine for AIDS associated cryptococcal meningitis. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:65 (abstract no. 5) Milefchik E, Leal M, Haubrich R, Bozzette S, Tilles J, Leedom J, McCutchan JA, Larsen RA To determine if higher doses of fluconazole with and without flucytosine (5-FC) could be used safely and effectively. Methods: Eighty-nine patients with their first episode of AIDS associated cryptococcal meningitis were enrolled at three University Hospitals. A successful outcome was defined as survival to |
| 6 | Serum and CSF cryptococcal antigen in management of cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:66 (abstract no. 6) Powderly WG, Tuazon C, Cloud GA, Saag MS, Van Der Horst C We examined the usefulness of measurement of serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cryptococcal antigen (CRAG) titers in monitoring antifungal therapy in patients with AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis (CM). Serum and CSF CRAG was measured at baseline, during (2 weeks, 4 weeks) and at the conclusion of therapy (10 |
| 7 | Relationship of cerebrospinal fluid HIV-1 RNA levels (CSF RNA) to plasma RNA, CSF pleocytosis, stage of HIV infection and cognitive functioning. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:66 (abstract no. 7) McCutchan JA, Ellis R, Hsia K, Heaton R, Wallace M, Nelson J, Wolfson T, Grant I, Spector SA Two studies (Brew et al. and McClernon et al.) have found elevated plasma and CSF RNA levels in HIV+ patients with dementia , but the value of CSF RNA as a correlative marker of HIV-induced cognitive dysfunction and its relationships to plasma RNA, stage of disease, and CSF pleocytosis are unclear. Using PCR (Amplicor, |
| 8 | ARA-C treatment of PML in AIDS patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:66 (abstract no. 8) Hall C, Timpone J, Dafni I, Antonijevic Z, Millar L, Booss J, Clifford D, Cohen B, McArthur J, Hollander H ACTG 243 was designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ARA-C in PML in HIV infected subjects. Objectives: Primary 1) efficacy in preventing death, 2) safety of the three treatment arms. Secondary 2) safety and efficacy in preventing neurologic decline, 2) effects on Karnofsky score, 3) effects on MRI. Design: 90 |
| Session 5 — Slide Antiretroviral Chemotherapy: New Agents, Resistance, and in vitro assessment Techniques |
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| 9 | Prevalence of protease inhibitor (PRI) and reverse transcriptase inhibitor (RTI) drug-resistance mutations in a rural Iowa HIV+- population: implication for treatment. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:66 (abstract no. 9) Kozal M, Leahy N, Ross J, Swack N, Stapleton J To determine the prevalence of PRI and RTI drug-resistant mutations & polymorphisms (polys) in a rural HIV-infected population and to investigate the effect preexisting mutations & polys within PR gene have on the frequency, rapidity and patterns of emergence of PR mutations in HIV+ patients in relat |
| 10 | Genotypic analysis of HIV-1 variants isolated from patients treated with the protease inhibitor nelfinavir, alone or in combination with d4T or AZT and 3TC. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:66 (abstract no. 10) Patick AK, Duran M, Cao Y, Ho T, Zhou P, Keller MR, Chapman S, Anderson R, Kuritzkes D, Shugarts D, Ho D, Markowitz M; Agouron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., La Jolla, CA. Nelfinavir (formerly AG1343) is a selective, nonpeptidic inhibitor of HIV protease discovered using protein structure-based drug design methodologies. Sequence analysis of protease genes obtained by RT-PCR from plasma vRNA from patients from Pilot Phase II monotherapy, dose range-finding studies identified as the predo |
| 11 | Combination drug regimens against multidrug resistant HIV-1 in vitro. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:67 (abstract no. 11) Manion DJ, Merrill DP, Hirsch MS Increasing clinical use of antiretroviral drugs in combination has allowed for the selection of isolates resistant to multiple drugs in monotherapy. We sought to determine the in vitro susceptibility of such HIV-1 clinical isolates to 2-drug combinations of the following compounds: zidovudine ( |
| 12 | Phenotypic sensitivity of HIV-1 viral isolates during combination delavirdine + zidovudine therapy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:67 (abstract no. 12) Wathen LK, Freimuth WW, Cox SR, Daenzer CL, Peel BG, Roberts CR, Mahrer JM, Batts DH In a phase III blinded study, 1200 patients with CD4+ cell counts (200-500 cells/microliter) received zidovudine (ZDV) alone or in combination with one of three doses (200, 300, or 400 mg TID) of delavirdine (DLV). The phenotypic sensitivity of viral isolates from more than 190 randomly selected patients was evaluated |
| 13 | Intracellular triphosphate concentrations of antiretroviral nucleosides as a determinant of clinical response in HIV-infected patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:67 (abstract no. 13) Fletcher CV, Kawle SP, Page LM, Remmel RP, Acosta EP, Henry K, Erice A, Balfour HH Jr The intracellular triphosphate anabolites of zidovudine (ZDV-TP) and related nucleoside agents are responsible for the inhibition of HIV reverse transcriptase (RT). Therefore, triphosphate concentrations, rather than plasma concentrations of the parent drug, may be a better predictor of anti-HIV effect. We have been co |
| 14 | Design, synthesis and biological properties of ABT-378, a highly potent HIV protease inhibitor. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:67 (abstract no. 14) Sham H, Kempf D, Molla A, Marsh K, Betebenner D, Chen X, Rosenbrook W, Wideburg N, Chen C, Kati W, Kumar G, Korneyeva M, Vasavanonda S, McDonald E, Saldivar A, Chernyavskiy T, Carillo A, Lyons N, Park C, Stewart K, Plattner J, Norbeck D Therapeutic regimens using inhibitors of HIV protease produce a dramatic suppression of plasma viral RNA in HIV-infected individuals and reduce the incidence of opportunistic infections and death. Nonetheless, prolonged use of protease inhibitors can engender the emergence of resistant mutants due to incomplete suppres |
| 15 | Antiretroviral activity and resistance profile of the carbocyclic nucleoside HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor 1592U89. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:67 (abstract no. 15) Harrigan R, Stone C, Griffin P, Bloor S, Tisdale M, Larder B A recent 12 week dose ranging clinical trial (CNAA2001) of the safety and pharmacokinetics of 1592U89 has demonstrated that it has considerable in vivo antiretroviral activity alone and in combination with zidovudine ( AZT ). Decreases in HIV RNA greater than 1.4 logs were observed after 4 weeks of 1592 monotherapy at |
| 16 | LTR-GFP: a new reporter system to monitor HIV infection and anti-HIV drug efficacy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:67 (abstract no. 16) Gervaix A, West D, Wong-Staal F, Richman D, Corbeil J Determination of antiretroviral drug activity by monitoring reduction of production of p24 antigen is expensive, time-consuming and does not allow accurate quantitation of the number of infected cells over time. Aim: To develop a new simple, rapid and direct method for monitoring HIV infection and for tes |
| Session 6 — Slide Pathogenesis I |
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| 17 | A monoclonal antibody (12g5) directed against CXCR-4 blocks infection with the dual-tropic isolate HIV(89.6) but not the T-tropic isolate HIV-1(HxB). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:68 (abstract no. 17) Strizki JM, Turner J, Collman R, Hoxie J, Gonzalez-Scarano F CXCR-4, a member of the C-X-C chemokine receptor family, has been shown to function as a co-factor for fusion and infection of T cell tropic HIV-1 isolates. We used a monoclonal antibody directed against an extracellular domain of CXCR-4 to investigate the role of this receptor in infection of immortalized T-cells, T/B |
| 18 | Change in HIV-1 co-receptor use correlates with disease progression in infected individuals. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:68 (abstract no. 18) Connor RI, Sheridan K, Ceradini D, Landau N Using sequential primary isolates of HIV-1 from three infected individuals, we examined co-receptor requirements and determined whether changes in coreceptor use are associated with disease progression. We found that isolates of HIV-1 from early in the course of infection used predominantly CCR5 for infection. However, |
| 19 | Genetically divergent simian immunodeficiency viruses use CCR5 but not CXCR4 as a coreceptor for entry. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:68 (abstract no. 19) Chen Z, Zhou P, Landau NR, Marx PA Entry of HIV-1 requires CD4 and one of the seven-transmembrane domain coreceptors. M-tropic HIV-1 isolates are generally specific for CCR5 while T-tropic viruses tend to use CXCR4. Like HIV-1/2, SIV requires CD4 on the target cell surface; however, whether it also requires a coreceptor is not known. We report here that |
| 20 | Cloning and analysis of the promoter region of CXCR4, a co-receptor for HIV-1 entry. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:68 (abstract no. 20) Moriuchi M, Moriuchi H, Turner W, Fauci AS A chemokine receptor CXCR4 (also designated fusin and LESTR) is a cofactor for fusion and entry of T cell-tropic strains of HIV-1. CXCR4 is expressed in various cell types; however, the mechanisms involved in the regulation of its expression remains unknown. In order to delineate these mechanisms, approximately 1.0 kb |
| 21 | Suppression of HIV replication by NK cell-derived beta-chemokines. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:68 (abstract no. 21) Oliva A, Kinter AL, Rubbert A, Vaccarezza M, Fauci AS MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta and RANTES inhibit replication of macrophage-tropic strains of HIV-1. We analyzed chemokine production in various purified peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) subpopulations from HIV-infected individuals. We found that natural killer (NK) cells are potent producers of beta-chemokines, particu |
| 22 | HLA scoring profile (HSP) and CCR5 deletion heterozygosity as predictors of AIDS in seroconverters. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:69 (abstract no. 22) Kaslow R, Koup R, Zimmerman P, Dean M, Naik E, Enger C, Carrington M, Goedert J, Saah A, Giorgi J, Phair J, Rinaldo C HSP (including class I, class II and TAP alleles) exerts a strong effect on the course of HIV-1 infection. Heterozygosity for a 32-bp deletion (delta32) in the chemokine receptor gene, CCR5, is also reported to influence the course. Although these genes are not linked physically, we searched for biologica |
| 23 | CD40 ligand (CD40L) stimulates human macrophages to produce large amounts of HIV-suppressive beta-chemokines. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:69 (abstract no. 23) Kornbluth RS, Kee K, Richman DD CD40L is rapidly expressed (5 min-2 h) on the membranes of certain CD4+ and CD8+ T cells upon activation of the T cell receptor. Macrophages express CD40 and are activated upon contact with a CD40L-expressing cell. To study this further, 293 cells stably transfected with a human CD40L construct or the control empty vec |
| 24 | A subpopulation of immature blood dendritic cells is highly susceptible to infection by macrophage-tropic HIV-1. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:69 (abstract no. 24) Crawford K, Alper C, Shi B, Vasir D, Gabuzda D Dendritic cells (DC) are unique antigen-presenting cells which are widely distributed in lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues. Previous studies have suggested that DC play an important role in the transmission of HIV-1 to T cells. However, controversy exists regarding whether DC are directly susceptible to HIV-1 infection |
| Session 7 — Slide Epidemiology: Virologic Aspects |
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| 25 | Correlation of cell-free and cell-associated HIV RNA levels in plasma and vaginal secretions. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:69 (abstract no. 25) Hart C, Palmore M, Wright T, Lennox J, Evans-Strickfaden T, Bush T, Schnell C, Conley L, Ellerbrock TV To correlate cell-free and cell-associated HIV RNA levels in plasma and vaginal secretions from HIV-infected women. Methods: QC-PCR in combination with a newly developed microtiter detection assay was used to quantify HIV RNA in samples from 36 nonpregnant, HIV-infected women enrolled in an ongoing prospecti |
| 26 | High levels of HIV-1 in semen and blood of men in Malawi. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:69 (abstract no. 26) Eron JJ, Dyer JR, Vernazza P, Hoffman I, Fiscus S, Royce R, Kazembe P, Gilliam B, Cohen MS We hypothesized that an increased viral inoculum in semen could be responsible for the rapidly expanding heterosexual epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa. Semen and blood were collected from 49 Malawian (MAL) and 53 US and Swiss (US-S) HIV-1 seropositive men with no clinical evidence of urethritis. All MAL subjects had beco |
| 27 | Frequent recovery of replication competent HIV from genital herpes simplex virus lesions in HIV-infected persons. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:70 (abstract no. 27) Schacker T, Ryncarz A, Goddard J, Diem K, Shaughnessy M, Corey L HSV-2 is the most common cause of genital ulceration in North America and is found in 60-80% of HIV-infected persons. To determine if genital herpes lesions might be a cofactor in HIV transmission, we initiated a prospective study of HIV shedding from genital herpetic lesions. 12 HIV infected men with HSV2 infection wh |
| 28 | Effect of zidovudine (ZDV) postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) on the development of HIV-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses in HIV exposed health care workers (HCW). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:70 (abstract no. 28) Kessler HA, D'Amico R, Pinto LA, Meyer P, Berzofsky JA, Clerici M, Harris AA, Landay AL, Shearer GM Objectives: To assess the effect of PEP with ZDV on HIV specific CTL responses in HIV seronegative HCW parenterally exposed to HIV-infected blood. Methods: HIV env-specific CTL activity of env-stimulated PBMC cultures was measured by a standard 6 hour (51)Cr release assay, using synthetic env-peptide pulsed autologous |
| 29 | Horizontal and vertical transmission of HIV-1 dual infections caused by viruses of subtypes B and C. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:70 (abstract no. 29) Janini LM, Tanuri A, Schechter M, Ramos A, Schochetman G, Rayfield M, Pieniazek D Dual HIV-1 infections caused by viruses of distinct subtypes have been molecularly documented in Brazil and Thailand . However, it is unknown if the acquisition of the viruses in dually infected patients is sequential or simultaneous. This information is important as HIV-1 multiple infections may have implications for |
| 30 | Virological, clinical and serological characterisation of HIV-1 group. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:70 (abstract no. 30) Simon OF, Mauclere P, Fagot P, Mony-Lobe M, Mbopi-Keou FX, Loussert-Ajaka I, Bouchaud O, Descamps D, Korber B, Saragosti S, Barin F, Brun-Vezinet F Ninety-eight patients were diagnosed as having HIV-1 group O infection. Sixteen were Cameroonian or French patients living in France and 82 were identified during an epidemiological survey in Cameroon. We isolated and partially sequenced 30 strains (C2-V3). The octameric sequence at the tip of the V3 loop was highly he |
| 31 | HIV-1 strains from Brazil may consist of mosaic genome structure. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:70 (abstract no. 31) Ramos A, Tanuri T, Janini LM, Rayfield M, Schochetman G, Pieniazek D The goal of this study was to search for the presence of HIV-1 dual infections and recombinants in a cohort of infected persons living in Rio de Janeiro, an area endemic for HIV-1 subtypes B, F, and C. We have analyzed, at the molecular level, pol (protease), gag (p24 region), and env (C2-V3 domain) genes of viral stra |
| 32 | Sequence divergence of HIV-1 prevailing in Southeast Asia. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:70 (abstract no. 32) Takebe Y, Kusagawa S, Sato H, Katoh K, Nohtomi K, Thwe M, Kywe B, Hien N, Long HT, Samrith C, Leng HB, Yamazaki S Objectives: To determine the molecular epidemiology of HIV spread and to understand the epidemiologic patterns of HIV transmission in southeast Asia. Methods: Sera and whole blood specimens were collected in 1994-5 from seropositive persons in Yangon, Myanmar , and Phnom Penh, Cambodia |
| Session 8 — Slide Immunopathogenesis and Effects of Therapy |
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| 33 | Rapid improvement in cell mediated immune function with initiation of ritonavir plus saquinavir in HIV immune deficiency. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:71 (abstract no. 33) Angel JB, Parato K, Kumar A, Filion LG, Diaz-Mitoma F, Pham B, Sun E, Leonard J, Cameron DW Background: Loss of cell mediated immunity (CMI) leads to the development of HIV related opportunistic infections and the inability to restrict HIV replication. Methods: We investigated the effect of potent antiretroviral therapy ( ritonavir plus s |
| 34 | Dynamics of the CD4 T helper cell subset reconstitution after combined anti-retroviral therapies. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:71 (abstract no. 34) Autran B, Mathez D, Carcelain G, Blanc C, Debre P, Leibowitch J Aim of the study: to evaluate the sequential events of CD4+ T cell subset reconstitution after anti-retroviral therapies (ART) with 1 protease-inhibitor and 2 nucleoside analogs. The nature and the mechanism of CD4 amplification after potent ART remains unknown and has major implications for treatment of the HIV-induce |
| 35 | Effect of IL2 therapy on T-cell responses to mitogens, recall and HIV-specific antigens. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:71 (abstract no. 35) Kelleher AD, Roggensack M, Emery S, Carr A, Cooper DA Aim: To explore the effect of therapy with intermittent intravenous IL2 (CIV-IL2) and subcutaneous injections of polyethylene glycol (PEG) conjugated IL-2 (PEG-IL2) given in 8 weekly cycles on lympho-proliferative responses to mitogens, recall antigens and HIV-epitopes. Methods: 16 patients randomised to receive CIV-IL |
| 36 | Effects of TNF-alpha antagonists thalidomide and monoclonal anti-TNF antibody (cA2) on reducing IL-2-associated toxicities: a randomized, controlled trial. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:71 (abstract no. 36) Walker RE, Hahn B, Kelly GG, Miller K, Piscitelli S, Figg WD, Davey RT, Falloon J, Kovacs JA, Polis MA, Masur H, Metcalf JA, Baseler M, Fyfe G, Thomas S, McCloskey RV, Lane HC Background: Continuous 5 day IV infusions of IL-2 given every 8 weeks for 1 year produce greater than or equal to 50% increases in CD4 counts in a majority of HIV-1 infected patients with baseline CD4 greater than 200. In pilot studies, dose-limiting constitutional symptoms and transient increases in viral load paralle |
| 37 | Interleukin-10 decreases HIV plasma viral load: results of a phase 1 clinical trial. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:71 (abstract no. 37) Weissman D, Ostrowski M, Daucher JA, Gantt K, Blauvelt A, Altman D, Shen L, Ehler L, Hoxie J, Grint P, Katz SI, Fauci AS HIV replication is controlled by a delicate balance between HIV-enhancing and HIV-inhibitory cytokines and activation events. The pro-inflammatory cytokines are potent inducers of HIV replication in vitro and are thought to have similar activities in vivo. Interleukin (IL)-10 has anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive |
| 38 | Selective preservation or expansion of CMV-specific CD4+ memory T cells in HIV-associated immunodeficiency. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:72 (abstract no. 38) Picker L, Pitcher C, Waldrop S, Peterson D, Maino V We have developed a novel, highly efficient multiparameter flow cytometric assay that detects the rapid intracellular accumulation of cytokine(s) after short-term (6 hr.) in vitro Ag stimulation of CD4+ T cells. Responses in this assay are 1) restricted to the CD45RA(low) memory/effector subset, 2) dependent on class I |
| 39 | Dynamics of T lymphocytes in primary HIV infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:72 (abstract no. 39) Little S, Havlir D, Richman D, McLean A, Spina C Primary HIV infection is characterized by a decrease in total CD4+ T lymphocytes with selective loss of the naïve (CD45RO-) phenotype. Progressive immune destruction results in a relatively balanced loss of naïve (CD45RO-) and memory/activated (CD45RO+) CD4+ phenotypes. To better characterize the dynamics of CD4+ cell |
| 40 | Superantigen-mediated immunopathogenesis in SIV mac-infected rhesus monkeys. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:72 (abstract no. 40) Chen ZW, Kou Z, Halloran M, Simon M, Lee-Parritz D, Shen L, Fultz PN, Letvin NL; Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, MA. The SIV/macaque model was employed to determine whether superantigen-mediated activation of the immune system, which may occur as a result of certain superimposed bacterial or viral infections in HIV-infected humans, can play a role in the immunopathogenesis of AIDS. Five uninfected rhesus monkeys inoculated with a def |
| Session 9 — Symposium Pneumocystis carinii: Clinical Insights from the Bench |
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| S3 | Molecular biological insights into the epidemiology of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:212 (abstract no. S3) Wakefield AE Studies using molecular biological techniques and animal models of P.carinii pneumonia have extended our understanding of the epidemiology of P.carinii infection. The infection has been demonstrated to be host-species specific, indicating that the infection in man is unlikely to be a zoonosis. Data also suggest that th |
| S4 | Is there a role for PCR-based diagnosis of PCP? Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:212 (abstract no. S4) Lundgren B P.carinii pneumonia ( PCP ) is conventionally diagnosed by detection of the organisms (which cannot be cultured) in clinical samples, primarily bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and induced sputum (IS) specimens using colorimetric or immunofluorescent stains. Recent studies have suggested that DNA amplification by PCR, usin |
| S5 | Is immunotherapy of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) feasible? Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:213 (abstract no. S5) Gigliotti F, Harmsen AG PCP is a classic opportunistic infection which causes significant morbidity and mortality among immunocompromised patients, especially those with AIDS. Passive immunization has been successful in the prevention or treatment of several infections, including some in immunodeficient individuals. Active immunization to p |
| S6 | Therapy and prophylaxis: why do patients fail and what's ahead? Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:213 (abstract no. S6) Masur H Pneumocystis pneumonia is declining in frequency among men-who-have-sex-with-men, but not among intravenous drug abusers, suggesting that prophylaxis is effective if it is available to compliant patients. Among current prophylactic regimens, tolerance is an issue: on-going studies are assessing the role of desensitizat |
| Session 10 — Symposium HIV Entry Cofactors: The Chemokine Receptor Connection |
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| S7 | HIV entry & tropism: when 1 receptor is not enough. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:213 (abstract no. S7) Berger EA Individual HIV-1 isolates vary markedly in their tropisms for infecting different CD4-positive target cell types. Some isolates (macrophage-tropic) infect macrophages but not continuous T-lymphocyte cell lines while others (T-cell line-tropic) display the opposite preference. We have shown that the cytotropisms, of dif |
| S8 | Viral and host factors in HIV entry. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:213 (abstract no. S8) Wu L, Gerard NP, Wyatt R, Choe H, Parolin C, Ruffing N, Borsetti A, Cardoso AA, Desjardin E, Newman W, Gerard C, Sodroski J For efficient entry into target cells, primary macrophage-tropic and laboratory-adapted human immunodeficiency viruses type 1 (HIV-1) require particular chemokine receptors, CCR-5 and CXCR-4, respectively, as well as the primary receptor, CD4. A complex of gp120, the exterior envelope glycoprotein, of macrophage-tropic |
| S9 | CD4-dependent, antibody-sensitive interactions between HIV-1 and its co-receptor CCR-5. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:214 (abstract no. S9) Trokola A, Dragic T, Arthos J, Binley JM, Olson WC, Allaway GP, Cheng-Mayer C, Robinson J, Maddon PJ, Moore JP The beta-chemokine receptor CCR-5 is an essential co-factor for fusion of HIV-1 strains of the non-syncytium-inducing (NSI) phenotype with CD4+ T-cells. The primary binding site for HIV-1 is the CD4 molecule, an interaction mediated by the viral surface glycoprotein gp120. How CCR-5 functions during HIV-1 entry has not |
| S10 | Domains of chemokine receptors required for HIV entry. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:214 (abstract no. S10) Doms RW Several Chemokine receptors have been identified as coreceptors for HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV strains. In general, M-tropic strains utilized CCR5, T-cell tropic strains utilize CXCR4, and dual-tropic viruses use both. Our recent work on the identification of coreceptors for HIV-2 and SIV will be presented. In addition, we |
| S11 | Abstract Not Available Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:214 (abstract no. S11) |
| Session 11 — Symposium Non-KS Malignancies: Bench to Bedside |
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| S12 | Developing peptide vaccines for chronic virus infections associated with cancer. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:214 (abstract no. S12) Sette A Recent data suggest that the majority of HLA-A and B alleles worldwide can be grouped into four major HLA supertypes, as defined by their broad peptide binding specificities. This discovery has important practical implications in terms of the development of peptide based immunotherapeutics. In addition, these data add |
| S13 | Papillomavirus vaccines as therapy for cervical cancer. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:214 (abstract no. S13) Borysiewicz LK, Nimako M, Evans E, Adams M, Man S Human papillomavirus ( HPV ) is detected in greater than 95% of cervical cancers. Regardless of geographic distribution the dominant strain types are 16 and 18. Two HPV gene products (E6 & E7) are expressed in cervical cancer cells. We are investigating whether expression of these proteins can serve as a target for |
| S14 | Adoptive immunotherapy of EBV-induced lymphoproliferation. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:215 (abstract no. S14) Rooney C, Smith C, Roskrow M, Brenner M, Heslop H EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disease (EBV-LPD) is a major complication in certain groups of immunosuppressed individuals, such as organ transplant recipients and HIV-infected individuals. EBV-induced cancers are often the presenting symptom of AIDS and the CDC predicts that of individuals who survive for 36 month |
| S15 | Abstract Not Available Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:215 (abstract no. S15) |
| Session 12 — Symposium Advances in HIV Prevention |
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| S16 | The challenge of preventing HIV perinatal transmission. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:215 (abstract no. S16) Rogers MF With the success of zidovudine (ZDV) therapy in reducing the risk of perinatal transmission of HIV, the epidemic in children has entered the era of prevention. Control and even elimination of HIV disease in children can be considered. Currently, the major components of perinatal prevention are: 1) strengthened efforts |
| S17 | Prevention of occupational HIV transmission. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:215 (abstract no. S17) Bell DM As of June 30, 1996, 51 documented and 108 possible cases of occupationally acquired HIV infection in the United States were reported to CDC. Of the documented cases, 46 (90%) resulted from percutaneous exposure to HIV-infected blood, for which the average risk of HIV infection is 0.3%. The optimal strategy to prevent |
| S18 | Abstract Not Available Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:215 (abstract no. S18) |
| S19 | The role of topical microbicides in HIV and STD prevention. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:216 (abstract no. S19) Rosenberg ZF Sexual transmission of HIV continues to occur throughout the world despite the availability of latex condoms that, when used consistently and correctly, can prevent HIV infection. Reasons for lack of effective condom utilization include power imbalances in relationships that result in the inability of the receptive par |
| Session 13 — Poster Reverse Transcriptase, Protease, and gag Gene Function |
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| 41 | Requirement of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pol gene products for nuclear localization of viral preintegration complex. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:72 (abstract no. 41) Hu YW, Theriault-Valin SA, Balaskas E, Gill P, Zeibdawi A, Smeenk C In contrast to oncoretroviruses, the lentivirus HIV-1 is able to replicate in non-dividing cells because of the karyophilic properties of the viral preintegration complex which is actively transported to the host nucleus after viral infection. HIV-1 pol gene products including reverse transcriptase (RT), and integrase |
| 42 | DNA recombination during long RT-PCR amplification of HIV-1 RNA. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:72 (abstract no. 42) Fang G, Zhu G, Weiser B, Keithly JS, Burger H Background: Using long reverse transcription and PCR (RT-PCR), we developed a method to clone the full-length HIV-1 genome as a single molecule directly from plasma viral RNA. To use long RT and long PCR to best advantage, it is necessary to determine the frequency of recombination during the procedure and take steps t |
| 43 | Nucleotide sequence within the U5 region of the viral RNA genome are the major determinants for an HIV-1 to maintain a primer binding site complementary to tRNA(His). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:73 (abstract no. 43) Zhang Z, Morrow CD The initiation of reverse transcription of HIV-1 genome requires cellular tRNA(Lys,3) as a primer and occurs at a site in the viral RNA genome called the primer binding site (PBS), which is complementary to the 3 -terminal 18 nucleotides of tRNA(Lys,3). Previous studies from our laboratory identified an HIV-1 virus, [H |
| 44 | HIV-1 viruses containing a primer binding site complementary to tRNA(His) and reverse transcriptase with YVDD amino acid motifs require additional nucleotide substitutions in U5 for high level replication. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:73 (abstract no. 44) Li Y, Morrow CD Sequence analysis of integrated proviruses which utilize tRNA(His) to initiate reverse transcription [pHXB2(His-AC)] revealed five additional nucleotide substitutions in U5 (ATGAC for CCTGT). HIV-1 proviral genomes were constructed containing a PBS complementary to tRNA(His) that differ in these five nucleotide substit |
| 45 | Amphipathic domains in the C-terminus of the transmembrane protein (gp41) permeabilize HIV-1 virions: a molecular mechanism underlying natural endogenous reverse transcription. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:73 (abstract no. 45) Zhang H, Dornadula G, Alur P, Laughlin MA, Pomerantz RJ Reverse transcription of human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1), without detergent or amphipathic peptide-induced permeability of the viral envelope, has been demonstrated to occur in the intact HIV-1 virion. In this report, we demonstrate that the amphipathic domains in the C-terminus of the transmembrane glycopr |
| 46 | Natural endogenous reverse transcription (NERT) of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:73 (abstract no. 46) Dornadula G, Zhang H, Bagasra O, Pomerantz RJ It has been demonstrated that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) virions are biochemically-active particles, within which reverse transcription can take place even in physiological microenvironments. This process has been termed natural endogenous reverse transcription (NERT). In this report, we demonstrate th |
| 47 | Characterization of a role for HIV-1 matrix in virus entry. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:73 (abstract no. 47) Kiernan RE, Englund G, Freed EO During our ongoing analysis of HIV-1 matrix function, we have observed that mutations at the highly conserved Leu at MA residue 20 delayed or blocked virus replication in T-cell lines, primary PBMC, and human macrophages from a number of different donors. Biochemical analyses revealed that the residue 20 mutations did |
| 48 | Characterization of HIV-1 matrix revertants: effects on Gag targeting, membrane binding, virus assembly, and Env incorporation. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:73 (abstract no. 48) Ono A, Freed EO To characterize functions of HIV-1 matrix (MA) and define domains involved in these functions, we have introduced over 70 single and double amino acid substitutions throughout MA. We have identified several classes of mutations which: i) blocked virus assembly, ii) redirected assembly from the plasma membrane to cytopl |
| 49 | Structure function studies of Gag p15 nucleocapsid precursor complexed with oligonucleotides. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:74 (abstract no. 49) Erickson-Viitanen S, Ozturk D, Choi HK, Tritch R, Rayner M, Cawood P, Meade R During the sequential cleavage of the HIV-1 Gag polypeptide by the HIV protease, the C-terminal third of Gag, designated p15NC, exists as a transient intermediate. We have previously reported that the further processing of this intermediate by the viral protease is oligonucleotide dependent, and have determined that RN |
| 50 | A potential role for human thioltransferase in the HIV-1 life cycle. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:74 (abstract no. 50) Davis DA, Newcomb FM, Starke DW, Mieyal JJ, Yarchoan R We have shown previously that the HIV-1 protease is reversibly inactivated by glutathionylation of Cys 95 which is located at the dimer interface (Davis, et al., Biochemistry, 35, 2482-2488, 1996). In search for a cellular factor which may regulate the glutathionylation state of Cys 95, we examined whether glutathionyl |
| 51 | HIV resistance to protease inhibitors reduces protease cleavage efficiency and viral replicative capacity. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:74 (abstract no. 51) Zennou V, Paulous S, Clavel F We have examined the effects of protease inhibitor resistance on HIV protease (PR) function and HIV replicative capacity. We used recombinant viruses carrying HIV PR sequences obtained from patients in which resistance developed in the course of a treatment that included either Saquinavir |
| 52 | Effect of compensatory mutations in gag on the growth of HIV-1 protease inhibitor resistant viruses. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:74 (abstract no. 52) Anton ED, Baker D, Logue K, Cordova B, Bacheler LT HIV-1 mutants carrying the protease (PR) amino acid substitutions V82F/I84V are markedly resistant to several classes of HIV-1 PR inhibitors. Such mutants have been selected in the RF background, and appear to be fully replication competent. Attempts to insert this combination of mutations into either the HXB2 or the N |
| 53 | Fitness of protease inhibitor resistant viruses. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:74 (abstract no. 53) Paul M, Logue K, Bacheler LT We have constructed a series of isogenic HIV mutant viruses with amino acid alterations in the protease gene that confer resistance to one or more inhibitors of the HIV protease. To examine the relative fitness of wild type and mutant viruses we performed growth competition experiments in the presence or absence of pot |
| 54 | HIV-1 protease does not play a critical role in the early stages of infection of HIV-1. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:74 (abstract no. 54) Uchida H, Maeda Y, Mitsuya H Whether HIV protease plays a major role in the early stages of infection yet remains to be defined. We asked whether HIV-1 protease plays a role in the early stages of infection by using various protease inhibitors ( saquinavir , |
| Session 14 — Poster HIV: Molecular Regulation and Accessory Gene Function |
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| 55 | Absolute dependence on kB responsive elements for initiation and Tat-mediated amplification of HIV transcription in blood CD4 T lymphocytes. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:75 (abstract no. 55) Alcami J, Lain T, Folgueira L, Pedraza MA, Arenzana-Seisdedos F Objectives. To analyse the role of NF-kB in HIV-LTR trancription and viral replication in normal CD4 T lymphocytes. Materials and methods. CD4 T lymphocytes were purified from peripheral blood by negative selection using monoclonal antibodies and magnetic beads. Cells were transfected with wild type or kB-deleted LTR c |
| 56 | Nuclear location of IkBalpha in T lymphocytes. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:75 (abstract no. 56) Alcami J, Lain T, Folgueira L, Alonso J, Dargemont C, Fresno M Objectives. The aim of this work is to analyse the cellular location of IkBalpha in T lymphocytes and to define the functional role of nuclear IkB in HIV replication. Materials and methods. PBMC were isolated from blood of healthy donors. T cells were purified by passing through nylon fiber column and activated with PM |
| 57 | Regulation of HIV-1 LTR in activated primary CD4+ T cells antigenically-stimulated by dendritic cells. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:75 (abstract no. 57) Tsunetsugu-Yokota Y, Yasuda S, Narita T, Sugimoto A, Suzuki Y, Koyanagi Y, Yamamoto N, Cho M, Martin MA, Akagawa K, Takemori T Most of HIV-1-infected T cells in the periphery were known to be non-productive, but they become productive upon immune activation. To study cellular factors responsible for the activation-dependent induction of HIV-1 replication in primary CD4+ T cells, we used dendritic cells (DCs)-T cells coculture system to deliver |
| 58 | Factors affecting the expression of an HIV-1 CAT-linked LTR in vitro. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:75 (abstract no. 58) Germinario RJ, Faust E, Colby-Germinario SP, Acel A, Lauzon S, Wainberg MA Control of the expression of a CAT-linked HIV LTR by Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) was investigated in several cell types in vitro. CAT metabolism was quantitated by phosphorimage analysis of thin layer chromatograms. Beta gal activity was used as an internal transfection control. We have observed that the expre |
| 59 | Casein kinase II is involved in the activation of HIV-1 from latency. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:75 (abstract no. 59) Critchfield JW, Coligan JE, Folks TM, Butera ST Certain flavonoid compounds, including chrysin, potently inhibit the activation of HIV-1 transcription in cellular models of latency without affecting the activation and function of NFkB. To identify cellular or viral factors which mediate the effects of these compounds, cell lysates were interacted with an affinity ma |
| 60 | Regulation of cooperative repression of HIV-1 transcription by host factors YY1 & LSF. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:76 (abstract no. 60) Romerio F, Margolis DM Previous reports of inhibition of HIV-1 transcription by HIV particles or alpha-CD4 antibodies suggest that HIV virions or envelope glycoproteins can mediate autoinhibition of HIV gene activity. The mechanism of this negative regulation is unknown. We find that exposure of T lymphocytes to HIV-1 upregulates the nuclear |
| 61 | Expression of CREB/ATF-1 subfamily of transcription factors in Jurkat and primary lymphocytes. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:76 (abstract no. 61) Newbound G, O'Rourke J, Andrews J, DeWille J, Collins N, Lairmore M The Jurkat cell line is often used to study transcriptional regulation in lymphocytes. Lymphocyte cell line models are not flawless because they may contain altered profiles of transcription factors and regulate transcription differently than primary blood lymphocytes (PBL). Promoter sequences responsive to cAMP, cAMP |
| 62 | Novel c-AMP responsive elements in the HIV-1 long terminal repeat bind multiple AP-1 and CREB/ATF proteins and cooperates with TNFalpha and PMA to increase viral transcription. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:76 (abstract no. 62) Rabbi MF, Roebuck KA We previously identified that downstream sequence elements or DSE in the U5 region of HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) bind AP-1 and cooperate with phorbol ester-protein kinase C (PKC) activation signals to increase viral expression. HIV-1 replication has been shown to depend on the cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. |
| 63 | Nef-induced MHC-I endocytosis. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:76 (abstract no. 63) Le Gall S, Heard JM, Schwartz O We have recently observed that Nef down-regulates cell surface expression of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules (Nature Medicine, 1996, 2:338). The stimulation of MHC-I endocytosis by Nef represents a previously undocumented viral mechanism for evading the immune response. We have analyzed the r |
| 64 | A peptide signal in HIV-1 Rev which inhibits nuclear diffusion. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:76 (abstract no. 64) Kubota S, Pomerantz RJ A new peptide signal which controls nucleocytoplasmic protein trafficking was identified in human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) Rev, a posttranscriptional transactivator. The sequence in the aminoterminal portion of Rev, keeps a Rev mutant, with a dysfunctional nuclear/nucleolar targeting signal, out of the nuc |
| 65 | Functional analysis of the HIV-1 Vif protein. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:76 (abstract no. 65) Aberham C, Karczewski M, Maldarelli F, Strebel K The HIV-1 Vif protein is an important regulator of viral infectivity. How exactly Vif exhibits this cell type specific function is still an open question. Vif is incorporated into virions in small amounts and stably associates with the viral core. Intracellularly, a large portion of Vif is found in the cytoskeletal fra |
| 66 | Destroying HIV from within. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:77 (abstract no. 66) Wakefield JK, Wu X, Boeke JD, Kappes JC, Hahn BH Foreign proteins (including deleterious enzymes) can be packaged into the HIV/SIV particle via fusion with virion associated accessory proteins Vpr and Vpx. To further investigate this concept as an antiviral strategy, we have fused vpr and vpx open reading frames of various HIV and SIV strains with genes encoding the |
| 67 | Identification of functional domains of the HIV-2 envelope glycoprotein involved in its Vpu-like activity on viral particle release. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:77 (abstract no. 67) Bour S, Aberham C, Strebel K We have recently shown that the envelope glycoprotein of the ROD 10 isolate of HIV-2 has the ability to positively regulate HIV-2 viral particle release. The activity provided by the ROD 10 Env was remarkably similar to that of the HIV-1 Vpu protein, thus raising the possibility that the two proteins act in a related f |
| 68 | Cytopathic effect and cellular dysfunction induced by HIV-1 Vpr in fission yeast. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:77 (abstract no. 68) Zhao Y, Yu M, Chen M, Yogev R We have reported that HIV-1 Vpr induces various changes in cell morphology in fission yeast. These morphogenetic changes were evaluated by the formation and organization of the cytoskeletal apparatus such as actin localization and cell wall chitin deposition. We used conventional fluorescence microscopy to observe acti |
| Session 15 — Poster Immunopathogenesis |
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| 69 | Enhanced neutralization activity of sera derived from rabbits immunized with an oligomeric form of HIV-1 envelope protein. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:77 (abstract no. 69) Sugiura W, Earl PL, Broder CC, Moss B Sera from HIV-1 infected individuals has been shown to have broad neutralizing activity--a feature that has not been mimicked by immunization with monomeric gp120. We previously constructed an oligomeric form of the HIV-1 IIIB envelope protein, gp140, which contains gp120 and the ectodomain of gp41 and showed that immu |
| 70 | A human monoclonal antibody directed to the V3 loop of clade E cross-reacts with other HIV-1 subtypes. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:77 (abstract no. 70) Gorny MK, Mascola JR, Israel ZR, Williams C, Balfe P, Vancott TC, Hioe C, Brodine S, Burda S, Zollapazner S To ascertain the antigenic relationship between HIV-1 viruses belonging to various genetically defined subgroups (clades), shared epitopes need to be defined. Human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are particularly useful for this purpose because they can detect complex regions of viral proteins which may be missed by sequ |
| 71 | Episodic neutralizing antibody (NA) responses in HIV-1 infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:78 (abstract no. 71) Dong M, Gao J, Saah AJ, Quinnan GV We reasoned that, if significant mutations in neutralization epitopes of HIV envelope proteins occurred periodically in patients with HIV infection, these may be reflected in changes in NA titers against selected virus strains. To test this hypothesis, sera from 10 participants in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study whic |
| 72 | A comparison of gp160 and p24 antibody titers of HIV+ index partners in HIV-concordant and discordant heterosexual couples. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:78 (abstract no. 72) Skurnick JH, Palumbo P, Stephens R, Denny TN, Louria DB To compare gp160 and p24 antibody titers of HIV-infected partners in HIV-concordant and discordant couples, as cofactors of heterosexual transmission. Methods: The index partners of 187 HIV-serodiscordant couples with one member at risk of infection only through sexual contact was compared to a cohort of 62 |
| 73 | Antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in HIV+ children. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:78 (abstract no. 73) Battle-Miller K, Baum L, Wright-Anto D, Krieger P, Rosenfeld E, Havalad S The major cause of HIV infection in children is vertical transmission. In adults, antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) plays a crucial role in killing HIV infected cells and low serum ADCC titers have been correlated with rapid disease progression in HIV+ men. Perinatally, maternal anti-HIV IgG1 antibodies capab |
| 74 | Lymphocyte proliferative response to HGP-30 among Thai patients infected with different HIV-1 subtypes. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:78 (abstract no. 74) Ubolyam S, Kosana O, Phanuphak P, Ruxrungtham K, Sarin PS Background: HGP-30, a 30 amino-acid residue of the gag protein p17 is one of the candidate HIV vaccines being tested in both infected and non-infected individuals from North America. For the vaccine to be applicable worldwide, it must also be recognized by individuals infected with other HIV-1 subtypes. To e |
| 75 | Immunological and virological study of persons exposed to HIV through sexual contact with infected patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:78 (abstract no. 75) Zerhouni B, Livrozet JM, Touraine JL To study 8 discordant couples in which individuals have been exposed to HIV during one year or more but neither seroconvert nor show any signs of HIV infection. Methods: We analyzed HIV-specific cytotoxicity in seven heterosexual and one homosexual discordant couples. Among HIV-seropositive partners, 2 patie |
| 76 | Effect of beta-carotene (BC) on HIV RNA (R) and CD4 (C) counts. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:78 (abstract no. 76) Nimmagadda AP, Burri BJ, Neidlinger T, O'Brien WA, Goetz MB Vitamin A (A) deficiency has been associated with increased risk of HIV disease progression. Since a previous study found that short-term BC (an A precursor) administration may improve (C) counts in HIV+ patients (P), we sought to confirm this finding and assess changes in R after BC use in HIV+ P. Methods: |
| 77 | Association of low serum p24 antibody (Ab) with mortality risk in HIV-1 infected children. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:79 (abstract no. 77) Mofenson L, Harris R, Meyer W, Moye J, Read J, Nugent R, Rich K, Pahwa S, Korelitz J, Bethel J To evaluate the association of p24 Ab, HIV-1 RNA, CD4% & mortality in HIV-infected children followed prospectively in the NICHD IVIG Clinical Trial. Methods: CD4% was measured & sera collected & stored (-70 degrees C) at entry & every 3 mos on study. Stored samples were assayed for p24 Ab end |
| 78 | Function of the innate immune system in infants born to HIV-infected mothers. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:79 (abstract no. 78) Harmon C, Palumbo P, Fitzgerald-Bocarsly P The innate immune system is hypothesized to provide a first-line defense in viral infections. In adult patients with HIV infection, both in vitro interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) production in response to viral stimulation (as measured both as frequency of IFN producing cells (IPC) and total IFN), as well as NK activity ag |
| 79 | Serum soluble CD30 as a predictor of prognosis in HIV-infected gay men. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:79 (abstract no. 79) Hanekom WA, Check IJ, Yogev R, Wu S, Phair JP Interaction of T cell surface CD30, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family, with its ligand results in either activation with enhanced HIV expression or apoptosis. Soluble CD30 (sCD30) is the product of proteolytic splicing from the cell surface. We postulated that sCD30 would be an immunologic indicator |
| 80 | Cytokine response to endotoxin in-vivo in HIV-infected patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:79 (abstract no. 80) Fong IW, da Silva D, Singer W, Ottaway CA The immune defects in HIV infection have been proposed to be due to a shift in immunoregulatory cytokines from Type I to dominant Type 2 profile. It has been proposed that IL-12 (NK-cell stimulator) production is impaired in HIV-infected patients, and IL-10 hyperproduction may account for IL-12 dysregulation. 29 HIV-in |
| 81 | Activation of leukemia inhibitory factor by HIV-1 Tat. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:79 (abstract no. 81) Knuchel MC, Lal RB Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in the maturation and differentiation of lymphocytes, as well as monocytes. Since these cells also represent the target cells of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), we sought to investigate whether HIV-1 would be able to modulate LIF expression. |
| 82 | Anti-CD3/2-chloro-5-nitrobenzoic acid costimulation enhances T-cell growth. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:79 (abstract no. 82) Kinchington D, Ng T, Mathews N, Tisdale M, Devine D, Ayuko W A number of analogues of benzoic acid disubstituted in the 2-5 positions were potent costimulators of anti-CD3-induced proliferation of PBMC. In particular, the sodium salt of 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzoic acid (CNBA-Na) costimulated donor PBMC (p = 0.001) in a dose-dependent manner. Further, CNBA-Na did not enhance HIV repl |
| 83 | CD40 antigen augments HIV-rgp 120-induced B lymphocyte activation and differentiation in seronegative donors. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:80 (abstract no. 83) Patke CL, Green CG, Shearer WT Previously we have shown evidence of a direct effect of recombinant HIV-gp120 on augmentation of B cell proliferation and differentiation by TNF-[proportional to] and IL-4. We present evidence here to show that a member of the TNF-[proportional to] receptor family, CD40, constitutively expressed on B cells, interacts w |
| 84 | Immune activation and HIV infection: relationship to treatment and viral load. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:80 (abstract no. 84) Calabrese LH, Mawhorter SD, Podlipsky K, Bacon A, Yen-Lieberman B, Edinger M, Tubbs R Previous investigations have demonstrated that HIV infection is characterized by a state of persistent immune activation and that several markers of such a state correlate with stage of disease as well as progression. Little data exists regarding how such markers are affected by therapy. The study consists of two parts |
| 85 | CD8+/CD38+ peripheral lymphocytes in HIV infection. Correlation with CD4+ levels. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:80 (abstract no. 85) Amiel C, Elhilai Z, Schuhmacher H, Baty V, Faure G, May T, Canton P, Bene MC It has been suggested that the co-expression of CD38 on CD8+ peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) could be of predictive value for a pejorative evolution of HIV infection. We performed a prospective study in 56 consecutive HIV+ patients (46 men, 10 women, mean age 38 plus or minus 9.5 years old), analysing the proportion |
| 86 | Quantitative correlations of cytokine (IL-2, IL-4, and gamma-IFN) synthesis-defined T cell subsets with opportunistic infections and eosinophilia in patients with HIV disease. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:80 (abstract no. 86) Peterson DM, Huynh C, Horton H, Pitcher CJ, Maino VC, Picker LJ We recently reported dysregulation of cytokine production associated with progressive HIV disease using a new flow cytometric technique that allows the rapid quantitation of cytokine synthesis-defined T cell subsets on a single cell basis, effectively determining what fraction of the overall T cell population has the c |
| 87 | Immunophenotypic characterization of idiopathic CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia (ICL). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:80 (abstract no. 87) Spira TJ, Jones BM, Hubbard MR, Green TA ICL is characterized by persistently low CD4+ T-cell numbers (less than 300/uL) and/or percentage (less than 20%) without a known cause. Patients may have opportunistic infections or may be asymptomatic. We have compared 20 persons with ICL to age-, race-, and CD4+ T-cell-matched persons with human immunodeficiency vir |
| 88 | Alloantigen-stimulated anti-HIV-1 factor. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:80 (abstract no. 88) Pinto LA, Sharpe S, Bethke FR, Shearer GM Several lines of evidence suggest that allo-specific immune responses might contribute to protection against HIV infection. Bruhl et al. recently demonstrated that allo-stimulated lymphocytes inhibit viral replication of HIV-1 in vitro. In the present study, we reproduced those observations and further investigated the |
| 89 | Cytokine and acute phase reactants protein variability in HIV infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:81 (abstract no. 89) Georges DL, Dorazio DA, Purvis SF, Dezube B, Lederman MM To better study and understand the role of proinflammatory cytokines in HIV-1 infection, we report here the variability in cytokine and acute phase protein measurement in persons with HIV disease. Plasma and serum markers were obtained five times in 28 patients (CD4 range 0 to 500) and inducible markers obtained three |
| 90 | Identification of a replication competent SIV variant lacking five sites for N-linked glycosylation in its envelope protein. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:81 (abstract no. 90) Reitter J, Czajak S, Desrosiers RC Carbohydrates comprise about 50 percent of the mass of gp120, the external envelope glycoprotein of SIV and HIV. The role of these carbohydrates in the life cycle of the virus is not known. While it has been speculated that carbohydrates may form a shield or haze to protect virus from antibody recognition, specific exp |
| 91 | HIV/AIDS is accelerated ageing of the immune system with spill over to the whole organism. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:81 (abstract no. 91) Hotschkiss G, Britton S Telomers from HIV/AIDS patients are reduced in length compared to age matched controls and the reduction correlates to stage of infection. At least 1 kilobase difference in length compared with uninfected age matched controls is noticeable in patients before AIDS. Once AIDS is established the difference is greater. Our |
| Session 16 — Poster Mucosal and Cellular Immunity |
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| 92 | Antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against HIV gp120 in cervical fluids of HIV positive women. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:81 (abstract no. 92) Baum LL, Eby CA, Battle-Miller K, Sum BM, Ramos MS, Weber K, Landay A In previous studies of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, low antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) serum titers correlated with rapid disease progression in HIV+ men. Although HIV+ women have serum ADCC activity, ADCC in mucosal secretions has not been reported. IgG and sIgA are present in cervical secr |
| 93 | Mucosal immune responses in four distinct compartments of women infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1: a comparison by site and correlation with clinical information. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:81 (abstract no. 93) Artenstein AW, VanCott TC, Sitz KV, Robb ML, Wagner KF, Veit SC, Rogers AF, Garner RP, Byron JW, Burnett PR, Birx DL Mucosal immune responses may be important in protection against the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and in vaccine design. Evaluation of these responses in natural infection may provide a basis for understanding vaccineinduced mucosal responses. Total antibody concentrations and HIV-1 specific binding antib |
| 94 | Upregulation of HIV-1 infection by cervico-vaginal lavage fluid. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:82 (abstract no. 94) Spear G, Saarloos MN, Landay A, Sha B, Benson C, Massad L, Al-Harthi L, Roebuck K This study was undertaken to determine whether factors which affect HIV infection of cells were present in cervico-vaginal lavage (CVL) fluid. Samples of CVL were collected in saline from participants in the Women s Interagency HIV Study (WIHS). The CVL was filtered and added at 1-10% to microtiter well cultures of H9 |
| 95 | Generation of dendritic cells from progenitors in rhesus macaque blood. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:82 (abstract no. 95) O'Doherty U, Ignatius R, Bhardwaj N, Pope M While the dendritic cells (DCs) of mouse and man have been extensively studied, those of the rhesus macaque remain poorly characterized. We present a method for generating large numbers of DCs from progenitors in rhesus macaque blood, based on techniques developed for human blood. For 6 days, a T-depleted population of |
| 96 | HIV-1 specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses stimulated by dendritic cells (DCs). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:82 (abstract no. 96) Fan Z, Huang X, Zheng L, Borowski L, Wilson C, Rinaldo C We characterized stimulation of anti-HIV-1 CTL precursors by blood-derived, cultured DCs during HIV-1 infection. Cultured DCs from HIV-1 nonprogressors and progressors were phenotypically comparable to healthy control DCs, expressing co-stimulatory molecules such as CD80 and CD86. There was no detectable p24 in the sup |
| 97 | Abstract Not Available Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:82 (abstract no. 97) |
| 98 | Enhanced interferon-gamma production in CD8+ but not in CD4+ T cells from HIV+ patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:82 (abstract no. 98) Eylar EH, Baez I, Yamamura Y, Rodriguez N, Colon SL, Lefranc C It has been reported that CD8+ T cells of lymph nodes produce INF-gamma and are 6 times more abundant than in controls. We find by FACS analysis of peripheral blood T cells activated by anti-CD3 and PMA, that the percent of CD8+ T cells (HIV+) is approximately 42-45%, compared to normal CD8+ cells of 13-14%. Cells were |
| 99 | Loss of T cell homeostasis in HIV-1 infection is associated with changes in viral load, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and T cell subsets. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:82 (abstract no. 99) Rinaldo C, Gupta P, Huang X, Fan Z, Mullins J, Gange S, Shankarappa R, Munoz A, Farzadegan B, Margolick J To understand the failure of T-cell homeostasis that precedes AIDS, we measured plasma viremia, T-cell subsets, and HIV-1-specific memory cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTLm) responses in 14 men with incident HIV-1 infection. There was no set point for viral load, as plasma viremia increased exponentially during the 5 years p |
| 100 | Nature of putative soluble HIV-1 suppressive factors. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:82 (abstract no. 100) Amjad M, Pomerantz RJ, Bagasra O There has been controversy regarding identity of the HIV-1 suppressive factor to be either beta-chemokines or the Levy factor as reported by Cocchi, et al. and Levy, et al. 1986. This report is an attempt to resolve this issue. We generated anti-HIV-1 factors from a well-characterized long-term non-progressor (LTNP). T |
| 101 | Correlation between the percentage of CD8+/CD38+ cells and viral load in HIV infected individuals. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:83 (abstract no. 101) Albarracin C, Hernandez JE Several recent studies have documented the value of plasma HIV-1 RNA levels as independent predictors of HIV disease progression. Plasma RNA levels directly measure viral replication, correlate inversely with CD4 counts and decrease with effective antiretroviral therapy. We previously reported an inverse correlation be |
| 102 | Analysis of HIV-1 suppressor activity mediated by CD8+ lymphocytes of humans and chimpanzees. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:83 (abstract no. 102) Pal R, Brown M, Nair BC, Markham P HTLV-I transformed CD8+ lymphocytes from HIV-1-infected humans and chimpanzees were cloned and analyzed for suppressor activity against HIV-1 isolates of different biological phenotypes. In cell free infection assays, supernatants from both human and chimpanzee CD8+ lymphocyte cultures inhibited infection of CD4+ human |
| 103 | Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) specificity relates to clinical progression in HIV-infected children. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:83 (abstract no. 103) Aldhous MC, Mok JY, Leigh Brown AJ, Froebel KS CTL activity is thought to be one of the major mechanisms by which primary viraemia is cleared and clinical stability maintained. In this study 13 HIV-infected children were studied for CTL activity prospectively for periods up to 4 years. Effector cells were PBMCs co-cultured with autologous PHA-blasts. Target cells w |
| 104 | Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) immunity to simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in sooty mangabeys with natural SIV infection and following experimental infection with SIVmac239. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:83 (abstract no. 104) Kaur A, Grant RM, McClure H, Feinberg MB, Johnson RP Sooty mangabeys with natural SIV infection have high plasma viral loads and yet do not progress to AIDS. To understand the immune basis of this protected state, SIV-specific CTL activity was analysed in 12 naturally infected sooty mangabeys. SIV-specific CTL were not detectable in fresh PBMC from 7 of 7 animals, even w |
| 105 | Identification of type-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to homologous viral proteins in laboratory workers accidentally infected with HIV-1. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:83 (abstract no. 105) Sipsas NV, Kalams SA, Trocha A, He S, Blattner WA, Walker BD, Johnson RP Characterization of the HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses has been limited by the use of target cells expressing viral proteins from laboratory isolates of HIV-1. This approach has favored identification of group-specific CTL responses and precluded assessment of the extent of type-specific CTL resp |
| 106 | Diminished HIV-specific CTL activity is associated with lower type 1 and enhanced type 2 responses to HIV-specific peptides during perinatal HIV infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:83 (abstract no. 106) Wasik TJ, Jagodzinski P, Kmieciak D, Lischner H, Kozbor D The early development of symptoms and the rapid progression of disease in some vertically infected infants are thought to reflect, in part, the immaturity of their immune systems. We examined the relationship between HIV-specific CTL activity and the profile of cytokine production induced by mAb to CD3 and HIV envelope |
| 107 | CD8 T-cell anti-HIV activity, but not C-C chemokine levels, is associated with plasma viremia levels in donors of endogenously infected CD4 cells. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:84 (abstract no. 107) Leno M, Carter AL, Steinmeyer AL, Goedert JJ, Robert-Guroff M To evaluate the relationship between the plasma viral load, the CD8+ T lymphocyte-mediated suppression of HIV replication, and the levels of C-C chemokines (RANTES, MIP-1a, MIP-1b) in plasma and CD8+ cell supernatants from HIV infected patients and long term non-progressors (LTNP). Methods: Levels of C-C che |
| 108 | Comparison of MHC restriction elements of HIV-specific CTL activity in HIV-seropositive subjects. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:84 (abstract no. 108) Anderson CG, Lynn A, McDonald D, Alfonso J, Haubrich R, McCutchan JA, Jolly DJ, Warner JF Nineteen HIV-seropositive subjects were followed for one year monitoring CD4 counts every two months and viral RNA levels and CTL activity on a monthly basis. Overall no correlation was seen between viral load and CTL activity. HIV-specific CTL activity was measured from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) on het |
| 109 | CD8+ T lymphocytes in the blood of HIV-infected individuals may have impaired function because they lack CD3zeta, the signaling chain of the T cell receptor complex. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:84 (abstract no. 109) Trimble LA, Lieberman J Freshly isolated PBMC from HIV-infected donors frequently lack detectable HIV-specific cytotoxicity, which becomes readily apparent after short-term culture. To investigate possible reasons for this disparity, we analyzed by flow cytometry the relative expression of CD3epsilon and CD3zeta, the signaling component of th |
| 110 | TCR-beta repertoire complexity and evolution of HIV infection; influence of anti-retroviral regimens including protease inhibitors. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:84 (abstract no. 110) Gorochov G, Kereveur A, Parizot C, Karmochkine M, Raguin G, Autran B, Debre P, Neumann A In order to study at a global level the complexity of the TCR repertoire in HIV patients, we made use of a technique based on quantitative and semiautomated analysis of TCR CDR3 lengths following Vbeta-Cbeta RT-PCR. In a first set of experiments, the CD4 and CD8 repertoires of 4 long term non-progressors and 3 typical |
| 111 | Competitive interference between a widely employed Calpha primer and Vbeta gene sequences in the RT-PCR-based semiquantitative analysis of the T-cell receptor repertoire. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:84 (abstract no. 111) Yin CQ, Nerurkar VR, Kellogg DE, Dashwood WM, Yanagihara R In developing a non-radioactive RT-PCR-based technique for the semiquantitative analysis of the T-cell receptor repertoire in HIV-infected, tuberculin skin test-reactive individuals, we employed oligonucleotide primers for the amplification of all 24 Vbeta genes, as well as a Calpha forward primer widely used by many i |
| 112 | Evidence for B cell-mediated activation of Vdelta1+ T lymphocytes during progression of HIV infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:84 (abstract no. 112) Kozbor D, Wasik TJ, Jasinski M, Lischner H Progression of HIV-induced immunodeficiency is associated with both B cell activation and an increased proportion of Vdelta1+ T cells in PBL. To examine whether the peripheral expansion of V1+ cells is driven by activated B cells, we isolated CD19+ PBL from HIV+ individuals at different stages of infection and used the |
| 113 | No evidence for a shift from a TH1 to a TH2-type response in HIV infection: analysis of IL-2,IL-4 and IFN-g production at cellular level in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:85 (abstract no. 113) Lemaitre F, Giangrande I, Michelet C, Dejour R, Cornillet B, Cartier F, Genetet B, Genetet N To address the question of whether a switch from a Th1 to a Th2-type cytokine profile may occur and could be a critical step in the progression of HIV infection, we performed analysis of cytokine expression at cellular level, after in vitro stimulation (PMA + ionomycin) of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from HIV-in |
| Session 17 — Poster HIV-1: Regulation of Expression |
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| 114 | Effect of splenectomy on plasma HIV-1 viral load. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:85 (abstract no. 114) Bernard NF, Chernoff DN, Tsoukas CM To determine whether spenectomy had an effect on HIV plasma viral titres. RATIONALE: If the spleen is an important reservoir for HIV and an important site for virus replication during the asymptomatic phase of disease, its removal may have an effect on the course of infection. We have observed that splenecto |
| 115 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan can induce NF-kappaB-dependent transcriptional activation of the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat in T-cells. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:85 (abstract no. 115) Bernier R, Olivier M, Tremblay M Tuberculosis has emerged as an epidemic extended by the large number of individuals infected with HIV-1, especially those who are injecting drug users. Recently, Zhang et al. have reported that Mycobacterium tuberculosis enhances HIV-1 replication in monocytoid cell lines by inducing nuclear translocation of the transc |
| 116 | HIV-1 RNA levels and expression of immune activation markers among adults during common acute infections and convalescence. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:86 (abstract no. 116) Greenblatt R, Wieder E, Karliner L, Inkina N, Ameli N, Lindquist C, Chernoff D, Staprans S Immune activation caused by infections or vaccinations may induce HIV replication. In order to study the effects of acute infections on viral replication and expression of activation markers, 40 adults (20 men and 20 women)(30 HIV + with absolute CD-4 cell counts 200-500 and 10 HIV-) were enrolled in a prospective stud |
| 117 | Chlamydia trachomatis and associated inflammatory neutrophils upregulate HIV-1 expression in vitro. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:86 (abstract no. 117) Landers DV, Mills JP, Moncado J, Gupta P, Schachter J Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infection is a risk factor for HIV acquisition. We studied the effects of Ct and inflammatory leukocytes on HIV-1 replication in vitro. Chronically HIV-1 infected monocytic cells (U1) were incubated with Ct elementary bodies (L2 or D serovar, MOI less than 1), PMN, or PBMC. HIV replication wa |
| 118 | Examination of HIV-1 viral quasispecies after tetanus immunization. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:86 (abstract no. 118) Ostrowski M, Li Y, Learn G, Justement J, Stanley S, Fauci AS We have previously demonstrated that immunization of HIV-1 infected individuals with the common recall antigen, tetanus toxoid, induces transient increases in plasma viremia. We sampled tissue from multiple compartments [plasma,peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), lymph node MCs (LNMCs)] in an asymptomatic HIV-1 |
| 119 | The effect of bacterial pneumonia on HIV viral load and T-cell phenotypes. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:86 (abstract no. 119) Schoenbaum EE, Farzadegan H, Gourevitch MN, Alpert P, Margolick J To study the effect of acute bacterial pneumonia on HIV viral load and immune activation among HIV infected persons. METHOD: HIV+ patients presenting with bacterial pneumonia had assessments of viral load (bDNA, Chiron), T-cell phenotypes with immune activation markers: less than 24 hours after start of anti |
| 120 | Effect of Trypanosoma cruzi infection on activation of HIV-1 in U1 cells. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:86 (abstract no. 120) Novak R, Engman D, Ghassemi M In the countries of Latin America where the HIV epidemic continues to increase, T.cruzi is endemic as a latent parasitic infection. There have been numerous reported cases of coinfection with HIV and T.cruzi in Brazil , where CNS tumor-like lesions were the main manifestation of infection. As with other coinfections, T |
| 121 | Exogenous and endogenous anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-beta inhibit tuberculosis-induced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication in CD8-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-infected individuals. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:86 (abstract no. 121) Goletti D, Weissman D, Jackson RW, Collins FM, Cauda R, Ortona L, Fauci AS It has been previously demonstrated that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication is the result of a balance between the effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines that increase viral replication, and those of anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that inhibit viral replication. Tuberculosis (TB) infection is the |
| Session 18 — Poster Viral Pathogenesis |
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| 122 | Effect of transmission route on window period estimates. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:87 (abstract no. 122) Satten GA, Busch MP Objectives: To determine the effect of route of transmission (sexual, parenteral) on time between detectability of p24 antigen (p24Ag), HIV-1 RNA or HIV-1 DNA and detectability of anti-HIV (IgG or IgM). Methods: We obtained data on the last anti-HIV negative sample from 347 homosexual men (HM) and 48 injection drug use |
| 123 | HIV-1-induced thymus depletion is associated with cell cycle dysregulation in vivo. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:87 (abstract no. 123) Duus KM, Wang L, Xiong Y, Su L The SCID-hu (Thy/Liv) model has been used to study the mechanisms of HIV-1 induced T cell death. HIV-1 infection of the human thymus in SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice leads to masive human T cell depletion, especially of CD4+ T cells, via induction of an active cell death program (apoptosis) in the T cells. Since the majority of |
| 124 | PET/FDG imaging of the lymphatic tissues in patients with HIV infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:87 (abstract no. 124) Graziano FM, Perlman SB, Hanson JM, Pyzalski RW, Scharko AM, Sosman JM, Pauza CD Background: Previous work by our group demonstrated the feasibility of using Positron Emission Tomography (PET) with 18 F-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) to evaluate the metabolic activity in the lymphoid system of rhesus macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus infection. The current report demonstrates that this |
| 125 | Viral and tissue factors determining the course of HIV infection in human lymphoid tissue in vitro. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:87 (abstract no. 125) Glushakova S, Margolis L, Baibakov B, Fitzgerald W, Hatfill S, Zimmerberg J The pathogenesis of HIV was studied in human immune tissue in vitro. Dissected blocks of human tonsils (tonsillar histocultures) from 112 donors were productively infected in vitro with either laboratory strains or primary isolates of HIV-1. The resulting CD4+ T cell depletion depended on both viral and tissue factors. |
| 126 | The majority of HIV Gag antigen in lymph node occurs as the mature form. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:87 (abstract no. 126) Weston C, Donovan RM, Markowitz NP, Baxa DM, Bush CE Mature HIV Gag protein (p24) is processed from a larger precursor protein (p55 Gag) during or shortly after virion assembly at the cell surface. Precursor HIV p55 antigen is released from lysing HIV infected cells. The objective of this experiment was to determine the presence and relative abundance of p24 and p55 in l |
| 127 | A comparison of Gag-pol precursor cleavage in naturally arising HIV-1 variants. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:88 (abstract no. 127) Bloom G, Perez E, Parikh S, Kay J, Mills J, Goodenow M, Dunn B All mammalian retroviruses have three genetic domains; 5 -gag-pol-env-3 . Gag encodes the structural genes, MA (matrix), CA (capsid), and NC (nucleocapsid). Pol codes for the enzymatic functions, PR (protease, RT (reverse transcriptase), and IN (integrase), and the env region for the envelope protein. The gag-pol gene |
| 128 | HTLV-I/II mRNA and antigen expression is increased in HIV and HTLV-I/II dual infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:88 (abstract no. 128) Beilke MA, Japa S, Vinson DG HIV and HTLV-I/II dual infections occur in at least 5% of HIV infected patients in many urban areas. There is evidence that dual infection may be associated with unique immune phenotypes and altered progression to AIDS. Also, HTLV-I-associated neurological diseases are becoming recognized in dually infected patients. I |
| Session 19 — Poster Neuropathogenesis |
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| 129 | Regulation of excitatory amino acid transport by HIV in human U251 astroglioma cells. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:88 (abstract no. 129) Kort JJ, Lawrence K Impairment of excitatory amino acid (EAA) uptake by astrocytes leading to excessive extracellular accumulation of EAAs may be one of the mechanisms contributing to death of neurons in HIV infection of the central nervous system. EAA transport in uninfected and HIV-infected human U251 astroglioma cells was characterized |
| 130 | Enhanced neurotoxicity by the macrophage-astroglia interaction is unique to CSF-derived HIV-1 isolates. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:88 (abstract no. 130) Nguyen G, Sei Y, Sei S It has been suggested that the neuron death occurring in HIV-encephalopathy may be caused by neurotoxic factors released from HIV-1-infected macrophages and/or microglia within central nervous system. We investigated whether macrophages (M/M) infected with HIV-1 strains that were isolated from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
| 131 | Disruption of astrocytic cultures by supernatants of HIV-infected macrophages requires active virus replication. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:89 (abstract no. 131) Perno CF, Aquaro S, Panti S, Balestra E, Mastino A, Cenci A, McCaroleo MC, Villani N, Calio R Objectives of the study: Assess whether the in vitro infection of macrophages (M/M) by HIV affects viability and functions of astrocytes. Methods: Astrocytic cells (from astrocytoma cell lines) were cultured for 24 hours either with supernatants (sups) of M/M infected by HIV-BaL treated/not treated with |
| 132 | Rapid progression of HIV-associated dementia is associated with CNS iNOS and gp41 expression. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:89 (abstract no. 132) Adamson CD, McArthur JC, Dawson T, Dawson V To identify predictive markers of rapid progression for HIV-associated dementia (HAD) by measuring markers of immune activation and HIV expression within the CNS. Methods: A prospective consecutive series was drawn from 71 patients with HAD (1984-1994) diagnosed through the Johns Hopkins University HIV Neuro |
| 133 | HIV-RNA in CSF and permeability of the blood-brain barrier. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:89 (abstract no. 133) Krivine A, Esmilaire L, Lebon P, Force G Quantifying HIV-1 RNA in CSF could be a way to measure viral replication within the CNS and further understand the pathogenesis of neurological impairment in AIDS patients. However, alteration of the BBB, by allowing entry of virions from the blood to the CNS could make difficult an interpretation of the results. We ha |
| 134 | HIV-1 Tat protein increases expression of inflammatory cytokines by astroglial cells. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:89 (abstract no.134) Chen P, Haughey N, Geiger JD, Nath A There is increasing evidence that the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat is involved in the neurological disorders of patients with AIDS. To evaluate the role of Tat in neuropathogenesis of AIDS, the recombinant Tat protein (1-72 amino acids) was synthesized and its effects on the expression of inflammator |
| 135 | Identification of HIV-1 Tat binding proteins on astrocytes. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:89 (abstract no. 135) Meihui MA, Nath A Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection frequently affects the central nervous system causing a dementing illness. Evidence indicates that astrocytes may contribute to the pathogenesis of HIV-1 dementia . Astrocytes either upon infection or following exposures to the HIV-1 proteins such as Tat appear to u |
| 136 | An in vitro blood brain barrier system for analysis of molecular neuropathogenesis and CNS gene therapies against HIV-1. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:89 (abstract no. 136) Mukhtar M, Bagasra O, Duan L, Amjad M, Sarker A, Bobroski L, Pomerantz RJ Recent advances in gene delivery technology offer considerable optimism for ameliorating a number of neurological disease stages including inherited and non-inherited disorders. The pathways and contributing determinants of HIV-1 invasion of the nervous system are relatively unknown. Significant control of viral replic |
| 137 | Primary viremia and CNS invasion with HIV-1 in a novel hu-PBL immunodeficient mouse. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:90 (abstract no. 137) Koyanagi Y, Tanaka Y, Kira JI, Kawano Y, Yamasaki K, Misawa N, Yamamoto N We showed that 6 novel scid mouse strains with defective T and B cells as well as innate immunological reactions efficiently received human PBL engraftment (hu-PBL-scid mouse). Increased levels of macrophage-tropic HIV-1 replication were observed in the new hu-PBL-scid mice. In one particular strain, hu-PBL-NOD-scid, h |
| 138 | Association of HIV-1 proviral DNA load in the medial temporal lobe with HIV-1 associated dementia. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:90 (abstract no. 138) Fujimura RK, Goodkin K, Petito CK, Douyon R, Feaster D, Epler M, Meinz S, Shapshak P To establish association of elevated HIV DNA load with HIV-1 associated dementia (HAD) in specific brain regions. Methods: 1) HAD Symptoms were diagnosed by a standardized, retrospective, psychiatric autopsy. 2) The number of copies of HIV-1 DNA per cellular genome was determined in specimens from several ne |
| 139 | Dexamethasone worsens neuropathology in a SCID mouse model of HIV encephalitis. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:90 (abstract no. 139) Limoges J, Persidsky Y, Bock P, Gendelman HE HIV dementia is a late complication of viral infection. The mechanism(s) for disease revolves around the presence of immunologically competent virally infected macrophages/ microglia in the brain with release of neurotoxic products. To evaluate the potential efficacy of anti-inflammatory therapy for HIV dementia, dexam |
| 140 | Heterogeneity of macrophages in the PNS and CNS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:90 (abstract no. 140) Shapshak P, Delgado S, Bradley W, Stewart R, Petito C, Goodkin K, Sun N, Rodriguez de la Vega P, Sly T, Yoshioka M, Nagano I, Matthews A, Davis T, Iglesias V, Orlando A, Benjamin S, Perper J Hypothesis: specific macrophages are associated with neuropathogenesis in different locations: dementia in the CNS and peripheral neuropathy in the PNS. Background: There is a higher virus load in CNS macrophages (M0) than in PNS M0. In both tissues M0 appear involved in pathogenesis and produce toxic molecules such as |
| 141 | Cerebro-spinal fluid HIV-1 RNA load and AIDS dementia. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:90 (abstract no. 141) Calvez V, Suarez S, Dubard T, Rosenblum O, Conquy L, Agut H, Huraux JM, Seilhean D, Turell E, Katlama C, Coutellier A, Lubetzki C Background and 20 to 30% of AIDS patients develop dementia . and its pathophysiology is still unknown. Some recent studies has demonstrated that HIV RNA plasma level is the best predictor of long term clinical outcome. To date, studies of correlations between cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) HIV load have provided |
| Session 20 — Poster Animal Models and in vitro Assays: Pathogenesis and Antiviral Activity |
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| 142 | Importance of primary infection for predicting clinical outcomes in the SHIV-macaque model. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:91 (abstract no. 142) Matano T, Maldarelli F, Parta M, Siemon C, Martin MA, Shibata R Following challenges of pig-tailed macaques with SHIV(MD), a chimeric virus between HIV-1(DH12) and SIVmac239, a continuum of responses were observed, including: 1) exponential losses of CD4 cells and death within a few months; 2) significant losses of CD4 cells during primary infection that substantially stabilized an |
| 143 | A full length and replication competent proviral clone of SIVagm from tantalus monkeys. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:91 (abstract no. 143) Soares MA, Robertson DL, Hui H, Allan JS, Shaw GM, Hahn BH African green monkeys (AGM) are classified into four distinct species (commonly termed vervet, grivet, sabaeus and tantalus monkeys), all of which are known to be infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVagm) in the wild. Sequence analysis of partial gag and env regions recently indicated that geographically div |
| 144 | Early effects of SIV infection on intestinal function and the composition of gut-associated lymphoid tissues. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:91 (abstract no. 144) Veazey R, DeMaria M, Shvetz D, Rosenzweig M, Johnson RP, Carville A, Griffiths J, Tzipori S, Lackner AA The gastrointestinal tract contains large numbers of CD4+ T cells which are prime targets for SIV/HIV infection. To examine the effects of SIV infection on the composition of gut-associate lymphoid tissue (GALT) and possible changes in intestinal function, rhesus monkeys were intravenously inoculated with SIVmac239 or |
| 145 | Humoral immune responses and virus expression after infection with HTLV-I and SIV in rhesus macaques. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:91 (abstract no. 145) Beilke MA, Traina-Dorge VL, Blanchard JB Inoculation of seven juvenile rhesus monkeys with cultured HTLV-I-infected cells obtained from a patient with tropical spastic paraparesis and polymyositis lead to seroconversion and viremia (as detected by viral antigen detection in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures) in 7 of 7 and 6 of 7 animals, respectively |
| 146 | Plasma SIV dynamics during primary viremia. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:91 (abstract no. 146) Grant RM, Horton CS, Rosenthal A, Dailey P, Feinberg MB, Staprans SI Events that occur shortly after virus populations enter individual hosts may determine the setpoint of subsequent viremia and the rate of clinical progression. Frequent observations of plasma viral concentration after intravenous infection with SIVmac were performed to identify characteristics of primary viremia that c |
| 147 | Cell tropism changes the kinetics of viral replication and CD4 T cell depletion in HIV-1 infected hu-PBL-SCID mice. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:92 (abstract no. 147) Mosier DE, Gulizia RJ, Glynn JM, Ling Y, Picchio GR Infection of SCID mice transplanted with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hu-PBL-SCID) mice with macrophage-tropic (M0-tropic) and T cell-line tropic (T-tropic) HIV-1 leads to different kinetics of CD4 T cell depletion. We have extended such studies to measure plasma viral RNA levels in longitudinal studies of |
| 148 | Pathologic features of recombinant SIV-HIV (SHIV) lentiviral infections in macaques. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:92 (abstract no. 148) Maldarelli F, Matano T, Parta M, Seimon C, Theodore TS, Miller G, Martin MA, Shibata R Recombinant lentivirus hybrids composed of SIV (gag/pol, vif, vpx, vpr) and HIV (vpr, tat, rev, vpu,) and containing the dualtropic, highly cytopathic DH12 HIV env gene were constructed with HIV-nef (SHIV-MD1) or SIV-nef (SHIV-MD14). Inoculation with SHIV viruses resulted in productive infection of pig-tailed and cynom |
| 149 | BM 21.1290: evaluation of the antiretroviral activity of a new anti-AIDS drug in vivo. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:92 (abstract no. 149) Herrmann DB, Opitz HG, Kucera LS BM 21.1290 (INN: Fozivudine tidoxil) is a new thioetherlipid nucleotide conjugate potent with anti-HIV activity in different in vitro systems (Herrmann, D.B.J. et al., XI Int. Conf. AIDS, Vancouver, July 7-12, 1996, Abstr.No. 0439). Evaluation of its antiviral activity under prophylactic and therapeutic i.p. and p.o. t |
| 150 | The ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors hydroxyurea, Didox and Trimidox inhibit retroviral replication in the HIV-infected HuPBMC SCID model and the Rauscher murine leukemia virus (RMuLV) model. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:92 (abstract no. 150) Ussery MA, Kunder SC, Zhang H, Goldberg G, Broud DD, Hall BE, Bacho M, Papermaster S, Elford HL, Black PL Ribonucleotide reductase (RR) inhibitors, especially hydroxyurea (HU), have gained attention for their in vitro activity against HIV as well as in clinical trials. These compounds must act upon cellular enzymes and might be less likely to produce resistant retroviral mutants than direct antiviral agents. In HIV-infecte |
| 151 | Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors, Didox and Trimidox demonstrate antiretroviral activity in the in vivo murine immunodeficiency MAIDS model. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:92 (abstract no. 151) Elford H, Van't Riet B, Mayhew C, Oakley O, Hughes N, Piper J, Gallicchio V A new treatment approach to HIV infection is based on the thesis that the quantity of deoxynucleotides can be made deficient, thereby impairing the synthesis of proviral DNA by inhibiting cellular ribonucleotide reductase (RR). This premise has gained recognition by clinical trials in which RR inhibitor hydroxyrea exhi |
| 152 | Pharmacokinetics studies of dipalmitoylphosphatidyl-2',3'-dideoxy- 3'- thiacytidine (DP) in lymphatic systems of mice. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:92 (abstract no. 152) Manouilov KK, Xu ZS, Boudinot FD, Schinazi RF, Chu CK A lipid prodrug of 3TC was synthesized by coupling the nucleoside and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-glycero-3H-phosphonate triethyl ammonium salt. High performance liquid chromatography methods were developed to analyze the prodrug and the nucleoside in biological media. The stability of DP was assessed in phosphate buffer (pH 7. |
| 153 | Assessment of developmental toxicity of antiretroviral drugs using a rat whole embryo culture system. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:93 (abstract no. 153) Fuginaga M, Mole L, Holodniy M Although zidovudine (ZDV) has been recommended for use in HIV infected women during the latter two trimesters of pregnancy, little data is available regarding the embryotoxic effects of antiretroviral agents. The present study attempts to determine whether various nucleoside analogs or |
| 154 | 1592U89, a novel carbocyclic nucleoside analog with potent anti-HIV activity, is synergistic in combination with 141W94 an HIV protease inhibitor. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:93 (abstract no. 154) Bilello JA, Bilello PA, Symonds W, McDowell J, Sadler B, Bye A, Drusano GL Combinations of anti-HIV agents targeted to different molecular targets will most likely result in increased viral suppression and may also delay or prevent the emergence of resistant HIV. The purpose of this study was to develop information on the in vitro, anti-HIV activity of combinations of 1592U89 and 141W94 to gu |
| 155 | Drug susceptibilities of HIV-1 clinical isolates to (R)PMPA in vitro. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:93 (abstract no. 155) Merrill DP, Manion DJ, Walker BD, Hirsch MS (R)PMPA (Gilead Science) (R-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)-adenine is a nucleotide analogue that has demonstrated efficacy against HIV-1 laboratory isolates in vitro. In rhesus macaques, it has been shown to be effective in post-exposure prophylaxis against SIV. We sought to determine the susceptibility to (R)PMPA of a |
| 156 | Enhanced suppression of HIV-1 replication by the combination of the CTP synthase inhibitor 3-deazauridine with 3TC or ddC. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:93 (abstract no. 156) Gao WY, Johns DG, Mitsuya H Conversion of UTP to CTP, catalyzed by cytidine triphosphate synthase, is an essential step in de novo dCTP synthesis. We found that the CTP synthase inhibitor 3-deazauridine (3-DU) potentiated 3TC and ddC activities against HIV-1 replication in PHA-stimulated |
| 157 | Characterization of novel amidophospholipid (CP51) anti-HIV-1 activity and mechanism of action. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:93 (abstract no. 157) Kucera LS, Iyer N, Ishaq KS, Morris-Natschke SL, Herrmann DB The amidophospholipid CP51 has emerged as a prototype compound with potent and selective activity against HIV-1. Data from syncytial plaque assays indicated an IC(50) and IC(90) of 0.029 and 0.631 micromolar, respectively. CP51 inhibited AZT-resistant virus with an IC(50) range of 0.19-0.33 micromolar compared to 1.34- |
| 158 | Protease inhibitor combination regimens against HIV-1 in vitro. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:93 (abstract no. 158) Merrill DP, Manion DJ, Chou TC, Hirsch MS Protease inhibitors are a promising new class of antiretroviral agents which act by impeding enzymatic function through substrate mimicry. We sought to determine the in vitro susceptibility of a panel of HIV-1 clinical isolates demonstrating various drug susceptibility phenotypes to 2-drug combinations of HIV-1 |
| Session 21 — Poster HIV Strain Types, Strain Variables and Divergence |
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| 159 | National surveillance for HIV-1 group O infections: preliminary results. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:94 (abstract no. 159) Sullivan PS, Jones J, Schable CA, Schochetman G, Pau C, Rayfield M, Do A, Tetteh C, Ward JW Background: Strains of HIV-1 designated as group O are of concern in the United States (US) because they are not consistently detected by currently licensed enzyme immunoassay (EIA) tests for antibodies to HIV-1. A systematic approach to define the national occurrence of group O has recently lead to the first identific |
| 160 | Molecular and serologic characterization of a HIV-1 group O isolate identified in the United States. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:94 (abstract no. 160) Hackett J Jr, Brennan C, Hickman K, Vallari A, Swanson P, Rayfield M, Schable C, Subbarao S, Pieniazek D, Sullivan P, Schochetman G, Devare S HIV group O are highly divergent from group M viruses based on genomic sequence analysis. As a result of this divergence, antibodies against HIV-1 group O isolates are not readily detected by all commercial screening assays. Recently, the first case of a HIV-1 group O infected individual (CDC-7755) was documented in th |
| 161 | Identification and characterization of six HIV-1 group O variants from West Africa. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:94 (abstract no. 161) Brennan C, Hackett J Jr, Hickman R, Vallari A, Gurtler L, von Overbeck J, Zekeng L, Kaptue L, Hampl H, Devare S HIV-1 isolates are classified into two genetically distinct groups, M and O, based on sequence divergence. This sequence variation has resulted in difficulty in serological detection of some group O infections. To identify and characterize new HIV group O isolates, studies are being conducted in West Africa, in and aro |
| 162 | Clinical report of HIV-1 group O infection in the USA. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:94 (abstract no. 162) Dryjanski J, Gould K, Britvan L, Katz M Earlier this year we and the CDC reported the first patient with HIV-1 group 0 infection in the USA. The patient was a 23 year old female from Cameroon who came to USA in June 1994. Around that time she noticed fevers, night sweats, weight loss and swollen glands. She was evaluated at another facility where she had a l |
| 163 | Two cases of HIV-1 infection in Puerto Rico, associated with "pol" type F strains. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:94 (abstract no. 163) Flores I, Moran N, Alegria M, Vera M, Pieniazek D, Janini LM, Bandez CI, Yamamura Y While HIV-1 consists of numerous serotypes (clades) worldwide, all US cases are associated with type B virus with the only exception of two type O cases recently reported. Puerto Rico attracts tourists from all over the world and is geographically located close to South America where type F infection have been reported |
| 164 | Non-recombinant, near-full length reference clones for HIV-1 subtypes A, C, and D. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:95 (abstract no. 164) Gao F, Robertson DL, Morrison SG, Carruthers C, Jian B, Chen Y, Srinivasan A, Hahn BH The classification of HIV-1 into distinct lineages, known as sequence subtypes, within the HIV-1 group M radiation is almost exclusively based on gag and env gene sequences. Except for viruses of subtype B, there are very few full length reference sequences, thus making subtype assignments in regions other than gag and |
| 165 | HIV-1 subtypes among IVDU in two close cities in Brazil. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:95 (abstract no. 165) Rossini MA, Turcato G, Acceturi C, Caseiro M, Santana R, Brigido LF, Diaz RS, Sabino EC Background: In a previous study we have suggested that subtype F was related to IV drug users (IDU) in Brazil (Sabino et al, AIDS 1996 in press), however only 12 cases of IDU or sexual partner of IDU from Sao Paulo city were evaluated in that study. To further investigate the relation between HIV-1 subtype F and IDU we |
| 166 | HIV-1M diversity analysed by serological subtyping: correlation with genotyping and application to surveillance in French blood donors. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:95 (abstract no. 166) Barin F, Buzelay L, Plantier JC, Simon F, Peeters M, Courouce AM To develop performing assays for serological subtyping of HIV-1M infection and determine their value for epidemiological studies of HIV-1M diversity. Methods: We developed a subtype-specific liquid phase blocking enzyme immunoassay (SSEIA) using V3 peptides representing consensus sequences of the major HIV-1 |
| 167 | HIV-1 diversity in Paris, France. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:95 (abstract no. 167) Brun-Vezinet F, Simon F, Loussert-Ajaka I, Damond F, Barin F, Descamps D During a 6-month period, we studied the diversity of HIV-1 subtypes in 392 adult patients seen in Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, Northern Paris, France . Patients originated from 35 different countries. All the samples were serotyped and a subset was genotyped by means of HMA. Serotype was performed using a new peptid |
| 168 | Molecular epidemiology of 181 HIV-1 infected patients using the heteroduplex mobility assay. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:95 (abstract no. 168) Chaix ML, Manigart O, Burgard M, Doussin A, Riviere Y, Mayaux MJ, Blanche S, Rouzioux C To identify the HIV-1 subtype of viruses circulating in France and collected from 1986 in the context of the National Pediatric Cohort Study. Patients: 129 mother-infant pairs have been selected according to the origin of the mothers. The majority are of African origin and all of them live in France. Additio |
| 169 | Abstract not available. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:95 (abstract no. 168) |
| 170 | Multi-strain HIV-1 infection among female sex workers of Puerto Rico: emerging pattern of HIV-1 epidemic. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:96 (abstract no. 170) Moran N, Soler AI, Flores I, Alegria M, Vera M, Pieniazek D, Rodriguez N, Yamamura Y Two hundred ninety four female sex workers from 12 Puerto Rican cities were tested for antibodies against HIV, HBV, HCV and also for other sexually transmitted diseases. Ninety (31%) were positive for HIV-1, and 76 of which were positive by HIV pol PCR. Viral pol (2256-2552) sequences were PCR amplified and 297 bp prod |
| 171 | Genetic analysis of HIV-2 strains from Spain and Portugal. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:96 (abstract no. 171) Heredia A, Vallejo A, Soriano V, Gutierrez M, Silva A, Mansinho K, Fevereiro S, Epstein J, Hewlett I HIV-2 infection is endemic in West Africa. Sporadic cases have been reported in Spain , almost always involving African immigrants. Relatively high rates of HIV-2 infection have been described in Portugal , where about 60% of the infections occur in the indigenous population. |
| 172 | Genetic analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 strains in Cote d'Ivore: evidence for endemicity of HIV-2 subtype B. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:96 (abstract no. 172) Pieniazek D, Victor S, Elenberger D, Janini LM, Ramos A, Greenberg A, Nkengasong J, Bandea C, Schochetman G, Rayfield M Analysis of HIV-2 sequences from the Genbank database indicates that the great majority of HIV-2 strains cluster in subtype A. Subtype B viruses are less frequent, and only nine strains have been reported, including one from Cote d Ivoire . The remaining three subtypes C, D, and E are represented only by single viral s |
| 173 | HIV-1 envelope sequences from severe primary infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:96 (abstract no. 173) Roth WW, Levett PN, Hudson CP, Roach TC, Bond VC Although the worldwide HIV-1 epidemic is in its second decade there is still relatively little information regarding primary (acute) infection with the HIV-1 virus. Examination of medical records at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Bridgetown, Barbados resulted in the identification of ten patients who were admitted wit |
| 174 | Characteristics of HIV-1 infection in south Viet-Nam. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:96 (abstract no. 174) Fleury HJ, Lan NT, Menu E, Lafon M, Masquelier B, Pellegrin I, Trung NT, Lien TT, Sinoussi FB The objective of the present study was to evaluate the virological markers of HIV infection in south Viet-Nam, particularly in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC). Diagnosis of HIV infection, mainly in risk groups (IVDU, prostitutes, STD...), was performed using commercial EIA and confirmed by western blotting (LAV Blot Diagnostic |
| 175 | Neuropathogenesis and networks: HIV DNA sequencing. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:96 (abstract no. 175) Shapshak P, Crandall K, Zhang BT, Segal D, McCoy C, Page B, Xin KQ, Goodkin K, Petito C, Yang J, Iglesias V, Okuda K, Perper J Objectives: Are there neurovirulent strains of HIV? Can this be determined in the context of epidemiological linkages? Background: HIV strains that infect the brain may be neuropathogenic. Can HIV-1 sequences from epidemiologically unlinked individuals show close phylogenetic associations? This is considered controvers |
| 176 | Genotypically-related HIV-1 in a family of three adults with no identified risk factor for intra-familial viral transmission. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:97 (abstract no. 176) Belec L, Simohamed A, Muller M, Gilquin J, Gutmann L, Kazatchkine MD We report on the seroconversion of the 61-year-old mother (patient S.) and the subsequent finding of HIV seropositivity in the 66-year-old father (R.) of a 31 year-old patient infected with AIDS (P.). Extensive epidemiological investigation failed to identify any risk factor for intrafamilial transmission. We assessed |
| Session 22 — Poster Seroincidence and Seroprevalence: HIV-1, HIV-2, HTLV I and II |
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| 177 | High HIV seroincidence in nonwhite bisexual men making repeat visits to a New York City sexually transmitted disease clinic, 1994-1995: results of a blinded longitudinal survey. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:97 (abstract no. 177) Torian LV, Murrill CS, Makki HA, Castellan-Paraison R, Benson DA, Weinstock HS, Weisfuse IB To estimate HIV seroincidence in repeat visitors (N=2055) to a high-seroprevalence sexually transmitted disease clinic in NYC. Main outcome measure: Serologic evidence of antibody to HIV in an initially seronegative individual. Design: Blinded longitudinal survey using remnant serum originally obtained for r |
| 178 | High HIV-1 seroprevalence in children presenting to a public hospital in NYC, 1991-1995. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:97 (abstract no. 178) Vavagiakis P, Torian LV, Makki H, Brennessel D, Weisfuse IB OBJECTIVES: To describe a sample of children aged 5 to 14 years old enrolled in a blinded serosurvey at a public hospital in New York City and who exhibit higher than expected HIV seroprevalence rates. METHOD: Patients presenting to the inpatient and outpatients services of a public hospital in NYC were enrolled in a b |
| 179 | HIV prevalence among seriously mentally ill in Los Angeles County. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:97 (abstract no. 179) Woehrle T, Ford W, Furukawa A, Wiley D, Kerndt P Background: The seriously mentally ill (SMI) have been identified as a population at-risk for HIV infection. East Coast reports of HIV prevalence in this population have generally ranged from 4%-7%. This is the first attempt to estimate HIV prevalence in SMI in the Western United States . Methods: The study was conduct |
| 180 | Drugs abuse and HIV incidence in Buenos Aires. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:97 (abstract no. 180) Bases O, Garcia Messina O, Ortega G, Oliva S, Redini L, Maranzana A, Moscatello G, Pugliese D, Benetucci J Objectives: to study the HIV seroincidence related to consumption of parenteral and inhalatory drugs in our population. Materials and methods: from 1987, HIV tests ( ELISA and WB) have been done to 19505 pts. This population has consulted to an AIDS center, where risky behaviours have been registered. |
| 181 | Changing prevalence of HIV infection and the clinical findings in women attending a Ugandan STD clinic. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:98 (abstract no. 181) Tumwesigye E, Loue S, Mortimer EA Jr, Kambugu F, Whalen C Objectives: To compare the 1996 HIV seroprevalence rate with that of 1989 among women attending an STD clinic in Kampala, Uganda and compare the STD clinical diagnoses in HIV seropositive to seronegative women attending the clinic. Methods: 333 female patients (mean age 25 years) attending the Mulago Hospital STD clini |
| 182 | HIV in incarcerated women in Rhode Island. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:98 (abstract no. 182) Rich JD, Yu PS, Dickinson BP, Spaulding AC, Bergeron KS, Macalino G, Flanigan TP, Vlahov D To determine temporal trends in HIV prevalence, and the incidence of new HIV infection among recidivist incarcerated women in Rhode Island, and determine the risk factors for HIV infection in this population. Methods: Review of medical records of all women incarcerated between April 1992-June 1996, to determ |
| 183 | Incarceration as a unique opportunity for HIV diagnosis, initiation of comprehensive care, and linkage to the community. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:98 (abstract no. 183) Flanigan TP, Rich JD, Dickinson B, Vigilante K, Spaulding A To review the first five years of the HIV prison care program in Rhode Island, where all incoming men and women are tested for HIV. METHODS: Review of the HIV test results reported to the RI State Dept. of Health (DOH) from 1990 to 1994 and description of the HIV care program in prison. RESULTS: Between 1990 |
| 184 | HIV-2 infection in Massachusetts. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:98 (abstract no. 184) Werner BG, Gallagher K, Timperi R, Demaria A Since the first HIV-2 infection was detected in MA in 1988, 12 additional individuals have been identified by the state public health laboratory. Antibody to HIV-2 has been found by further evaluation of samples with indeterminate HIV-1 results and by testing persons with risk factors for HIV-2 or persons with AIDS-lik |
| 185 | Increased prevalence of infectious diseases in HTLV-II infected blood donors. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:98 (abstract no. 185) Murphy EL, Glynn S, Fridey J, Sacher R, Smith J, Wright D, Newman B, Gibble J, Hansma D, Nass C, Schreiber G, Nemo G We investigated diseases associated with human T-lymphotropic virus types I and II (HTLV-I & II) in an HIV- cohort of 154 HTLV-I+, 387 HTLV-II+ and 799 HTLV- blood donors. HTLV-II infection was associated with a history of pneumonia (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.6, 99% CI 1.2-5.3), tuberculosis (OR 3.9, 99% CI 1. |
| 186 | HTLV-I and HTLV-II seroprevalence among central Brooklyn, NY hospital patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:98 (abstract no. 186) Welles SL, Levine PH, Dussek N, Kelly K, Felton S, Cervantes J, Dunn I, Lee S, Nayack A, Rones K, Trauber R, Manns A, Dosik H We report preliminary findings for an unlinked, HTLV-I serosurvey of general medical clinic and chronic kidney dialysis patients, and new mothers at seven central Brooklyn hospitals. Sera from persons 16 years of age and older and who resided in the central 18 Brooklyn zip codes were sequentially sampled and screened f |
| 186a | Severe scabies is a strong marker for HTLV-I co-infection, in AIDS patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:99 (abstract no. 186a) Brites C, Pedroso C, Amaral V, Pedral-Sampaio DB, Harrington WJ Jr, Bina JC, Silva N, Badaro R To evaluate the frequency of HTLV-I co-infection among AIDS patients presenting severe scabies. Patients and methods: We tested all AIDS patients admitted to the Infectious Diseases Unit (IDU) of University with a diagnosis of severe scabies, for HTLV-I antibodies, using an EIA kit (Coulter Corp, FL). The po |
| Session 23 — Poster Hospital Infections and Practice Patterns |
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| 187 | A 3-year survey of nosocomial infections (NI) in patients with HIV infection (PWH) in the North France AIDS Reference Center. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:99 (abstract no. 187) Alfandari S, Chidiac C, Senneville E, Guery B, Delassus N, Ajana F, Mouton Y To evaluate Nosocomial infections in PWH. Methods: Prospective recording of NI in hospitalized PWH from january 1993 to january 1996. CDC definitions for NI were used. Results: 491 patients were admitted 971 times for a total of 14 384 days of hospitalization. 64 episodes of NI were recorded from 54 PWH (60 |
| 188 | Prevalence of TB, invasive cervical cancer, and recurrent pneumonia among HIV infected hospital patients, 1994-1995. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:99 (abstract no. 188) Weber JT, Sidhu JS Objectives: To determine the prevalence of three conditions in the CDC 1993 AIDS expanded case definition (active pulmonary tuberculosis [TB], recurrent pneumonia [RP], and invasive cervical cancer [ICC]) among persons with recognized and unrecognized HIV-1 infection at Sentinel Hospitals. Methods: The Sentinel Hospita |
| 189 | HIV/AIDS care giving physicians: their experience, training and practice patterns. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:99 (abstract no. 189) Heath KV, Hogg RS, Bally G, Yip B, O'Shaughnessy MV to determine whether an association exists between physician experience (defined as having ever seen greater than or equal to 20 patients with HIV) and the provision of complex HIV-related clinical and supportive patient services. Methods: Canadian physicians were solicited by mail to register in a national |
| 190 | Drug prescription practices in a university hospital HIV clinic. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:99 (abstract no. 190) McDonald CK, Gerber JG Because of the advent of triple antiretroviral therapy and the more widespread utilization of prophylactic drugs for opportunistic infections, we examined the number and classes of medications prescribed in a University-based HIV clinic and correlated these parameters to the CD4 T cell counts of the patients. We analyz |
| Session 24 — Poster HIV Protease and Glycosylation Inhibitors |
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| 191 | An evaluation of the effect of Invirase saquinavir on plasma HIV-1 RNA: a nested sub-study of the Invirase open-label compassionate treatment program (SV14974). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:100 (abstract no. 191) Torres R, Barr M, Fischer L, Siemon-Hryczyk M, Salgo MP, Yucaitis J, Lam W, Busa M To determine the clinical and virologic effects of Invirase brand saquinavir alone or in combination with nucleoside therapy in HIV-infected persons with CD4+ counts less than 300 cells/mm(3) who had failed or were intolerant to all other registered antir |
| 192 | Efficacy of Saquinavir in patients with advanced HIV infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:100 (abstract no. 192) Walmsley S, Walach C, Fletcher D, Gold W, Conly J, Salit I, Zhao J, Krajden M Background: Patients with advanced HIV infection may receive new antiretroviral agents through compassionate release programs but it is difficult in this group to determine the extent and duration of antiviral activity. To prospectively evaluate the effect of the addition of |
| 193 | Successful Ritonavir induction: intensive patient management. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:100 (abstract no. 193) Davis SM, Canniff JM, Andradas V, Cohen CJ, Hellinger JA In the course of clinical trials with the HIV Protease Inhibitor Ritonavir , we developed and then optimized a patient focused Ritonavir introduction and dose escalation regimen. Patients were successfully started on Ritonavir utilizing a progressively increasing dosage induction over 2 weeks. Side effects were minimiz |
| 194 | Predictors of Ritonavir tolerance in HIV disease. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:100 (abstract no. 194) Johnson R, Lederman MM, Aouad G, Walker C The usefulness of Ritonavir may be limited by a high frequency of adverse reactions. We reviewed records of all patients receiving Ritonavir at University Hospitals of Cleveland to identify factors associated with Ritonavir intolerance. 47 records were identified and 43 were available for review. 23 patients discontinu |
| 195 | Two year follow-up of patients treated with indinavir 800mg q8h. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:100 (abstract no. 195) Stein D, Drusano G, Steigbigel R, Berry P, Mellors J, Mcmahon D, Teppler H, Hildebrand C, Nessly M, Chodakewitz J The durability of an antiviral regimen s effect is a critical factor in determining its ultimate clinical benefit. Indinavir (IDV) 800mg q8h has previously been shown to exert a potent antiviral effect which has been generally sustained for 48 weeks in multiple studies. Study 021 enrolled patients with viral RNA greate |
| 196 | A comparative outcome trial of ritonavir (R) and indinavir (I) in HIV patients (p.) with CD4 cell count below 50. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:101 (abstract no. 196) Clumeck N, Colebunders B, Vandercam B, Kabeya K, de Wit S Protease inhibitors (R and I) have been made available to p. with CD4 below 50/cu mm since May 1996 in Belgium . In this setting a multicenter open comparative outcome trial has been set up through a network of 21 clinical centers. P. are randomized to I or R which are given in combination with 2 nucleoside analogs. Da |
| 197 | Kaplan-Meier analysis of interruption probability of a protease inhibitor, saquinavir (S), indinavir (I) or ritonavir (R) in 177 patients receiving a combination of protease inhibitors and reverse transcriptase inhibitors (IRT). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:101 (abstract no. 197) Valette M, Gerard Y, Ajana F, Bocket L, de la Tribonniere X, Bourez JM, Mouton Y In the reference center of AIDS of the North of France , we performed a retrospective study designed to compare the probability of pursuit of the protease inhibitors ; from Feb 20th 1996 to Oct 6th 1996. 177 patients received for the first time a protease inhibitor, defining 3 groups of treatment. |
| 198 | Indinavir (I), saquinavir (S), ritonavir (R): a comparative trial. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:101 (abstract no. 198) Mars ME, Loi S, Suzan V, Gallais H OBJECTIVE : To compare the efficacy and tolerance of the 3 antiprotease inhibitors in combination with 2 antiretroviral drugs, in HIV infected patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS : Between April 1st 1996, and October 1st 1996, 313 HIV+ patients were enrolled in an open label trial aimed at comparing the efficacy and toleran |
| 199 | "Salvage therapy" using the combination of ritonavir and saquinavir in patients with advanced HIV infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:101 (abstract no. 199) Steinhart CR, George SA, Mann RD to determine the safety and possible efficacy of combination protease inhibitor therapy with 2 nucleoside analogs in subjects intolerant to ritonavir . Methods: subjects with CD4 counts less than or equal to 100/mm3 not responding to combination therapy with |
| 200 | Reversal of thrombocytopenia and leucopenia in HIV patients (p) with CD4 cells count below 50 treated with protease inhibitors (PI). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:101 (abstract no. 200) de Wit S, Hermans P, Kabeya K, Sommereijns B, Clumeck N Thrombocytopenia and leucopenia are frequently found in HIV p. with advanced disease. We have prospectively evaluated the effect of PI on platelets and leucocytes in a group of 27 p. with less than 50 CD4 cells per cu mm and platelets count below 150 000/cu mm who were randomly assigned to |
| 201 | Coagulation studies in non hemophiliac HIV-infected patients treated with protease inhibitors (PI). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:101 (abstract no. 201) Pulik M, Jary L, Genet P, Lebret-Lerolle D, Fourcade C, Lionnet F, Petitdidier C In HIV+ hemophiliac patients (pts) treated with PI hemorragic complications (spontaneous ecchymoses, hemarthrosis) have been reported during the first 2 weeks of treatment. The mechanism is currently unknown. We therefore investigate the influence of PI on coagulation in non hemophiliac HIV+ pts. Methods: Pr |
| 202 | The effect of HIV protease inhibitors on seminal proviral DNA. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:102 (abstract no. 202) Boswell SL, Mayer KH, Goldstein RS, Tucker L, Xu C, Anderson D Objectives: To assess the effect of HIV protease inhibitors on proviral DNA, cell-associated RNA and cell-free RNA in seminal fluid in 20 HIV+ men. Methods: HIV protease inhibitor-naïve, HIV+ men who are followed at the Fenway Community Health Center gave semen samples immediately prior to initiating and one month afte |
| 203 | Protease inhibitors lead to a change of infectious diseases unit activity. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:102 (abstract no. 203) Mars ME, Loi S, Suzan V, Gallais H To determine the influence of antiprotease inhibitors in an Infectious Disease Unit. METHODS: Our unit is a 29 bedded unit with an occupation rate higher than 80%. Between April 1st 1995 and October 1st 1995, then between April 1st 1996 and October 1st 1996, the percentage of in-hospital HIV+ patients/HIV-, |
| 204 | Effect of antiviral agents on HIV replication in macrophages isolated from HIV-infected persons. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:102 (abstract no. 204) Kazanjian PH, Adams DL, MacDonald L, Newman GW PURPOSE: The role macrophages play in HIV-activation is unknown. The purpose of this study is to determine whether macrophages isolated from HIV-1 infected persons produce HIV-1 and whether antiretroviral agents prevent this expression. METHODS: Macrophages from 14 antiretroviral naïve HIV-infected persons were isolate |
| 205 | Predictors of syncytium-inducing viral phenotype in a phase II double-blind trial of SC-49483 plus ZDV vs. ZDV. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:102 (abstract no. 205) Johnson VA, Bassett RL, Stanley KE, Saag MS, Fischl MA ACTG protocol 259 was the first randomized, multicenter, double-blind, phase II study to prospectively stratify subjects based on viral phenotype (SI vs. NSI) at study entry. SC-49483 is a glycosylation inhibitor prodrug that may inhibit HIV-1-envelope-mediated syncytium formation. Subjects with HIV-1 infection had CD4 |
| Session 25 — Poster Novel Agents |
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| 206 | Molecular modeling and x-ray crystallographic studies of ritonavir, ABT-378, and their analogs bound to HIV protease. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:102 (abstract no. 206) Stewart K, Park C, Nienaber V, Sham H, Betebenner D, Chen C, Wideburg N, Saldivar A, Kati W, Rosenbrook W, Flentge C, Chen X, Molla A, Kempf D, Norbeck D Molecular modeling and x-ray crystallographic studies of ritonavir , ABT-378, and analogs of these two compounds in their bound complexes with HIV-1 protease will be presented. Drug resistance studies have previously identified Val82 as a residue critical in conferring ritonavir resistance. The molecular interactions o |
| 207 | Increased bioavailability and plasma levels of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor ABT-378 in rats due to inhibition of the in vivo metabolism by ritonavir. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:103 (abstract no. 207) Kumar GN, Jayanti V, Johnson MK, Denissen JF ABT-378 is a potent in vitro inhibitor of the HIV-1 protease and is currently being developed for coadministration with ritonavir as a therapeutic treatment for AIDS. The effect of ritonavir on the metabolism and disposition of radiolabeled ABT-378 in rats was examined by dosing ABT-378 alone or in combination with rit |
| 208 | Activity of ABT-378 against HIV protease containing mutations conferring resistance to ritonavir. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:103 (abstract no. 208) Chen C, Niu P, Kati W, Norbeck D, Sham H, Kempf D, Kohlbrenner W, Plattner J, Leonard J, Molla A Ritonavir is a potent inhibitor of HIV protease. Clinical studies of AIDS patients treated with ritonavir showed a dramatic reduction in circulating viral RNA level with a concomitant increase in CD4 cells. However, prolonged monotherapy with suboptimal doses of ritonavir led to the emergence of viral mutants with re |
| 209 | Selection and analysis of HIV-1 variants with increased resistance to ABT-378, a novel protease inhibitor. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:103 (abstract no. 209) Carrillo A, Sham H, Norbeck D, Kempf D, Kohlbrenner W, Plattner J, Leonard J, Molla A ABT-378, a second generation HIV-1 protease inhibitor which is significantly more active than ritonavir in cell culture, is currently under investigation in combination with ritonavir for the treatment of AIDS. Development of viral resistance to ABT-378 in vitro was studied by serial passage of HIV-1 (pNL4-3) in MT-4 c |
| 210 | Enhancement of ABT-378 pharmacokinetics when administered in combination with ritonavir. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:103 (abstract no. 210) Marsh K, McDonald E, Sham H, Kempf D, Norbeck D ABT-378 is a novel inhibitor of HIV-1 which, in vitro, has ten-fold greater activity than ritonavir. Against ritonavir-resistant HIV, ABT-378 displays potency equivalent to that observed for ritonavir against wild-type HIV. The pharmacokinetic profile following a 10 mg/kg oral dose in Sprague-Dawley rat was characteriz |
| 211 | Potent inhibition of the in vitro human liver microsomal metabolism of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor ABT-378 by ritonavir--potential for a positive drug interaction. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:103 (abstract no. 211) Kumar GN, Dykstra J, Jayanti V, Denissen JF ABT-378 is a potent in vitro inhibitor of the HIV-1 protease and is currently being developed for coadministration with ritonavir as a therapeutic treatment for AIDS. ABT-378 is metabolized in vitro by human liver microsomes at extremely high rates (V(max) = 9.4 plus or minus 5.5 nmol/mg protein/minute) and the metabol |
| 212 | Virological evaluation of ritonavir-resistant HIV to the HIV protease inhibitor ABT-378. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:103 (abstract no. 212) Korneyeva M, Chernyvskiy T, Norbeck D, Sham H, Kempf D, Kohlbrenner W, Plattner J, Leonard J, Molla A Ritonavir , a potent inhibitor of HIV protease, demonstrates significant clinical benefits in AIDS patients. However, ritonavir-resistant viruses can generally be detected within several months of monotherapy, depending on the dose. Association of these mutations in the protease gene to phenotypic resistance to riton |
| 213 | Effect of human serum proteins on the antiretroviral activity of ritonavir and ABT-378, potent inhibitors of HIV protease. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:104 (abstract no. 213) Molla A, Vasavanonda S, Denissen J, Kumar G, Grabowski B, Sham H, Norbeck D, Kohlbrenner W, Plattner J, Kempf D, Leonard J Prolonged therapy of HIV infected patients with suboptimal monotherapy with the potent HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir led to the emergence of viral variants with reduced susceptibility. Mutations were selected in a stepwise fashion at a rate that was inversely related to sustained plasma concentrations. |
| 214 | Bis(POC)PMPA, an orally bioavailable prodrug of the antiretroviral agent PMPA. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:104 (abstract no. 214) Bischofberger N, Naesens L, de Clercq E, Fridland A, Srinivas RV, Robbins BL, Arimilli M, Cundy K, Kim C, Lacy S, Lee W, Shaw J PMPA is an acyclic nucleotide analogue which has shown significant efficacy in the prevention of SIV infection in macaques. In addition, treatment of chronically SIV infected animals with PMPA resulted in a 2 - 3 log drop in SIV RNA levels. In order to improve the low oral bioavailability of PMPA, we have evaluated a l |
| 215 | Effect of foscarnet on HIV in a randomized controlled trial in HIV infected patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:104 (abstract no. 215) Leport C, Houhou N, Salmon-Ceron D, Chaput S, David A, Fillet AM, Aboulker JP, Ostinelli J, Brun-Vezinet F, Vilde JL The in vivo effect of foscarnet (PFA) on p24 antigenemia (Ag), and HIV viral load, although suggested in open pilot studies, has not been demonstrated in randomized controlled trials. From 04/93 to 12/95 concomitantly to the assessment of PFA on CMV markers in ANRS 023 trial, HIV p24 Ag and viral load were compared in |
| 216 | Genotypic characterization of HIV-1 variants isolated from AIDS patients treated with adefovir dipivoxil (bis-POM PMEA). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:104 (abstract no. 216) Cherrington JM, Mulato AS, Lamy PL, Hellmann NS, Chen MS Adefovir dipivoxil (bis-POM PMEA), an oral prodrug of adefovir (PMEA), is currently in Phase II/III testing for the potential treatment of HIV infection. Previous in vitro experiments demonstrated that either a K65R or K70E HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) mutation could be selected in the presence of adefovir, conferrin |
| 217 | A bis-azo-dye (FP-21399) inhibits HIV-1 replication in the post-absorption stage. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:104 (abstract no. 217) Zhang LJ, Wu J, Dezube BJ, Sharma PL, Ono M, Gillies SD, Chen LB, Crumpacker CS FP-21399 (FP) is a novel anti-HIV compound that is structurally related to the family of sulfated bis-azo dyes. FP has shown anti-HIV activity in HIV-1 acutely infected peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures with an ED(50) of 0.8-2.0 micromolars measured by p24 antigen ELISA . This compoun |
| 218 | Antitat is a candidate for both stem-cell and T-cell gene therapy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:104 (abstract no. 218) Lisziewicz J, Johnson P, Rosenzweig M, Ensoli B, Lori F HIV-1 infection is characterized by a large number of viral replication cycles and rapid cell turnover in vivo, therefore a successful gene therapy requires an approach effective under this conditions. We have developed retrovirus vector containing an autoregulated antitat gene expressing a dual function RNA molecule w |
| 219 | Azodicarbonamide (ADA) as an anti-HIV agent that targets the nucleocapsid protein zinc fingers: a clinical candidate. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:105 (abstract no. 219) Rice WG, Turpin JA, Summers MF, Covell DG, Sausville EA Nucleocapsid p7 (NCp7) proteins participate in multiple phases of HIV-1 replication. The Cys sulfur atoms of the conserved Cys-Xaa(2)-Cys-Xaa(4)-His-Xaa(4)-Cys (CCHC) zinc-binding domains in the NCp7 are susceptible to electrophilic attack by selected 2,2 -dithiobisbenzamide (DIBA) compounds, dithianes, and others func |
| 220 | Mechanism of action of CNI-H0294, a specific inhibitor of the nuclear translocation of HIV-1 genome. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:105 (abstract no. 220) Bukrinsky M, Popov S, Dubrovsky L, Ulrich P, Cerami A Recently, we described synthesis of an arylene bis(methyl ketone) compound, CNI-H0294, designed to interact with the nuclear localization signal (NLS) of HIV-1 matrix protein (MA). This compound inhibits HIV-1 replication in primary monocyte and T lymphocyte cultures by specifically blocking nuclear translocation of HI |
| 221 | In vitro anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity of (+)-Calanolide A. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:105 (abstract no. 221) Flavin MT, Buckheit RW Jr, Roca-Acin J, Xu ZQ (+)-Calanolide A, originally isolated from the rain forest tree Calophyllum lanigerum and then chemically synthesized by MediChem, has been evaluated for activity against HIV. It has been found that (+)-Calanolide A is active against all laboratory and clinical HIV-1 isolates evaluated at an EC(50) concentration of app |
| 222 | Mechanism of model compounds action on HIV-1 NC p7 zinc fingers. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:105 (abstract no. 222) Chertova E, Kane BP, Johnson DG, Coren LV, Sowder RC II, Arthur LO, Henderson LE All nucleocapsid (NC) proteins of oncoviral and lentiviral origin have 1 or 2 copies of an invariant peptide sequence (CX2CX4HX4C) that coordinates Zn(II) ions and forms a zinc finger (Zf) structure. The retroviral NC protein Zf is necessary for genomic RNA encapsidation and also plays an essential role in the initial |
| 223 | T-20, a novel inhibitor of HIV-1 fusion blocks HIV-1 infection in vitro in human PBMC and macrophages and in vivo in the HuPBMC-SCID mouse model. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:105 (abstract no. 223) Black PL, Wood OL, Broud DD, Bacho MA, Kunder SC, Papermaster SF, Lambert DM, Barney S, Ussery MA T-20 (pentafuside, DP-178), a 36-mer synthetic peptide derived from the HIV-1 gp41 transmembrane protein, is a selective and potent inhibitor of HIV-1 fusion and infection in vitro. In human monocyte-macrophage (MM) cultures, T-20 inhibited p24 production in the supernatant with an IC(50) of 3 micrograms/ml and IC(90) |
| 224 | Pentafuside (T-20), a novel inhibitor of HIV-1 fusion: pharmacokinetics in rodents, monkeys and man. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:105 (abstract no. 224) Hopkins S, Lambert DM, Recny MR, Johnson MR, Saag M; Saag M Pentafuside, a synthetic 36-amino acid peptide derived from the HIV-1 gp41 transmembrane protein, is a selective and potent inhibitor of HIV-1 fusion (EC(50) 1 ng/ml) and infection (EC(50) 80ng/ml). To evaluate T-20 as a lead compound for clinical investigation, a series of pharmacokinetic, biodistribution, and in vivo |
| 225 | Safety assessment of (+)-calanolide A, a naturally occurring anti-HIV agent. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:106 (abstract no. 225) Frank P, Flavin MT, Roca-Acin J, Xu ZQ (+)-Calanolide A, originally isolated from the rain forest tree Calophyllum lanigerum and then chemically synthesized by us, has been evaluated for its safety in a variety of in vivo and in vitro tests. Mice, rats, and dogs have been administrated single doses of compound to determine the acute toxicity of (+)- calanol |
| 226 | Identification of a novel bisimidazoacridone that inhibits HIV-1 replication by prevention of formation of post-integrative full-length RNA transcripts. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:106 (abstract no. 226) Turpin JA, Williamson K, Schaeffer CA, Bu M, Cholody WM, Michejda CJ, Rice WG Because of the DNA interactive nature of Bisimidazoacridones (BIAs) type compounds, rational drug design efforts were undertaken to develop analogs that might inhibit the nucleic acid-dependent processes of HIV-1 replication. In this report we reveal the discovery of NSC 687025, a BIA-type compound that exerts in vitro |
| 227 | Topical and combination use of the anti-HIV phosphorothioate oligonucleotide ISIS 5320. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:106 (abstract no. 227) Halliday SM, Russell JD, Wyatt JR, Ecker DJ, Buckheit RW Jr The phosphorothioate oligonucleotide ISIS 5320 is a potent inhibitor of HIV infection in vitro. The oligonucleotide forms a parallel-stranded, tetrameric guanosine quartet (G-quartet) structure that specifically binds to the HIV envelope glycoprotein (gp120) and inhibits both cell-to-cell and virus-to-cell infection at |
| 228 | Proline-rich, tandem repeats of antibody CDRs bind and neutralize HIV-1 particles. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:106 (abstract no. 228) Fontenot D, Zacharopoulos V, Tan X, Phillips D We recently created anti-viral proteins by replacing the tandemly repeating loops of human mucin MUC1 with complementarity determining regions or CDR loops of specific anti-viral antibodies. We are calling the resulting synthetic peptide chimeras of MUC1/antibody complementarity determining region mucibodies . The stru |
| 229 | Single-dose safety, tolerance, and pharmacokinetics of CI-1012, a new HIV antiretroviral agent, in healthy volunteers. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:106 (abstract no. 229) Shailer P, Brodfuehrer J, Sedman A, Vassos A Cl-1012 targets NCp7, a highly conserved, multifunctional structural protein, and inhibits production of virions in HIV-infected cells in vitro. In this rising, single-dose, placebo controlled trial, oral doses of 25-, 50-, 100-, 150- and 250-mg CI-1012 were administered to 24 healthy subjects. Clinical laboratory meas |
| 230 | Topical microbicide activity of the sulfonated dye resobene. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:106 (abstract no. 230) Halliday SM, Lackman-Smith C, Buckheit RW Jr The anti-HIV sulfonated dye, resobene, was found to be a potent inhibitor of the attachment of HIV to target cells, the fusion of envelope- and CD4-expressing cells, and the cell-to-cell transmission of virus. Resobene inhibited the infection of phenotypically distinct, established human cell lines and fresh human peri |
| 231 | MSI-1436, a novel aminosterol, inhibits HIV replication in in vitro and in vivo infected mononuclear cells. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:107 (abstract no. 231) Kinter AL, Hardy EC, Williams JI, Kinney WA, Chao TL, Zasloff M, Fauci AS The correlation between immune activation and HIV replication in CD4+ T cells has been well established, both in vitro and in vivo. Certain agents which interfere with cellular activation events necessary for productive HIV infection have been considered for therapeutic intervention in HIV disease. MSI-1436, a novel am |
| Session 26 — Poster Combination Antiretroviral Therapy: Protease Inhibitors and Nucleoside Analogues |
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| 232 | ANRS053 trial of zidovudine (ZDV), lamivudine (3TC) & ritonavir combination in patients with symptomatic primary HIV-1 infection: preliminary results. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:107 (abstract no. 232) Hoen B, Harzic M, Fleury HF, Gomard E, Beauvais L, Chauvin JP, Sereni D To evaluate the efficacy of triple combination antiretroviral therapy in patients with symptomatic primary HIV-1 infection. Methods: To be enrolled, patients had to meet the following criteria: (1) at least 2 symptoms of acute primary infection within the 4 weeks prior to inclusion; (2) positive p24 antigene |
| 233 | Central nervous system (CNS) as sanctuary of HIV 1 in a patient treated with AZT+3TC+indinavir. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:107 (abstract no. 233) Pialoux G, Fournier S, Moulignier A, Poveda JD, Clavel F, Dupont B Despite the effectiveness of anti-viral drug combinations assessed by HIV1-RNA level measured in plasma the role of CNS as reservoir of HIV1 is suspected. We describe a case of vacuolar myelopathy probably due to HIV 1 observed in a patient treated by antiretroviral combination. A 47-year-old homosexual man who was ser |
| 234 | A pilot study of indinavir, nevirapine, and 3TC in patients with advanced HIV disease. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:107 (abstract no. 234) Harris M, Durakovic C, Conway B, Fransen S, Shillington A, Montaner JS We followed the viral load (VL) response of 21 heavily pretreated, advanced stage HIV patients during treatment with a combination of Indinavir (IDV), Nevirapine (NVP), and 3TC . 21 patients were identified who had HIV disease progression (CD4 cell count less than or |
| 235 | Four-drug combination: effect on viral load and immune reconstitution (blood and lymph nodes). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:107 (abstract no. 235) Lafeuillade A, Tamalet C, Poggi C, Kaplanski G, Chouraqui M, Delbeke E, Profizi N, Kaplanski S, Farnarier C to assess the effect of a combination of ZDV/ddl/ 3TC / Saquinavir at standard doses during 6 months in 10 HIV-1 naïve patients with 25 less than or equal to CD4 less than or equal to 500. Methods: plasma and lymph nodes HIV-1 RNA was assayed sequentially (R |
| 236 | HIV protease sequences selected during ZDV-ddC-ritonavir triple combination. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:108 (abstract no. 236) Clavel F, Paulous S, Mathez D, Leibowitch J We have followed the evolution of HIV protease (PR) sequences from patients under ZDV-ddC- Ritonavir (RTV) triple combination therapy . For each patient in which viral escape developed, PR sequence analyses were directly performed on PCR amplification products obtained from three distinct sour |
| 237 | Efficacy of triple therapy in pretreated patients in a specialized routine clinical setting. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:108 (abstract no. 237) Sarcletti M, Petter A, Steinhuber S, Fuchs D, Most J, Zangerle R At the primary care centre for all HIV-infected patients from the Austrian Tyrol at the University hospital in Innsbruck, we assessed the efficacy of a triple drug therapy consisting of two RT inhibitors (zidovudine or stavudine and lamivudine) and indinavir (32 patients) or ritonavir on plasma HIV RNA titer, the CD4+ |
| 238 | An open treatment study of acute HIV infection with zidovudine, lamivudine and indinavir sulfate. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:108 (abstract no. 238) Perrin L, Markowitz M, Calandra G, Chung M New concepts in pathogenesis and the limited heterogeneity of HIV at the time of acute infection support very early intervention. We, therefore, initiated a therapeutic study in patients within three months of HIV infection, using a triple combination of zidovudine (200 mg tid), lamivudine (150 mg bid), and |
| 239 | Prospective follow-up of 406 patients treated with antiretroviral regimen including indinavir. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:108 (abstract no. 239) Rozenbaum W, Wirbel E, Hadacek B, Maslo C, Girard PM, Jacomet C To assess efficacy and tolerance of indinavir in a compassionate use, a prospective observationnal study was initiated on a cohort of 406 immunosuppressed (less than 200 CD4/mm3) HIV-infected patients who initiated indinavir from 04.96 to 07.96. Mean age was 40 plus or minus 9 y, all patients had less than 200 CD4 cell |
| 240 | The safety of VIRACEPT (nelfinavir mesylate, NFV) in pivotal phase II/III double-blind randomized controlled trials as monotherapy and in combination with either d4T or AZT/3TC. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:108 (abstract no. 240) Henry K, Lamarca A, Myers R, Chapman S Viracept (NFV) is a novel and potent inhibitor of HIV protease discovered using structure-based drug design. In earlier open-labeled studies, NFV was shown to be well tolerated and free of significant laboratory toxicities. The most frequently reported adverse event was a low incidence of moderate or greater diarrhea |
| 241 | Stavudine (d4T), didanosine (ddI), and nelfinavir combination therapy in HIV-infected subjects: antiviral effect and safety in an ongoing pilot study. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:108 (abstract no. 241) Pedneault L, Elion R, Adler M, Anderson R, Kelleher T, Knupp C, Kaul S, Kerr B, Cross A, Dunkle L A total of 22 subjects who were treatment-naïve to d4T , ddI, and protease inhibitors , and who had greater than or equal to 10,000 HIV RNA copies/ml were enrolled to receive d4T 40 mg BID + ddI 200 mg BID + nelfinavir 750 mg TID for 12 weeks in an open-label fashion (d4T and ddI doses were |
| 242 | A master protocol to evaluate the safety and efficacy of multidrug combination antiretroviral therapy with zidovudine and zalcitabine with or without saquinavir or nevirapine for the treatment of HIV infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:109 (abstract no. 242) Thompson M, Myers M, Salgo M, Rousseau F, Odorisio M, Warburg M To assess the immunologic and virologic activity, safety, and tolerability of zidovudine (ZDV) and zalcitabine ( ddC ) with or without saquinavir (SQV) or |
| 243 | Efficacy of proteinase inhibitors (PI) in combination with reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTI) : study in 177 HIV-1 infected patients in the North France AIDS reference center. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:109 (abstract no. 243) Gerard Y, Valette M, Ajana F, de la Triboniere X, Bourez JM, Senneville E, Bocket L, Chidiac C, Mouton Y To compare efficacy and tolerance of 3 PI ( saquinavir , indinavir , ritonavir ) in combination with nucleoside analogs RTI on plasma HIV-1 RNA viral load (RT-PCR, Amplicor, Roche), C |
| 244 | Further reduction in plasma HIV load in patients with advanced AIDS when a second protease inhibitor was added to triple drug combination therapy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:109 (abstract no. 244) Berger DS, Bucher G, Delaney K, Wittert H, Gomatos P To assess the effect in patients (PTS) with advanced AIDS of quadruple antiretroviral therapy, specifically the additional effect of a second protease inhibitor (PI) on triple drug combination therapy . Methods: In a retrospective analysis of 18 PTS with advanced AIDS we determined the efficacy during three |
| 245 | Efficacy and safety of quadruple combination therapy in treatment experienced HIV/AIDS patient. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:109 (abstract no. 245) Barbour CO II To evaluate the safety and efficacy of combination therapy with Norvir ( Ritonavir )+ Invirase ( |
| 246 | Ritonavir, stavudine (d4T), didanosine (ddI) as a triple combination treatment in antiretroviral - naïve patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:109 (abstract no. 246) Saimot AG, Landman R, Damond F, Detruchis P, Gaudebout C, Girard PM, Gorin I, Mathez D, Michon C, Prevot MH, Tubiana R To evaluate the antiretroviral activity and safety of ritonavir in combination with d4T and ddI as a first line treatment. Methods: Thirty three adults, asymptomatics or with CDC stage B clinical symptoms and CD4+ counts between 50 and 350/mm3 were includ |
| 247 | Combination therapy with D4T + 3TC + indinavir (IDV) in nucleosides-experienced HIV-infected patients: an open-label study. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:109 (abstract no. 247) de Truchis P, Zucman D, Dupont C, Simonpoli AM, Doll J, Chandemerle C, Berthe H, Leibowitch J A combination therapy with D4T 80 mg/d + 3TC 300 mg/d + IDV 2400 mg/d was offered to 145 HIV-infected patients (men: 113, women: 32) between April and August 1996. AIDS-related events, survival, CD4 cell count, and viral load (Amplicor Roche RNA-PCR assay) were assessed at day 0, weeks 8, 24 |
| 248 | Effect of antiretroviral therapy on CD8+ CD38+ mean fluorescence intensity and CD4+ naïve/memory T cells. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:110 (abstract no. 248) Soucier H, Fitzgerald T, Gibbons DC, Evans TG The mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of fluorolabled CD38 surface molecules indicative of CD8+ T cell activation has been shown to be a useful surrogate in predicting progresion to AIDS (Liu, Cytometry, 1996) and may serve as an indirect marker of viral load. We are comparing the CD8+ CD38+ MFI to CD4 cell count and v |
| 249a | Triple combination antiretroviral therapy improves some but not all predictive surrogate markers in HIV infected patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:110 (abstract no. 249a) Lange M, Maitra US, Klein EB, Inada Y, Taskar V, Sundar K To determine the effect of triple antiretroviral therapy (protease inhibitor (PI) and two nucleoside analogs) on predictive surrogate markers before and after three to four months of therapy in 7 patients with AIDS. METHODS: Plasma HIV-RNA, and TGFbeta serum interferon (IFN) and beta-2 microglobulin (beta-2M |
| Session 27 — Poster Adherence, Antiretroviral Use Patterns, and Resource Utilization/Outcomes |
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| 250 | An approach for quantitating medication compliance in HIV-infected patients using pharmacokinetic principles. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:110 (abstract no. 250) Brundage RC, Acosta EP, Page LM, Fletcher CV Reliable methods for monitoring patient compliance with a prescribed protocol are important in the analysis of clinical trials. Unfortunately, research in this area becomes complicated because an absolute measure of compliance is not available. Techniques such as patient reporting or clinician evaluations are entirely |
| 251 | Adherence to antiretroviral therapy in HIV disease. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:110 (abstract no. 251) Eldred L, Wu A, Chaisson RE, Moore RD To determine the extent of adherence to antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients engaged in medical care. Methods: Adherence to therapy was determined by interview of a cohort of 202 patients attending an urban HIV hospital-based clinic. All patients had been prescribed at least six months of antiretr |
| 252 | Improved proliferative function of peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (PBML) of HIV1-infected patients after initiation of therapeutic HIV protease inhibition. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:111 (abstract no. 252) Manegold C, Seidlitz B, Medve M, Lorenz R, Bunse R, Haussinger D, Jablonowski H Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is characterized by a very early depression of the functional capacity of peripheral blood lymphocytes. HIV protease inhibitors are the most effective drugs against HIV. They achieve suppression of HIV replication by a factor of about 50 and also significant rise of |
| 253 | Perceptions, acceptance and adherence to antiretrovirals among prisoners. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:111 (abstract no. 253) Altice FL, Mostashari F, Thompson AS, Friedland GH To examine the attitudes, beliefs and use of antiretrovirals (ART) among prisoners. Methods: From 4/18/96 to 10/8/96, 109 male and 108 female ART eligible (CD4 less than or equal to 500) prisoners were interviewed using a standardized data collection instrument; detailed information about perceptions, trust, |
| 254 | Preliminary results of a compliance study within CPCRA 007 combination nucleoside study (NuCombo). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:111 (abstract no. 254) Besch CL, Morse E, Simon P, Hodges J, Franchino B Fifteen CPCRA units conducted a compliance study with CPCRA 007 ( AZT + ddI or ddC vs AZT for CD4 s less than 200). Baseline information was obtained on behavioral, lifestyle, psychosocial and Health Belief Model premises. |
| 255 | Community patterns of care for HIV disease: does clinical experience make a difference? Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:111 (abstract no. 255) Mitchell TF, Brosgart CL, Dyner T, Coleman RL, Gee L, Abrams DI Purpose: Recent data suggests that the HIV/AIDS patients of providers experienced in treating HIV disease have better outcomes than patients of relatively inexperienced providers. To determine if there are different prescribing patterns between experienced and inexperienced providers, we conducted a national survey of |
| 256 | The effect of therapeutic guidelines on antiretroviral use in British Columbia. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:111 (abstract no. 256) Montaner JS, Hogg RS, Yip B, Gataric N, Schechter M, O'Shaughnessy MV to evaluate the impact of therapeutic guidelines on antiretroviral therapy (ARV) use in the province of British Columbia (BC) from 12/95 to 9/96. Methods: ARV is offered free of charge to eligible individuals. Until 12/95, monotherapy was made available to HIV+ individuals with CD4 counts less than 500; whil |
| 257 | The use of antiretroviral therapy in association with evolving standards of practice. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:111 (abstract no. 257) Bozek PS, Weidle PJ, Perdue BE, Everson RE To describe the changes in the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) before and after the acceptance of combination ART (CoT) and the publication of the 1996 ART treatment recommendations. Methods: A cohort of patients (pts) from a university based inner city HIV clinic were randomly selected for tracking of A |
| 258 | Antiretroviral prescribing patterns following introduction of protease inhibitors (PI). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:112 (abstract no. 258) Coleman RL, Brosgart CL, Mitchell TF, Dyner T, Gee L, Abrams DI Purpose: A new class of antiretrovirals, protease inhibitors (PI), was introduced in the first half of 1996. To determine the extent to which providers have incorporated these drugs into their patterns of care we conducted a national survey of preferred antiretroviral regimens. Methods: We surveyed 1166 providers in ov |
| 259 | Patterns of antiretroviral drug use over the past 6 years in patients enrolled in community-based clinical trials: the CPCRA experience. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:112 (abstract no. 259) Abrams DI, Neaton J, Wentworth D, Kumi J, Markowitz N, Perez G, Saravolatz L, Thompson M, Baxter J Purpose: Over the past 6 years, marked fluctuations in the use of antiretroviral (ARV) therapies have been perceived. We reviewed the use of ARV agents at the time of enrollment in patients in CPCRA trials from 1990-1996 to assess temporal trends. Methods: Use of ARV agents at baseline visit by 6302 patients enrolled i |
| 260 | The use of protease inhibitors in the community program for clinical research on AIDS (CPCRA). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:112 (abstract no. 260) Baxter JD, Neaton J, Wentworth D, Abrams DI The use of protease inhibitors (PIs) has rapidly increased in the management of HIV infection. We assessed their use among 1,103 CPCRA patients, who were not enrolled in a CPCRA antiretroviral (AR) trial and who attended a follow-up visit between April and August 1996. Median CD4 cell count was 168 cells/mm3; 14% were |
| 261 | Antiretroviral usage trends: data from the national HIV telephone consultation service. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:112 (abstract no. 261) Balano K, Liljestrand P, Goldschmidt R, Leoung G, Legg J Problem: Because of the rapid succession of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs approved, there has been a recent proliferation in regimens. Few studies are available to determine exactly how these drugs are being utilized. Information is needed to understand how ARV medications and therapeutic guidelines are being used in the |
| 262 | Impact of newer antiretroviral (ARV) therapies on inpatient and outpatient utilization of healthcare resources in patients with HIV. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:112 (abstract no. 262) Ruane PJ, Ida J, Zakowski PC, Sokolov RJ, Uman SJ, Daly R Objectives: To determine the effect of new regimens of ARV therapy on utilization at a Los Angeles private practice managed care specialty clinic. Methods: From July 1994 through June 1996, hospital days (HD), skilled nursing/hospice days (SN-H/D), home care (HC) utilization and outpatient specialist referrals were rev |
| 263 | The effect of attenuating CD4 decline on subsequent hospitalization: potential benefit of viral load driven antiretroviral therapy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:112 (abstract no. 263) Anis Aslam H, Hogg RS, Wang X, Yip B, Montaner JS, O'Shaughnessy MV, Schechter MT To determine the potential economic benefit of stabilizing CD4/viral load levels on reducing hospitalization in a large population-based cohort of HIV-positive adult men and women. Methods: Observational, population based cohort study using time-series data (1991-1995). Study subjects were men and women enro |
| 264 | Impact of potent new antiretroviral therapies on in-patient and out-patient hospital utilization by HIV-infected persons. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:113 (abstract no. 264) Torres R, Barr M To assess differences in in-patient and out-patient hospital utilization in the era of potent new antiretroviral treatments. Methods: St. Vincent s Hospital and Medical Center, since the onset of the AIDS epidemic in 1981, has experienced a consistent annual increase in both in-patient and out-patient HIV/AI |
| 265 | Using HIV viral RNA to estimate the cost-effectiveness of indinavir alone and in combination. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:113 (abstract no. 265) Cook J, Dasbach E, Coplan P, Markson L, Tan C, Nguyen BY, Meibohm A, Chodakewitz J To estimate the cost-effectiveness of indinavir alone and in combination. Methods: A model was developed to simulate disease progression and cost-effectiveness of therapy for patients in a clinical trial who were initially HIV+, prior to their first AIDS defining illness (ADI). Natural history of CD4 decli |
| 266 | Quality of life outcomes of saquinavir, zalcitabine and combination saquinavir-zalcitabine therapy for advanced HIV-infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:113 (abstract no. 266) Revicki D, Swartz C A multi-center, double-blind, randomized clinical trial evaluated the impact of saquinavir monotherapy (SAQ), zalcitabine monotherapy ( ddC ), and combination saquinavir-zalcitabine |
| Session 28 — Poster Antibody, Antigen, and Miscellaneous Assays |
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| 267 | Frequency of false-positive (FP) HIV Western blots (WB) in a low-risk population. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:113 (abstract no. 267) Kleinman SH, Busch MP, Hall L Background: Revision of WB interpretive criteria in 1993 resulted in rare reports of FP WBs. We used an algorithm to select WB(+) samples from blood donors for further evaluation with the purpose of defining the frequency of FP by specific WB pattern. Methods: Using a 4-year database from 5 US blood centers, we selecte |
| 268 | Performance of the HIV-1/HIV-2 microparticle enzyme immunoassay on the Abbott AxSYM automated analyzer. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:113 (abstract no. 268) Sandridge A, Daghfal D, Guckenberger J, Hall-Steele G, Kramer S, Nordmark MK, West D, Waszkiewicz E, Szamocki S, Kanani N, Washburn T AxSYM HIV-1/HIV-2 is a random/continuous access Microparticle Enzyme Immunoassay (MEIA) that detects antibodies to HIV-1 and HIV-2. The assay is intended to be used for the qualitative determination of IgM and IgG antibodies against HIV-1 and HIV-2 in human sera or plasma as an aid in the diagnosis of HIV infection. An |
| 269 | Improved seroconversion sensitivity of HIV-1 specific antibodies with a new HIV-1/HIV-2 microplate ELISA. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:114 (abstract no. 269) Alonso A, Dinello R, Andrews W, Alexander S, Ballas C, Carten J, Corvelli G, Ebelle R, Roos A, Pichuantes S, Lee WS, Polito A, Nelles M, Le AV, Green G Antibodies arising during the early stages of HIV-1 seroconversion are not reliably detected by all HIV screening tests. We have developed a HIV-1/HIV-2 ELISA which demonstrates improved seroconversion sensitivity while maintaining excellent specificity. This new recombinant antigen-sandwich microplate ELISA was evalua |
| 270 | Distribution of HIV-1 p24 antigen levels in antigen positive seroconversion samples. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:114 (abstract no. 270) Schuette K, Carlisle G Methods: Fifty-four seroconversion panels with a total of 458 serial bleeds were assayed with three Abbott EIAs: a monoclonal EIA for HIV-1 p24 antigen, a direct sandwich assay for both anti-HIV IgM and IgG antibodies, and an assay for IgG antibodies only. The results were used to classify antigen positive bleeds into |
| 271 | Antiretroviral treatment monitoring with novel experimental tests for antigen p24 and reverse transcriptase. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:114 (abstract no. 271) Schupbach J, Boni J, Opravil M, Bisset L, Tomasik Z, Luthy R To evaluate novel, highly sensitive viral component test procedures for their potential in antiretroviral treatment monitoring. Methods: Viral load markers were measured at 0, 2, 6, 12, 18 and 24 w in 19 patients with CD4 less than or equal to 50 treated with Indinavir 800 mg tid i |
| 272 | Prolonged p24 antigenemia and weak immune response for nine months after HIV seroconversion (SC). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:114 (abstract no. 272) Garrett PE, Baird I, Manak M, Howell R, Cosentino M, Weissberger H, Weiblen BJ, Busch MP, Schumacher RT Background: Typical HIV SC involves appearance of RNA, followed by a 1-2 wk. period of p24 antigenemia (Ag), and then by anti-HIV levels that rise rapidly and remain high for years. A plasma donor was found POS for anti-HIV 1/2, HIV RNA and p24, and IND for anti-HIV 1 by WB; 3 units collected over 1 previous mo. tested |
| 273 | Detection of antibodies to human T-lymphotropic virus type I and type II in samples from various populations. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:114 (abstract no. 273) Chetty C, Horvath B, Scruggs P, Witt D An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA ), an automated Western blot system (WB), and a polymerase chain reaction assay (PCR) were developed for the detection of antibodies to human T-lymphotropic virus type I and type II in samples from various populations. The ELISA was used as a screening assay and the WB and P |
| 274 | Rapid determination of CD4+T-lymphocyte counts in a hospital emergency department using the STKS analyzer. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:114 (abstract no. 274) Wagner J, Ellerbrock TV, Arnall M, Garrison C, Taylor J, Bush T, Stafirn A, Scoles L, Burch L, Russell T, Horsburgh R To compare CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts and the time and technical skill required to measure the counts using the EPICS(r) Profile flow cytometer (Profile) or the recently developed COULTER(r) STKS analyzer (STKS) in an emergency department (ED) in a rural area with high HIV seroprevalence. Methods: Blood specim |
| 275 | Sensitive, non-radioactive quantitation of 2', 3' -dideoxynucleoside 5' -triphosphates (ddNTPs) in human cells by fluorescent palindromic oligonucleotide-directed enzymatic reaction. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:115 (abstract no. 275) Zhang H, Wood OL, Papermaster S, Nielsen C, Ussery MA High sensitivity (10(-7)-10(-8) M) HPLC analysis of ddNTPs, active antiviral species of 2 , 3 -dideoxynucleoside within cells, is difficult using only UV detection. DNA chain termination directed by a 5 -fluorescein palindromic oligonucleotide precursor has therefore been investigated as a means of enhancing the sensit |
| 276 | Tests of lymph node cells (LNC) for HIV-1 to identify neonates infected in utero and to learn when zidovudine is most effective. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:115 (abstract no. 276) Hard RC Jr, Bagwell CE, Dinsmoor MJ, Draper DA, Ellis CR, Hart ME, Lavoie S, Meloy LD, Morris RW, Rodriguez G, Salzberg AM, Shapiro JH, Sonnino RE, Tipton GA Nearly all cases of Pediatric AIDS (P-AIDS) result from vertical transmission of HIV-1, but it is unknown whether most infections occur in utero or intrapartum. A dramatic reduction in the incidence of PAIDS can be achieved by giving zidovudine to infected mothers before and during delivery, and to their neonates after |
| Session 29 — Poster HIV Subgroup Typing |
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| 277 | Detection of retroviral antigens in supernatants of HIV-1 group M clades, HIV-1 group O, HIV-2, and SIV with OTC's HIV-1 p24 antigen test. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:115 (abstract no. 277) Holody T, Lockwood D, Kay JW, Fransen K, Heyndrickx L, Janssens W, van der Groen G To assess the ability of OTC s HIV-1 p24 antigen assay to react with supernatants of retroviral variant strains. The appearance of variant strains of HIV makes it imperative that assays for detection of retroviral markers be tested for their ability to detect such strains. Experimental: Eightee |
| 278 | The effect of adding an HIV-1 group O peptide into OTC's HIV-1 viral lysate microelisa test to improve detection of HIV-1 group O antibody while maintaining group M test performance. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:115 (abstract no. 278) Jones GR, Olsen D, Kay JW To evaluate OTC s indirect viral lysate based microelisa test supplemented with a peptide from ANT70 Group O. Specificity improvements with OTC s HIV-1 systems permit test modifications to improve detection of HIV-1 Group O without compromising HIV-1 Group M antibodies. Experimental: Sensitivit |
| 279 | Performance of the AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR test and a modified HIV-1 monitor test on HIV-1 subtypes A to F. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:116 (abstract no. 279) Michael N, Robb M, Birx D, Wang J, Dreyer K, McDonough K, Christopherson C, Lu SD, Kwok S, Herman S To determine the performance of the AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR Test on HIV-1 isolates of various subtypes a panel of 40 to 50 cultured virus standards is being produced. All isolates are being cultured from a common leukopack pool and characterized by p24 antigen concentration, infectious titer, virus particle count by ele |
| 280 | Detection of HIV-1 subtypes with transcription-mediated amplification. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:116 (abstract no. 280) Yang Y, Wang R, Dockter J, Riggs M, McDonough S, Giachetti C Detection of HIV-1 RNA as a marker for viral infection will be useful in monitoring donor blood, and is already used to assess disease progression and response to antiviral therapy. A major challenge for the development of screening assays for this virus is its high degree of genetic diversity, which includes two major |
| 281 | Detection and differentiation of HIV-1 group O sera from HIV-1 group M and HIV-2 using recombinant antigens and peptides. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:116 (abstract no. 281) Hickman RK, Golden A, Vallari A, Devare S Based on genomic sequence analysis, it is well documented that there is extensive variation among HIV-1 group M, group O and HIV-2. The recently identified HIV-1 group O isolates have sequence variation similar to group M. Comparison of the env region of group O isolates show up to 50% divergence in the gp41 amino acid |
| 282 | Extended range of non-B subtypes detected by with a modified AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR test. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:116 (abstract no. 282) Lu SD, Christopherson C, Wang J, Dreyer K, Mcdonough K, Herman S, Kwok S The AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR test amplifies subtypes B, C, and D efficiently but amplifies some isolates of subtypes A and E less efficiently. To better assess the performance of the assay, we amplified, cloned, sequenced and prepared transcripts from 24 clinical isolates from Africa: 6 subtype A s, 1 subtype B, 5 subtyp |
| 283 | Virus type-specific DNA-PCR detection of HIV-1 group M, group O, and HIV-2 isolates using an efficient 96-well plate format. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:116 (abstract no. 283) Fridlund C, Otten RA, Adams DR, Downing RG, Anyaegani G, Hu D, Wright AC, Pieniazek D, Biryawaho B, Sempala SD, Schochetman G, Rayfield MA A network of field sites exists both in the United States and in collaborating centers abroad (Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean) in which the prevalence, distribution, and global transmission of diverse HIV strains is being monitored. A major goal of these efforts is a rigorous attempt to ensure the effec |
| 284 | Differentiation between HIV-1 group M and group O infection by selective inhibition of reverse transcriptase in the Amp-RT assay: implications for serum screening. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:116 (abstract no. 284) Heneine W, Yamamoto S, Switzer WM, Soriano V, Schable C, Gurtler L, Folks TM The inability of subtype B-based antibody screening assays to reliably detect group O infections has raised public health concerns on the safety of the blood supply. We describe the development of an antibody-independent group O-specific assay. The assay is based on the detection of reverse transcriptase of group O vir |
| 285 | Quantification of "Non B" subtype HIV-1 RNA: underestimation is frequent for all "Non B" subtypes with monitor and NASBA-QT tests. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:117 (abstract no. 285) Rouzioux C, Burgard M, Chaix ML, Manigart O, Ivanoff S, Doussin A, Ngo N, Tachet A, Blanche S, Mayaux MJ Quantification of a large panel of Non B HIV-1, using 3 methods. Patients and Methods: 50 viral strains were obtained by culture of PBMC in children born in France to a mother from France (9), Central Africa (24), West Africa (10), East Africa (1), Carribean (4), Asia (2). The subtype determined by Heterodup |
| Session 30 — Poster Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia |
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| 286 | Efficacy of lasalocid against murine Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis (PCP). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:117 (abstract no. 286) Oz HS, Hughes WT, Rehg JE Lasalocid, a polyether carboxylic ionophore, is used as an anticoccidial drug in farm animals and is effective against Cryptosporidium parvum in immunosuppressed rats (Rehg, JE, J.I.D., 1993). We studied the efficacy of lasalocid against PCP and compared its effect with atovaquone, dapsone-trimethoprim and trimethoprim |
| 287 | A murine model for multiple opportunistic pathogens (MOPS): pneumocystis carinii and cryptosporidium parvum. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:117 (abstract no. 287) Oz HS, Hughes WT, Rehg JE AIDS patients are at risk for multiple opportunistic pathogens (MOPS). A desirable prophylactic drug would have activities against two or more of these infections. We established a model to study two of the most common opportunistic pathogens concomitantly, P. carinii and C. parvum in a dexamethasone immunosuppressed v |
| 288 | Phase I safety and pharmacokinetics (PK) study of micronized atovaquone (m-ATQ) in HIV exposed or infected infants and children. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:117 (abstract no. 288) Dorenbaum A, Sadler BM, Xu J, Van Dyke RB, Wei LJ, Moye J, McNamara J, Yogev R, Diaz C, Hughes W To determine the safety, dose-tolerance, and pharmacokinetics profile of a liquid formulation of m-ATQ in infants and children with ages 1 mo to 12 years. Methods: Twenty four subjects were stratified into 7 cohorts based on age and dose given. Following 12 days of a daily dose of m-ATQ steady-state PK was d |
| 289 | Is trimethoprim of trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) necessary for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) prophylaxis? Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:117 (abstract no. 289) Hughes WT, Killmar J Whether or not TMP has any anti P. carinii activity in the TMP-SMX combination has never been determined. Both in vitro and in vivo studies clearly show TMP alone to have little or no activity. SMX alone has potent activity. Because the adverse effects of TMP are similar to those of SMX the deletion of TMP from |
| 290 | Risk factors for primary PCP in HIV-infected adolescents and adults in the U.S.: should history of AIDS-defining illness be included in the criteria for PCP prophylaxis? Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:118 (abstract no. 290) Kaplan JE, Hanson D, Jones J Risk factors for developing primary Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia ( PCP ) and criteria for offering chemoprophylaxis against PCP were evaluated in the Adult and Adolescent Spectrum of Disease Study, a medical record review project that includes over 33,000 HIV-infected persons greater than 13 years of age in over 100 |
| 291 | A randomized, multicenter, controlled trial of the use of N'acetylcysteine (NAC) for the prevention of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) hypersensitivity reactions in HIV. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:118 (abstract no. 291) Walmsley S, Djurdjev O, Singer J, Khorasheh S Background: The incidence of serious adverse reactions to TMP-SMX is increased in HIV. This could be related to low plasma and intracellular glutathione leading to a decreased ability to detoxify reactive drug metabolites. To test the hypothesis that giving NAC to patients with HIV to regenerate glutathione |
| 292 | Cross-reactivity and patient outcomes in HIV-infected patients switched from TMP/SMZ to dapsone due to hypersensitivity reactions during PCP prophylaxis. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:118 (abstract no. 292) Holtzer C, Coleman R, Flaherty J Using retrospective chart review, 60 patients at UCSF Medical Center and SFGH were assessed for crossreactivity when switched from TMP/SMZ to dapsone during PCP prophylaxis. Patients were included in the study if they were HIV+ and had received TMP/SMZ, experienced a hypersensitivity and then received dapsone. Hypersen |
| 293 | The effect of adjunctive corticosteroids for the treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) on mortality and subsequent complications. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:118 (abstract no. 293) Gallant JE, Chaisson RE, Keruly JC, Moore RD Adjunctive corticosteroids (AC) decrease morbidity and mortality due to moderate-to-severe PCP . However, the use of steroids may increase immunosuppression, possibly increasing the risk of other complications. To determine whether patients with PCP who received AC had a higher risk of death or of subsequent complicati |
| 294 | Determinants of "breakthrough" Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in the HIV outpatient study (HOPS). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:118 (abstract no. 294) Moorman A, Von Bargen J, Palella F, Holmberg S Objectives & Methods: To evaluate determinants of PCP prophylaxis (PX) Breakthrough, we analyzed data electronically charted from visits to 7 private and 2 public HIV clinics in 1992-1996. Results: Breakthrough PCP occurred in 82(20%) of 414 patients prescribed 416 PX regimens. Breakthrough patients (cases) did n |
| 295 | PCP prophylaxis and bacterial pneumonia (BP). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:118 (abstract no. 295) Tacconelli E, Tumbarello M, Cauda R, Ortona L We performed a case-control study to analyse whether patients either under primary or secondary PCP prophylaxis with TMP-SMX, were equally protected from the development of BP. We observed 167 HIV-infected patients with BP; Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus were the most frequently isolated micro-organ |
| Session 31 — Poster Cytomegalovirus Infections |
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| 296 | Cost-effectiveness of ganciclovir for prevention of CMV retinitis. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:119 (abstract no. 296) Robbins GK, Cotton DJ To assess the cost-effectiveness of oral ganciclovir for the prevention of cytomegalovirus ( CMV ) retinitis in patients with advanced AIDS. Methods: A decision tree was constructed to reflect the consequences of using oral ganciclovir (1,000 mg TID) for the prevention of CMV retinitis. |
| 297 | Quality of life associated with valacyclovir vs. high and low-dose acyclovir for prophylaxis against cytomegalovirus in AIDS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:119 (abstract no. 297) Wu AW, Jacobson D, Clark B, Brookmeyer R, Feinberg J Data were collected in ACTG 204, a multinational, double-blind, randomized clinical trial comparing valacyclovir (VAL) vs. high-dose acyclovir (HACV) vs. low-dose acyclovir (LACV) for the prevention of cytomegalovirus ( CMV ) infection in patients with AIDS (CD4 count less than 100). |
| 298 | Quality of life scores predict clinical trial attrition and mortality. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:119 (abstract no. 298) Wu A, Jacobson D, Grant D, Scott-Lennox J This study tested the hypothesis that if quality of life (QOL) scores differentiate patients with various levels of functioning, those patients who have lower (worse) QOL scores at baseline will be more likely to discontinue study participation than will patients who have higher baseline QOL scores. Method: |
| 299 | Safety of oral vs. intravenous hydration during induction therapy with intravenous Foscavir in AIDS patients with CMV infections. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:119 (abstract no. 299) Benson P, Nahass R, Deresinski S, Scolaro M, Nusrat R, Wool M Nephrotoxicity associated with the use of Foscarnet can be reduced with IV fluid supplementation. For certain patients oral fluid supplementation is more convenient. Therefore, 18 community based centers collaborated in a prospective randomized study comparing safety of IV vs. oral hydration during induction therapy wi |
| 300 | NONMEM population pharmacokinetic of foscarnet in 24 AIDS patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:119 (abstract no. 300) Breilh D, Pellegrin JL, Ba B, Pobel C, Rispal P, Saux MC Population pharmacokinetic of foscarnet was evaluated in 24 AIDS patients with cytomegalovirus disease after twice daily infusion (mean infusion time between 2 and 2.5 hours) of 90 mg/kg of body weight for two weeks. Blood samples were collected from an indwelling catheter placed in an arm vein, before and at 1, 2, 2.5 |
| 301 | In vivo anti-CMV activity and safety of oral lobucavir in HIV-infected patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:120 (abstract no. 301) Lalezari J, Dreww L, Jordan C, Jensen P, Moe A, Reynolds L, Mohanty S, Cross A, Dunkle L Lobucavir is a cyclobutyl analog of guanine with broad spectrum in vitro activity against most herpes-type viruses and Hepatitis B. Oral bioavailability approaches 40% and single doses up to 800 mg have been well tolerated. This dose-escalating pilot study evaluated the in vivo anti- CMV activity a |
| 302 | Pharmacokinetics and safety of oral lobucavir in cytomegalovirus-infected HIV patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:120 (abstract no. 302) Flaherty J, Lalezari J, Petty B, Pollard R, Jordan C, Reynolds L, Mohanty S, Olson S, Dunkle L Lobucavir, a cyclobutyl analog of guanine with potent in vitro antiviral activity against all herpes-type viruses and Hepatitis B, has been shown to be up to 40% orally bioavailable and well tolerated at single doses up to 800 mg/day. This double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated the safety and pharmacokinetics |
| 303 | Efficacy of the ganciclovir implant for the treatment of relapsing cytomegalovirus retinitis. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:120 (abstract no. 303) Kuppermann BD, Martin DF, Gordon JF, Stoecker JF Purpose. To assess the efficacy of a ganciclovir (GCV) implant in patients with cytomegalovirus ( CMV ) retinitis who had experienced retinitis progression while on either intravenous (IV) GCV or a GCV implant. Methods. Patients with newly diagnosed CMV retinitis were originally treated with a GCV implant or IV GCV in |
| 304 | In vitro antiviral susceptibilities of isolates from CMV retinitis patients receiving first or second line cidofovir therapy: relationship to clinical outcome. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:120 (abstract no. 304) Cherrington JM, Fuller MF, Lalezari JP, Miner R, Chen MS, Drew WL Cidofovir [HPMPC] was recently approved for the treatment of CMV retinitis in AIDS patients. Blood culture isolates from patients treated first line (peripheral retinitis) or second line (relapsing retinitis) with cidofovir were obtained from 2 clinical trials for in vitro antiviral s |
| 305 | Inhibition of human cytomegalovirus in vitro by 5-amino-3-[(Z)-4-hydroxy-2-buten-1-yl]thiazolo[4,5-d]- pyrimidine-2,7(3H,6H)-dione (1). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:120 (abstract no. 305) Ojwang JO, Revankar GR, Mustain SD, Rando RF, Huffman JH, De Clercq E, Lewis AF Abstract: The in vitro antiviral activity of several hydroxyalkoxymethyl, hydroxyalkyl, hydroxyalkenyl, and phosphonoalkenyl derivatives of the guanine congener 5-aminothiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine-2,7(3H, 6H)-dione will be presented. The compounds of this study were selected for their structural similarity to acyclonucleo |
| 306 | The Vistide (cidofovir injection) treatment IND for relapsing CMV retinitis (CMV-R). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:120 (abstract no. 306) Stagg RJ, Gathe J, Lieberman RM, Nuessle SJ, Davis JL, Ruane P, Bellman PC, Horgan M, Jaffe HS Vistide , a nucleotide analog with potent long-acting activity against herpesviruses, was recently approved for the treatment of CMV-R. The U.S. TIND provided access to Vistide for patients with relapsing CMV-R (i.e., unresponsive to or intolerant of ganciclovir and/or foscarnet) prior to commercial availability. |
| 307 | Resource utilization in HIV patients diagnosed with CMV. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:121 (abstract no. 307) Fisher D, Fuhrer J, Moorman A, Pathak D Objective & Methods: To quantify medical resource use following one of the most serious end-stage OI s, HIV+ patients diagnosed with cytomegalovirus ( CMV ) infection among the patients in the HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS) study were followed for 12 months. In addition to clinical data, inpatient, home care and MD of |
| 308 | Safety and efficacy of fomivirsen sodium (ISIS 2922) for CMV retinitis in AIDS patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:121 (abstract no. 308) Lieberman RM, Orellana J Fomivirsen sodium, a highly selective and potent phosphorothioate oligonucleotide antisense compound, complementary to the major immediate early region of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) mRNA is currently being evaluated in Phase III clinical trials for the treatment of CMV retinitis (CMVR) in patients with |
| 309 | First phase I study of a new systemic anti-CMV antisense compound (GEM 132) in healthy male volunteers. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:121 (abstract no. 309) Guinot P, Martin R, Bonvoisin B, Toneatti C, Bourque A, Cohen A, Dvorchik B, Schechter P This study reports the first administration to man of a new advanced chemistry antisense oligonucleotide. GEM 132 is a 20-mer hybrid phosphorothioate with 2 bases at the 5 end and 4 bases at the 3 end being 2 0-methylated. This modification should improve metabolic stability. GEM 132 is designed to be complementary to |
| 310 | Monitoring serum levels of ganciclovir in patients treated with oral ganciclovir as maintenance therapy for CMV retinitis. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:121 (abstract no. 310) Piketty C, Guirard A, Gilquin J, Bardin C, Kazatchkine MD, Chast F The aim of this study was to investigate whether low ganciclovir (GCV) serum trough levels in patients on maintenance oral GCV therapy are associated with recurrence of CMV retinitis. Methods: We have prospectively studied the plasma concentration of GCV in 14 HIV-infected patients. Serum samples were analyz |
| 311 | Safety and pharmacokinetics of an orally bioavailable prodrug of cyclic HPMPC, a potent antiherpes nucleotide analog. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:121 (abstract no. 311) Lee WA, Shaw JP, Sueoka C, Cundy KC, Bischofberger N, Lacy S, Swaminathan S Cyclic HPMPC is an intracellular prodrug of cidofovir with reduced nephrotoxicity and similar in vivo antiviral activity. At physiological pH, cyclic HPMPC is a mono-anion and has low oral bioavailability in animals and humans. Phosphonate ester prodrugs of cyclic HPMPC were designed to enhance the oral bioavailability |
| 312 | CMV infection - a systemic clinical disease? Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:121 (abstract no. 312) Wolf E, Gersbacher E, Poppinger J, Virgin G, Pascucci R, Jaegel-Guedes E, Jaeger H Rationale: With the use of intraocular sustained-release ganciclovir implants (pellets) for CMV retinitis in AIDS patients, concomitant systemic anti-CMV treatment for the prevention of extraocular manifestations is controversial. To compare the incidence of extraocular CMV |
| 313 | Cytomegalovirus focal encephalitis: a new AIDS-associated CMV infection feature. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:122 (abstract no. 313) Moulignier A, Eliaszewicz M, Gonzalez-Canali G, Landau A, Welker Y, Dupont B To describe 12 cases of focal CMV focal encephalitis (CMV-FE) in HIV-infected patients. Background: CMV infection of the CNS is clinically estimated to occur in less than 15% of all patients with AIDS, whereas CMV infection is observed in up to 40% of autopsied brains. Patients: 12 well-documented patients a |
| 314 | MRI evidence of cytomegalovirus encephalitis (CMV E) prior to the diagnosis of CMV retinitis (CMV R). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:122 (abstract no. 314) Avery E, Ketonen L, Li H, Borucki M, Paar D CMV R occurs in 12% to 46% of AIDS patients, and once a patient is diagnosed with CMV R, the relative risk of developing CMV E is reported to be 9.5 (1). CMV E occurs in at least 30% of AIDS autopsies (2). One diagnostic tool for CMV E is brain MRI which characteristically shows periventricular hyperintense signal (4 |
| 315 | Viral ocular involvement after initiation of antiprotease inhibitor therapy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:122 (abstract no. 315) Michelet C, Arvieux C, Aubert V, Andre P, Riou A, Cartier F We report 4 cases of viral ocular disease occuring within the first month of protease inhibitor therapy. From April to August 1996, 50 patients (pts) received a combination of anti-retroviral therapy with initiation of Ritonavir or Indinavir . |
| 316 | Prospective evaluation of cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigenemia, PCR and DNA hybridization as predictors of CMV retinitis in HIV infected patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:122 (abstract no. 316) Riss JM, Zandotti C, Petit N, Moreau J, Dhiver C, Tissot Dupont H, Brouqui P, Bourgeade A, Gastaut JA, Ridings B 48 HIV+ patients with CD4 cell counts less than 50x10(6)/L with no evidence of retinitis were prospectively evaluated with indirect ophthalmoscopy and screened in blood for CMV by quantitative pp65 antigenemia, qualitative PCR and DNA hybridization every month. During a median follow up of 12 months, 14 patients develo |
| 317 | Prognosis value of quantitative of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) leucocytic pp65 antigenemia of HCMV visceral diseases in HIV infected patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:122 (abstract no. 317) Hazera P, Morello R, Vabret A, Verdon R, Freymuth F, Six M, Bazin C Work relevance: Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) viremia is a marker of disseminated infection in immunosuppressed patients for whom diagnosis of HCMV infections is often clinically difficult. Among the procedures of HCMV viremia, the immunologic detection of HCMVpp65 leucocytic antigenemia (Ag) has been proved to be an ea |
| 318 | A rapid, quantitative assay for ganciclovir resistant human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) clinical isolates. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:122 (abstract no. 318) McSharry J, Lurain N, Nokta M, O'Gorman M, Shapiro H, Weinberg A We have used a flow cytometry based assay that detects and quantitates cells synthesizing the HCMV immediate early (IE) and late antigens to determine the sensitivity of a number of HCMV clinical isolates to ganciclovir. MRC-5 cell monolayers in 25 cm2 plastic flasks were infected with cell-associated HCMV clinical iso |
| 319 | Antiviral susceptibilities and analysis of UL97 and DNA polymerase sequences of cytomegalovirus (CMV) strains from patients with AIDS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:123 (abstract no. 319) Erice A, Li WY, Borrel N, Stratton C, Balfour H Jr Susceptibilities to ganciclovir (GCV), foscarnet (FOS), and cidofovir (CDV), and analysis of UL97 and DNA polymerase regions were performed on 21 CMV isolates from 10 patients with AIDS. Screening for GCV-resistance UL97 mutations was performed by restriction digest analysis (RE). |
| 320 | Follow-up of CMV cellular load using bDNA CMV in AIDS patients treated with foscarnet. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:123 (abstract no. 320) Devianne-Garrigue I, Pellegrin JL, Pellegrin I, Dupon M, Ragnaud JM, Fleury HJ to quantitate the decrease of CMV cellular load using bDNA CMV in AIDS patients under foscarnet therapy. Patients: AIDS patients with symptoms indicative of CMV treated with foscarnet (180 mg/kg/day) were prospectivelly enrolled. Blood samples were collected before and during foscarnet therapy at day 0, 3 an |
| 321 | Predictive value of a single CMV PCR and subsequent development of end organ disease. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:123 (abstract no. 321) Walmsley S, Mazzulli T, Shankaran P, Krajden M Background: Oral ganciclovir is efficacious as primary preventative therapy for CMV disease, but cost constraints prevent its utilization for all patients. Reliable and sensitive laboratory methods are required to predict which patients are at greatest risk for disease, so that prophylaxis or pre-emptive therapy can be |
| 322 | Single-tube competitive PCR for the quantitation of CMV DNA in the leukocytes of HIV+ patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:123 (abstract no. 322) Chatellard P, Sahli R, Iten A, von Overbeck J, Meylan PR While CMV infection is reactivated in the majority of AIDS patients who are infected with CMV, only a fraction develops CMV disease. Studies mostly performed in transplant patients suggest that increasing CMV blood viral load is predictive of CMV-related pathology. We therefore developed a competitive quantitative assa |
| 323 | CMV-pp65 antigenemia in AIDS patients with CMV retinitis relapse during maintenance therapy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:123 (abstract no. 323) Abraham B, Reynes J, Segondy M To evaluate the utility of CMV pp65 antigenemia as an early predictor of CMV retinitis relapse in patients with anti-CMV treatment. Methods: 8 patients who had retinitis relapse were included. The initial retinitis episode was cured by an induction treatment with foscarnet or ganciclovir followed by a mainte |
| Session 32 — Poster Fungal Infections |
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| 324 | Clinical evaluation and microbiology of fluconazole resistant oropharyngeal candidiasis. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:124 (abstract no. 324) Revankar SG, Dib OP, Kirkpatrick WR, McAtee RK, Fothergill AW, Rinaldi MG, Redding SW, Patterson TF Signs and symptoms of oropharyngeal candidiasis were correlated with microbiology and clinical response to fluconazole in an advanced cohort of HIV-infected patients with recurrent oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC). Fifty-seven HIV+ patients with a median CD(4) less than 50 (range 5-318) presenting with OPC were enrolled |
| 325 | Long term safety and efficacy of itraconazole oral solution (IS) for treatment of fluconazole refractory oropharyngeal candidiasis (OC) in HIV-positive patients (pts). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:124 (abstract no. 325) Moskovitz B, Wu J, Baruch A, Benken C Assess long term safety and efficacy of 200 mg/day IS in HIV+ pts with OC who failed prior therapy with fluconazole. Methods: 78 HIV+ pts entered the original trial and received 100 mg IS twice daily for 14 days(d). Pts with incomplete response were treated for 14 more d. Pts who responded (complete resoluti |
| 326 | Disseminated histoplasmosis (D.H.): oral lesions in HIV patients in Argentina. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:124 (abstract no. 326) Puga L, Sforza R, Benetucci J, Corti M, Macias J, Negroni R, Bruzzone R, Sanchez R Disseminated Histoplasmosis (D.H.) is an endemic disease on the River Plate Area. The capital and greater Buenos Aires (included in this area) have the most HIV related diseases. describe HIV patients with Disseminated Histoplasmosis (D.H.) oral lesions. Method: HIV patients medical records ... |
| 327 | Itraconazole oral solution (IS) for the treatment of fluconazole-refractory oropharyngeal candidiasis (OC) in HIV-positive patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:124 (abstract no. 327) Fessel WJ, Merrill KW, Ward D, Moskovitz B, Benken C, Oleka N, Grimwood H The efficacy of 200 mg/day IS was evaluated in 78 HIV+/AIDS pts with OC who failed prior therapy with fluconazole for OC. Pts received 100 mg IS twice daily for 14 days; pts with incomplete response were treated for an additional 14 days. Pts who responded could be entered into a maintenance protocol; responders who de |
| 328 | Clinical factors associated with recurrent oral candidiasis in HIV infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:124 (abstract no. 328) Fichtenbaum C, Yiannoutsos C, Holland F, Guerra O, Powderly W Azole-resistant oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) has become a significant problem in advanced HIV infection. Identified risk factors include low CD4+ lymphocyte counts and prolonged azole exposure. Alternative strategies of managing recurrent OPC in at-risk populations might help delay the use of azoles and possibly the |
| 329 | Fluconazole resistance of yeast isolates from HIV+ women. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:125 (abstract no. 329) Ellerbrock T, Wright T, Fothergill A, Conley L, Chiasson MA, Rinaldi M To compare species and antifungal susceptibilities of oral and vaginal yeast isolates from HIV-infected (HIV+) and uninfected (HIV-) women. Methods: Oropharyngeal and vaginal yeast cultures were obtained from 175 women, 97 of whom were HIV+ and 78, HIV-. In vitro susceptibility testing was performed accordin |
| 330 | Fungicidal activity of amphotericin B colloidal dispersion (ABCD) combined with flucytosine plus or minus fluconazole in murine cryptococcal meningitis. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:125 (abstract no. 330) Diamond D, Bauer M, Daniel BE, Leal M, Johnson D, Thomas A, Ding J, Najvar L, Graybill J, Larsen R Animal and in vitro studies have demonstrated that flucytosine (5FC) plus amphotericin B or fluconazole (FLU) has significantly improved activity against cryptococcal meningitis compared to each drug used alone. However, few dose levels have been tested in combination. This study evaluated the antifungal efficacy of AB |
| 331 | Aggressive management of raised intracranial pressure in patients with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis (CM). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:125 (abstract no. 331) Fessler R, Sobel J, Crane L, Vazquez J Historically, raised intracranial pressure (ICP) secondary to CM has been a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. HIV negative patients with CM who have neurologic compromise secondary to elevated ICP show substantial declines in morbidity and mortality with diversion of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by shunting pr |
| Session 33 — Poster HPV and Disease Manifestations in Women |
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| 332 | High rate of persistence of HPV infection in HIV-seropositive women. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:125 (abstract no. 332) Heard I, Costagliola D, Kazatchkine M, Orth G Sequential (greater than or equal to 2) gynecological examinations with Papanicolaou smears and genotyping of HPV by Southern blot (SB) and PCR using consensus primers in cervical tissue were performed within 13 months of prospective follow-up in 140 HIV-seropositive women. Rare HPV genotypes were identified by sequenc |
| 333 | High rate of gynecologic infection in women presenting for HIV-care. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:125 (abstract no. 333) Squires K, Tabereaux P, Richardson M, Raper J, Vermund S, Alvarez R To develop a multidisciplinary team to deliver comprehensive care to HIV-infected women within an AIDS clinic located in a southern US urban medical center. This approach recognizes the importance of gynecologic (gyn) manifestations of HIV infection and incorporates routine gyn evaluations as a critical comp |
| 334 | A phase I/II study of cidofovir topical gel for refractory condyloma acuminatum in patients with HIV infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:126 (abstract no. 334) Douglas J, Corey L, Tyring S, Kriesel J, Bowden B, Crosby D, Berger T, Conant M, McGuire B, Jaffe HS Cidofovir is an acyclic nucleotide analog with potent activity against herpesviruses and human papillomaviruses ( HPV ). HIV-positive patients with biopsy-proven HPV-associated anogenital warts refractory to standard therapy were assigned to receive open-label cidofovir |
| 335 | The relationship of HIV serostatus and immune status to the natural history of genital tract oncogenic HPV. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:126 (abstract no. 335) Burk R, Minkoff H, Feldman J, Landesman S To investigate the relationship of HIV serostatus and immune status to the incidence and persistence of cervicovaginal human papilloma virus ( HPV ). Materials and Methods: 147 HIV-positive and 228 HIV-negative women were followed longitudinally as part of a cohort study of HIV disease in Brooklyn. |
| 336 | Cervical cytology in HIV infected women. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:126 (abstract no. 336) Helfgott A, Eriksen N, Myers G, Lorimor R, Blanco J An association between HIV infection and abnormal pap smears has been documented. Evidence demonstrates an association between worsening abnormal paps and decreasing immune function. In this retrospective chart review, we examined the rate and severity of abnormal pap smears in a cohort of HIV+ women in Hous |
| 337 | Dendritic cells in women with sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:126 (abstract no. 337) Klassen M, Frankel S, Bhatia A, Lewin-Smith M, Nelson A Background: STIs may enhance the transmission of HIV. Genital ulcers may facilitate the transfer of infectious material into potential target cells. The inflammatory response to either ulcerating or non-ulcerating infections may increase dendritic cells in genital mucosa, possibly supporting HIV replication and transmi |
| 338 | Treatment of CIN increases vaginal HIV RNA level. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:126 (abstract no. 338) Wright TC, Hart C, Ellerbrock TV, Lennox J To determine whether therapy for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) increases HIV viral level in vaginal secretions of HIV-infected (HIV+) women. Methods: HIV+ women with CIN scheduled for cryosurgery (n=2), loop excision (n=2), or cone biopsy (n=2) were enrolled from a colposcopy clinic. HIV RNA was q |
| 339 | Incidence of squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) on papanicolaou (PAP) smear in women at risk for HIV infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:126 (abstract no. 339) Klein RS, Ho GY, Chang CJ, Winston N, Burk RD To examine the incidence of SIL on PAP smear in women with or at risk for HIV infection. Methods: Prospective study of 168 women infected with or at risk for HIV infection. A structured interview for demographic and behavioral information, PAP smear, serologic test for HIV infection, and CD4+ cell measuremen |
| Session 34 — Poster Neurologic Syndromes: PML, Toxoplasmosis, Dementia |
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| 340 | Latency and reactivation of JCV at different sites in AIDS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:127 (abstract no. 340) Dutronc H, Dubois V, Lafon ME, Ragnaud JM, Pellegrin JL, Beylot J, Poinsot V, Fleury HJ JCV, the Polyomavirus responsible for Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML), is thought to reach the central nervous system (CNS) hidden in leukocytes. Case reports suggested that JCV was harboured specifically by B lymphocytes, both in CNS lesions and peripheral blood. Our aim was to determine whether JCV i |
| 341 | Survival prolongation and symptom palliation in HIV-seropositive patients with PML treated with alpha-interferon. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:127 (abstract no. 341) Huang S, Skolasky R, Dal Pan G, Royal W, McArthur J To examine the effect of alpha-interferon (alpha-IFN) on survival in HIV-associated PML through an observational analysis. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of 104 HIV-seropositive individuals diagnosed with PML through the Johns Hopkins University HIV Neurology Program 1985-1996. Inclusion |
| 342 | Neuro-imaging assessment in a prospective study of toxoplasma encephalitis (TE). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:127 (abstract no. 342) Dupas B, Fondimare A, Reliquet V, Michelet C, Mussini JM, Huart A, Raffi F The objectives were to evaluate the diagnostic performance of neuro-imaging and the radiographic criteria useful for the diagnosis of TE in 72 HIV-infected patients started on empiric anti-toxoplasmic therapy for presumptive TE. Two radiologists, blinded from final diagnosis, assessed pre-treatment brain CT scans and M |
| 343 | Abstract not available. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:127 (abstract no. 342) |
| 344 | Toxoplasma gondii (Toxo) seroprevalence in HIV-infected children. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:127 (abstract no. 344) Hell KJ, Church JA, Ross L To determine seroprevalence of Toxo in HIV-infected children. Methods: Ninety-three HIV-infected children, 3 months to 20 years of age, were tested for the presence of Toxo antibodies with the Abbott Imx MEIA. Seropositive results were confirmed on a second serum specimen obtained at a later date. Children w |
| 345 | Contribution of immunoblot to diagnosis of toxoplasma encephalitis: a prospective study of 186 AIDS patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:128 (abstract no. 345) Raffi F, Aboulker JP, Franck J, Reliquet V, Huart A, Pelloux H, Derouin F, Dupouy-Camet J, Leport C, Ambroise-Thomas P A prospective multicenter study assessed the value of various parameters for the diagnosis of Toxoplasma encephalitis (TE) in HIV-infected patients started on empiric anti-toxoplasmic therapy for a first episode of presumed TE. Before starting anti-toxoplasmic therapy, serum samples were collected for Toxoplasma gondii |
| 346 | Stroke and transient neurological deficit in HIV infected patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:128 (abstract no. 346) Hamza NS, Lederman MM, Salata RA, Hupert M, Walker C Patients with AIDS demonstrate a wide array of central nervous system pathology. We reviewed cases of stroke & transient neurological deficit (TND) in our clinic to determine the frequency, clinical presentation and risk factors for CVD in HIV disease. The records of all HIV infected patients seen at University Hos |
| 347 | Cerebrovascular thrombosis in HIV infected patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:128 (abstract no. 347) Khanlou N, Salmon D, Lesueur A, Khanlou H, Simon J, Leport C, Caumes E, Zuber M, Sicard D Numerous etiology have been described as being responsible of cerebrovascular thrombosis (CVT) in young people. The aim of the study was to determine their importance in HIV infected patients in a retrospective study of 10 patients with clinical symptoms of CVT and radiological criteria, both confirmed by a neurologist |
| 348 | Depression subtypes in HIV infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:128 (abstract no. 348) Sacktor N, Lyketsos C, Esposito D, Nance-Sproson T, Skolasky R, Selnes O, McArthur JC To evaluate differences in depression symptoms in different stages of HIV infection. Background: Depression may be secondary to subcortical disease and a marker of HIV-associated minor cognitive/motor disorder (MC/MD) or dementia . Also, HIV+ patients without severe immunodeficiency (CD4 greater than 200) ma |
| 349 | CSF and plasma viral load and AIDS dementia: a preliminary study. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:128 (abstract no. 349) Robertson K, Fiscus S, Kapoor C, Robertson W, Grosso L, Silva S, Hall C Objectives. Few studies on the relationship of viral load to neurological disease are available. The objective of this preliminary study was to assess the relationship of HIV associated neurological disease to differences in quantitative viral load in serum relative to CSF. Design. Subjects were enrolled in a longitudi |
| 350 | Quantification of pain syndromes in the HIV outpatient study (HOPS). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:128 (abstract no. 350) Loveless M, Delaney K, Moorman A, McCabe R Objective & Methods: To measure reported pain in HIV+ outpatients, we analyzed data electronically charted from visits to 2 public and 8 private HIV clinics nationwide from 1992-1995, and calculated the proportion of days patients experienced a painful symptom, analgesic treatment, or acute stage of a diagnosis kno |
| Session 35 — Poster Effect of Protease Inhibitor Combination Therapies on Opportunistic Infections |
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| 351 | Mycobacterial lymphadenitis: can highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) unmask subclinical infection? Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:129 (abstract no. 351) Phillips P, Zala C, Rouleau D, Montaner JS To describe our experience with HIV-related mycobacterial lymph node and cutaneous infection since 8/95. Results: As of 10/96, 5 cases have been identified, all male and with a median age of 38 yr (range 27-42 yr). Fine needle aspirate or tissue biopsy was smear positive for acid fast bacilli in all cases. C |
| 352 | Focal inflammatory lymphadenitis (FIL) and fever following initiation of protease inhibitor (PRI) in patients with advanced HIV-1 disease. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:129 (abstract no. 352) Race E, Adelson-Mitty J, Barlam T, Japour A We report the development of severe febrile reactions and FIL in 3 patients with CD4 counts of less than 50 cells/mm3 and unrecognized Mycobacterium avium complex ( MAC ) infection following PRI therapy. 6 to 21 days after PRI was begun, all 3 patients presented with fever ranging from 103-106F. Examinations revealed F |
| 353 | Failure of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) to prevent CMV retinitis despite marked CD4 count increase. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:129 (abstract no. 353) Jacobson MA, Kramer F, Pavan PR, Owens S, Pollard R Previous natural history studies have reported CMV retinitis occurring almost always in pts with absolute CD4 counts less than 50 cells/uL at time of diagnosis (dx). We report 5 recent cases in pts who had CD4 counts greater than or equal to 200 at time of dx. 4-24 weeks before retinitis dx, all had CD4 counts less tha |
| 354 | Acute CMV infection in AIDS patients receiving combination therapy including protease inhibitors. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:129 (abstract no. 354) Gilquin J, Piketty C, Thomas V, Gonzales-Canali G, Kazatchkine MD Combined regimens of antiviral agents including protease inhibitors of HIV replication are often associated with significant increases of CD4 cell counts. We report on 8 cases of first acute CMV infection or positive CMV viremia having occurred within 10 weeks after initiation of combined therapy in a group |
| 355 | Resolution of AIDS-related opportunistic infections with addition of protease inhibitor treatment. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:129 (abstract no. 355) Mileno MD, Tashima K, Farrar D, Elliot BC, Rich JD, Flanigan TP Protease inhibitor treatment of HIV-1 infection has resulted in dramatic decreases in HIV-1 viral load with concomitant increases in CD4 counts. To describe the clinical impact of protease inhibitors in four patients with untreatable, progressive opportunistic infections. Results: Case 1. A 51 |
| 356 | Documented improvement in late stage manifestations of AIDS after starting ritonavir in combination with two reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:130 (abstract no. 356) Henry K, Worley J, Sullivan C, Stawarz K, McCabe K We report two cases who have had well documented dramatic improvement in their clinical status after starting ritonavir in combination with two other antiretroviral agents. Case 1: A 33 year-old male AIDS patient previously poorly compliant with medications, presented with progressive diffuse cutaneous Ka |
| 357 | Effects of triple antiretroviral therapies including a HIV protease inhibitor on chronic intestinal cryptosporidiosis and microsporidiosis in HIV-infected patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:130 (abstract no. 357) Benhamou Y, Bochet MV, Carriere J, Tubiana R, Anduze-Faris B, Valantin MA, Datry A, Bricaire F, Katlama C To evaluate the evolution of chronic intestinal microsporidiosis and cryptosporidiosis in HIV-infected patients (Pts) undergoing for indinavir or ritonavir adjunction to 2 nucleoside analogs. |
| 358 | The clinical course of severely immunocompromised patients achieving a re-expansion of CD4 cells to above 50 cells/mm3 following antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:130 (abstract no. 358) Kaspar R, Dubois DB With the advent of more potent antiretroviral therapies for HIV-1, many severely immunocompromised patients (CD4 less than 50 cells/mm3) have achieved a re-expansion to greater than 50 CD4 cells/mm3. We describe the clinical course of these patients and offer comparisons to a contemporary group of patient |
| Session 36 — State-of-the-Art Lecture CMV: Advances in Pathogenesis and Improved Approaches for Treatment and Prevention |
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| L3 | Cytomegalovirus: advances in pathogenesis and improved approaches for treatment and prevention. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:210 (abstract no.L3) Spector SA Cytomegalovirus ( CMV ) is an important pathogen in persons with AIDS resulting in disease in almost 50% of those with CD4 lymphocyte counts less than 50/microliter. Additionally, CMV has been proposed as an important cofactor in disease progression of HIV-infected children and adults. Recent studies of the pathogenesi |
| Session 37 — State-of-the-Art Lecture Molecular Mechanisms in HIV Infection and Replication: Results from X-ray Crystallography |
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| L4 | Molecular mechanisms in HIV infection and replication: results from x-ray crystallography. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:210 (abstract no. L4) Harrison SC Three-dimensional structures for many of the HIV gene products, as well as for certain host-cell proteins critical for HIV infection, have emerged from X-ray crystallographic analyses. What have we learned from these structures, both about mechanisms in the HIV infectious cycle and about therapeutic strategies? (1) Enz |
| Session 38 — Slide Mycobacterial and Bacterial Opportunistic Infections: Opportunistic Infection Correlations with Viral Load and Survival |
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| 359 | DACS 071: correlation of viral load and risk for opportunistic infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:130 (abstract no. 359) Swindells S, Currier JS, Williams P Although plasma viremia has been shown to be predictive of the development of AIDS-defining disease, little is known about the correlation of HIV load and the risk for specific opportunistic infections (OIs). The relationship between baseline viral load and subsequent risk for specific OIs was evaluated retrospectively |
| 360 | Sequential HIV RNA levels in patients with disseminated M. avium complex (MAC): a case control study. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:130 (abstract no. 360) Havlir DV, Haubrich R, Hwang J, Dunne M, Torriani F, Currier J, Forthal D, Bozzette SA, Richman DD, Mccutchan JA Disseminated MAC is associated with reduced survival. To explore the hypothesis that the development of MAC results in increased HIV RNA levels contributing to this higher mortality, we performed a case control study to compare HIV RNA in patients who did and did not develop MAC in a cohort of patients who participated |
| 361 | Virulent Mycobacterium avium enhances HIV replication in infected T-cells. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:131 (abstract no. 361) Dezzutti CS, Guenthner PC, Newman GW, Lal RB Recently, HIV patients co-infected with M. avium have shown higher proviral loads as compared with HIV patients infected with other opportunistic infections. We have developed an acute, in vitro HIV infection model by which the affects of copathogens on HIV replication can be assessed. Our results show that virulent M. |
| 362 | Blood PCR assay for the detection and monitoring of M. avium complex (MAC) in patients with disseminated disease. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:131 (abstract no. 362) Inderlied CB Quantitative cultures were performed on blood and bone marrow specimens from 20 patients with newly diagnosed MAC disease. Quantitative blood cultures were repeated at weeks 1, 4, 8, 12, and 24 following the start of clarithromycin plus ethambutol therapy. At week 4 or 8, a second bone marrow was obtained on most patie |
| 363 | Preventive therapy for tuberculosis in HIV-infected Ugandans. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:131 (abstract no. 363) Whalen C, Okwera A, Johnson J, Nsubuga P, Hom D, Loughlin A, Myanja H, Mugerwa R, Ellner J To determine the efficacy of preventive therapy for tuberculosis (TB) in HIV-infected (HIV+) individuals, we conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of three regimens in 2736 HIV+ Ugandans (mean age 30 yrs; 67% women). After giving informed consent and exclusion of active TB, study subjects were rando |
| 364 | ACTG 815: a prospective study of bacterial infections in advanced HIV disease. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:131 (abstract no. 364) Currier JS, Williams P, Feinberg J, Becker S, Owens S, Benson CA Bacterial infections are increasingly recognized as an important cause of morbidity and mortality in advanced HIV disease. The incidence and types of bacterial infections were examined prospectively in patients enrolled in either ACTG 196, a randomized trial comparing clarithromycin (CLA), rifabutin (RBT), or the combi |
| 365 | Filgrastim (r-met-HuG-CSF) for prevention of severe neutropenia and associated clinical sequelae in HIV-infected patients: results of a 24-week, prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:131 (abstract no. 365) Kuritzkes D, Parenti D, Ward D, Rachlis A, Jacobson M The effect of Filgrastim to prevent severe neutropenia (ANC less than 500/microliter) was studied in 258 moderately neutropenic (ANC 750-1000/microliter) HIV-infected individuals with CD4 less than 200/microliter. Pts were randomized to receive Filgrastim (n=172) titrated to maintain ANC between 2,000-10,000/microliter |
| 366 | Impact of opportunistic diseases on survival in HIV disease. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:131 (abstract no. 366) Chaisson RE, Keruly JC, Moore RD To assess the impact of opportunistic diseases (ODS) on survival in patients with HIV disease. Methods: A cohort of 2081 patients followed a mean of 30 months was studied. Time-dependent Cox proportional hazards analyses were performed using incident ODs and CD4 cell counts as independent variables. Results: |
| Session 39 — Slide Antiviral Therapy: Clinical Trials |
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| 367 | The CAESAR trial: final results. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:132 (abstract no. 367) Cooper D, Montaner J, Katlama C, Stoffels P, Scott J, McDade H, Collis P Design: The CAESAR trial recruited 1892 HIV-1 positive subjects, CD4 25-250 cells/microliter, on current antiretroviral treatment of AZT , AZT/ ddC or AZT/ddl, who were assigned to double blind placebo, |
| 368 | AVANTI 1. A randomised, double blind, comparative trial to evaluate the efficacy, safety and tolerance of combination antiretroviral regimens for the treatment of HIV-1 infection: AZT/3TC vs AZT/3TC/loviride in anti-retroviral naïve patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:132 (abstract no. 368) Rozenbaum W AVANTI 1 is the first in a series of trials designed to investigate a number of multi-drug combinations in HIV positive, anti-retroviral naïve patients with CD4 counts between 150 and 500 cells/microliter. In this study, 106 patients from Europe, Canada and Australia were randomised 1:1 to receive either |
| 369 | HIV induces changes in CD4+ T cell phenotype and repertoire that are not immediately restored by antiviral or immune-based therapies. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:132 (abstract no. 369) Connors M, Kovacs JA, Gea-Banacloche JC, Weiskopf E, Falloon J, Baseler M, Stevens R, Lane HC We examined longitudinal changes in CD45 isoform expression and the antigen receptor repertoire of CD4+ T cells from HIV+ patients, and before and after treatment. Cells from a group of 39 patients whose CD4+ T cell counts had declined from over 500 cells/microliter to under 50 cells/microliter were analyzed by FACS. T |
| 370 | The efficacy of Viracept (nelfinavir mesylate, NFV) in pivotal phase II/III double-blind randomized controlled trials as monotherapy and in combination with d4T or AZT/3TC. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:132 (abstract no. 370) Powderly W, Sension M, Conant M, Stein A, Clendeninn N Three pivotal double-blind controlled studies have been recently completed with Viracept (NFV) as monotherapy and in combination with either d4T or AZT / |
| 371 | Nelfinavir mesylate (NFV) increases saquinavir-soft gel capsule (SQV-SGC) exposure in HIV+ patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:132 (abstract no. 371) Kravcik S, Sahai J, Kerr B, Anderson R, Buss N, Seguin I, Bristow N, Farnsworth A, Salgo M, Mastrodonato-Delora P, Cameron W Protease inhibitor (PI) combinations may be highly advantageous for virologic and pharmacokinetic (PK) reasons. CYP3A4 extensively metabolizes SQV and contributes to NFV metabolism; thus, a favorable PK interaction may exist. To determine single and multi-dose PK and antiviral activity of the S |
| 372 | Delavirdine (D) and marketed protease inhibitors (PIs): pharmacokinetic (PK) interaction studies in healthy volunteers. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:133 (abstract no. 372) Cox SR, Ferry JJ, Batts DH, Carlson GF, Schneck DW, Herman BD, Della-Coletta AA, Chambers JH, Carel BJ, Stewart F, Buss N, Brown A Background: D and PIs inhibit and are metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A. These studies were performed to evaluate the effects of multiple-doses of D on the PK of marketed PIs and to evaluate the effects of PIs on the steady-state PK of D. Methods: Three studies, evaluating multiple doses of |
| 373 | Overview of in-vitro and in-vivo drug interaction studies of nelfinavir mesylate (NFV), a new HIV-1 protease inhibitor. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:133 (abstract no. 373) Kerr B, Lee C, Yuen G, Anderson R, Daniels R, Grettenberger H, Liang BH, Quart B, Sandoval T, Shetty B, Wu E, Zhang K To predict NFV drug interactions using in vitro and in vivo studies. Methods: Human liver microsome studies using cytochrome P450 isoform selective inhibitors and substrates were used to determine which P450s metabolize and/or are inhibited by NFV. Studies in healthy volunteers were performed to assess NFV i |
| 374 | Effect of nevirapine (NVP) on pharmacokinetics (PK) of indinavir (IDV) and ritonavir (RTV) in HIV-1 patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:133 (abstract no. 374) Murphy R, Gagnier P, Lamson M, Dusek A, Ju W, Hsu A NVP is a non nucleoside RT inhibitor of HIV while IDV and RTV are protease inhibitors (PI), and all are metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A. Two separate studies were designed to evaluate the effects of multiple doses of NVP, an inducer of P450 metabolism, on the PK of IDV and RTV in HIV-1 infected patients an |
| Session 40 — Slide Epidemiology: Trends and Prevention |
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| 375 | Estimating recent patterns of HIV infection among adolescents and young adults. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:133 (abstract no. 375) Denning P, Fleming P Background: HIV-infected persons who develop AIDS by age 25 tend to have a short incubation period. Since the time from HIV infection to AIDS is relatively brief in these young persons with AIDS, trends in AIDS incidence should closely parallel trends in HIV incidence. Accordingly, AIDS incidence data for persons aged |
| 376 | Declining AIDS mortality in New York City (NYC). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:133 (abstract no. 376) Chiasson MA, Berenson L, Li W, Schwartz S, Mojica B, Hamburg M Background and To describe trends in New York City HIV/AIDS mortality from 1983 through July 1996. NYC has only 3% of the US population but 16% of US AIDS cases. More than 90,000 New Yorkers have been diagnosed with AIDS. Methods: The analysis included all NYC deaths from 1983 through July 1996. ICD-9 code 2 |
| 377 | East vs. West coast differences in risks for and incidence of HIV among injection drug users (IDUs) in the collaborative IDU studies (CIDUS). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:134 (abstract no. 377) Monterroso E, Holmberg S, Robertson P To determine differences in injection risk behaviors and seroconversion rates among street-recruited IDUs in five U.S. study sites (East Coast: New York City (NYC) [A, B] and Baltimore; West Coast: San Jose and LA County). Methods: Participants are recruited for the ongoing CIDUS by street recruiters using s |
| 378 | Needle exchange is not enough: lessons from the Vancouver IDU study. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:134 (abstract no. 378) Strathdee SA, Patrick DM, Currie S, Pitchford W, Rekart M, Fitzgerald M, Montaner J, Schechter MT, O'Shaughnessy M To describe baseline prevalence of HIV, HCV, TB and associated risk behaviors in a cohort of injection drug users (IDUs) in Vancouver, a city which introduced a needle exchange program (NEP) and outreach services as early as 1989. METHODS: Since May/96, IDUs who had injected illicit drugs within the previous |
| 379 | Importance of maternal ZDV therapy in the reduction of perinatal transmission of HIV. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:134 (abstract no. 379) Fiscus SA, Adimora AA, Schoenbach VJ, Lim W, McKinney R, Rupar D, Woods C, Kenny J, Wilfert C To determine which of the 3 components of the ACTG 076 protocol were most important in reducing perinatal transmission of HIV: maternal (MAT) po, MAT iv, or infant po. Methods: Retrospective analysis of 384 infants born to HIV + women in NC between Jan 1, 1993 and June 30, 1996 who had known infection status |
| 380 | Acceptability and impact of zidovudine prevention on mother to child HIV-1 transmission in France. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:134 (abstract no. 380) Blanche S, Mayaux MJ, Mandelbrot L, Rouzioux C, Delfraissy JF BACKGROUND: The acceptability, efficacy and tolerance of zidovudine prevention in routine practice must be assessed in large surveys. Reports suggest that there are difficulties in implementing zidovudine in pregnancy in European countries and in North America. METHODS: The propagation and the impact of zidovudine prev |
| 381 | Use of ZDV to prevent perinatal HIV in New York City (NYC). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:134 (abstract no. 381) Thomas P, Singh T, Bornschlegel K, Bertolli J, Lindegren M, Brooks A, Forlenza S; NYC Dept of Health, New York, NY. Objective. To describe trends in prenatal ZDV use and the impact on perinatal HIV. Methods. At 22 sites participating in pediatric HIV surveillance, data were collected from infant medical records on maternal and neonatal ZDV for all identified HIV-exposed children. Charts are reviewed periodically to determine HIV inf |
| 382 | Does HIV/STD counseling work? Results from a randomized controlled trial (Project Respect). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:134 (abstract no. 382) Kamb ML, Rhodes F, Bolan G, Zenilman J, Douglas JM, Iatesta M, Graziano S, Peterman T, Fishbein M To evaluate the efficacy of HIV counseling in increasing condom use and reducing STDs, we conducted a randomized trial among STD clinic patients at 5 innercity STD clinics (Baltimore, Denver, Long Beach, Newark, San Francisco). Methods: HIV-negative, heterosexuals were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 face-to-fac |
| Session 41 — Slide |
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| 383 | Quantitative analysis of latent integrated and unintegrated HIV-1 provirus in lymph nodes and peripheral blood: implications for virus eradication. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:135 (abstract no. 383) Chun TW, Carruth L, Finzi D, Shen X, DiGiuseppi J, Taylor H, Chadwick K, Margolick J, Zeiger M, Barditch-Crovo P, Siliciano RF Advances in anti-retroviral therapy have raised the possibility that in some individuals HIV-1 infection might be eradicated. Combinations of anti-retroviral agents can reduce circulating free virus to undetectable levels in some individuals. However, latently infected cells carrying integrated or unintegrated provirus |
| 384 | Differential regulation of the antibody responses to gag and env proteins of HIV-1: effects of combination antiviral therapy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:135 (abstract no. 384) Binley JM, Markowitz M, Cao Y, Hurley A, Ho DD, Moore JP We have studied the anti-env and anti-gag responses to HIV-1 in long-term non-progressors, progressors, acute seroconvertors and recipients of combination anti-viral therapy, administered either at seroconversion or during the chronic phase. We conclude that antibody responses to env and gag antigens are normally diffe |
| 385 | Immunologic exhaustion in CD8+ T lymphocytes in HIV disease. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:135 (abstract no. 385) Giorgi JV, Effros RB, West MD The role of CD8+ T lymphocytes is to protect the host against damage from intracellular pathogens such as viruses. In HIV disease, protective CD8+ T lymphocyte responses include cytotoxic T cell activity and soluble factors that suppress viral replication. Long-term non-progressors in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study |
| 386 | Tissue macrophages are a primary host for HIV during opportunistic infections. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:135 (abstract no. 386) Orenstein JM, Wahl SM High titers of circulating HIV are evident soon after seroconversion, preceding a host response. However, even higher titers of virus appear later as the immune system collapses and paradoxically, as CD4+ lymphocytes disappear. Bursts of virus are also associated with immune activation through vaccination or opportunis |
| 387 | Abstract not available. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:136 (abstract no. 388) |
| 388 | CD4+ T cell depletion determined by gp120 sequences of SIV. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:136 (abstract no. 388) Kodama T, Shiigi S, Axthelm M Gp120 recombinant SIV, called as Ev/T3, was constructed by exchanging gp 120 of SIVmac239 with gp120 derived from a SIV variant. Experimental inoculation of rhesus macaques by Ev/T3 induced a selective depletion of CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood and lymph nodes within 10 days post-inoculation. The depletion of CD4+ T |
| 389 | Pathogenic events in the macaques coinfected with simian immunodeficiency virus and Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:136 (abstract no. 389) Chen ZW, Zhou D, Chalifoux L, Lee-Parritz D, Letvin NL The SIV/macaque model has been used to assess the virologic and immunologic consequences of active tuberculosis in AIDS virus-infected individuals. SIVmac-infected macaques were inoculated intravenously with Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), and then assessed for activation and expansion of T cell rece |
| 390 | Early viral replication dynamics predict clinical course in SIV infected macaques. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:136 (abstract no. 390) Lifson J, Nowak M, Kinter A, Vasquez G, Rossio J, Goldstein S, Schneider D, Elkins WR, Brown C, Wiltrout T, Hardy E, Wahl L, Williams J, Zasloff M, Fauci AS, Hirsch VM In macaques receiving identical inocula of SIV, 3 different patterns of viral replication are observed, with stabilization of post-acute plasma viral load levels in different ranges. These different patterns are associated with different clinical courses and outcomes, ranging from rapid disease progression to death fro |
| Session 42 — Slide Molecular Virology I |
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| 391 | Virion incorporation of Vpr-RT fusion protein rescues replication of RT-defective HIV-1. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:136 (abstract no. 391) Wu X, Liu HM, Kappes JC We previously demonstrated that Vpr- and Vpx-staphylococcal nuclease (SN) and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) fusion proteins incorporate into HIV virions and retain enzyme activity when expressed in trans with HIV proviruses. To explore the possibility of utilizing virion associated accessory proteins to study |
| 392 | Temperature sensitive HIV-1 reverse transcriptase virions produced at 39.5 degrees C do not contain the p66 and p51 subunits. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:136 (abstract no. 392) Huang M, Zensen R, Cho M, Martin MA A temperature sensitive HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) mutant was generated by clustered charged-to-alanine mutagenesis. This mutant replicated normally at 34.5 but not at 39.5 degrees C. Three charged residues within the RT finger domain were changed to alanine (K64A, K66A and D67A). Quantitating the amount of virus |
| 393 | Activation of the HIV-1 LTR by recruitment of a CTD kinase to a promoter-proximal RNA element: implications for the mechanism of action of the Tat protein. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:137 (abstract no. 393) Gold MO, Yang X, Herrmann CH, Rice AP We have previously identified a cellular protein kinase termed TAK (Tat-associated kinase) that appears likely to a Tat co-factor. In extensive analysis of mutant Tat proteins, there is a precise correlation with in vivo function of the Tat activation domain and the ability to bind to TAK in vitro in GST pull-down assa |
| 394 | Complementation of integrase function in HIV-1 virions. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:137 (abstract no. 394) Fletcher TM III, Soares MA, Wu X, McPherson S, Muesing MA, Kappes JC, Hahn BH We have previously demonstrated that HIV/SIV virion associated accessory proteins (Vpr, Vpx, Vif) can be utilized to target biologically active fusion proteins to the virus particle. In this study, we examined whether co-expression of Vpr-integrase fusion proteins can restore the biological activity of IN-mutant HIV-1 |
| 395 | I-kappaB-alpha competes with HIV-1 Rev on a common nuclear export pathway and induces a post-transcriptional inhibition of late viral gene products expression. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:137 (abstract no. 395) Bachelerie F, Rodriguez MS, Dargemont C, Virelizier JL, Arenzana-Seisdedos F Enhanced synthesis of I-kappaB-alpha induced by different stimuli, leads to accumulation of this protein in the cell nucleus where it associates with NF-kappaB and terminates kappaB-dependent transcription initiated from the HIV-1 LTR. We have found that I-kappaB-alpha suppresses HIV-1 expression by a mechanism that is |
| 396 | Regulation of Vif by mitogen-activated protein kinase. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:137 (abstract no. 396) Yang X, Gabuzda D Vif is an accessory protein which is important for HIV-1 infectivity. We previously demonstrated that Vif is phosphorylated and provided evidence that phosphorylation of Vif is important for HIV-1 replication. To identify the Vif kinase(s) and examine its role in virion infectivity, we performed in situ gel and in vitr |
| 397 | The role of viral protein U (Vpu) in HIV-1 particle assembly. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:137 (abstract no. 397) Deora A, Ratner L Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is a type C retrovirus, with assembly of new particles occurring at the plasma membrane of infected cells. Viral Protein U (Vpu) is an 18kD phosphoprotein that is unique to HIV-1. Vpu is a bifunctional protein which degrades CD4 in the endoplasmic reticulum and enhances parti |
| 398 | Development of drug-sensitive mutants of HIV-1 Vpu. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:137 (abstract no. 398) Schubert U, Ferrer-Montiel AV, Oblatt-Montal M, Montal M, Henklein P, Razzaque N, Strebel K We recently reported that the two known functions of Vpu, i.e. induction of CD4 proteolysis and enhancement of virus particle secretion, are regulated by distinct structural domains in the protein. The cytoplasmic (Cyto) domain of Vpu is required for induction of CD4 degradation while the transmembrane(TM) domain of Vp |
| Session 43 — Symposium Mycobacteria: Bench to Bedside |
S20 | HIV-associated tuberculosis in resource poor countries: research issues and new directions. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:216 (abstract no. S20) De Cock KM Of the 5-6 million people coinfected with HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis , the majority are residents of resource-poor countries, over three quarters in Africa, and an increasing proportion in South and South-East Asia. In heavily affected African countries increases in tuberculosis incidence in excess of 10% annua |
| S21 | The interaction between HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:216 (abstract no. S21) Ellner JJ The impact of TB on HIV appears to be profound. TB in the HIV-infected is associated with shortened survival not attributable to death from TB. This is seen in patients in developed as well as developing countries. Patients are not dying of TB. In fact, serial studies indicate bacteriologic and clinical improvement on |
S22 | Abstract Not Available Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:216 (abstract no. S22) |
| S23 | Clinical management issues in tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium complex disease. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:217 (abstract no. S23) Chaisson RE The treatment and prevention of HIV-related mycobacterial infections pose many different problems. Recent advances have raised additional questions. Tuberculosis. Treatment of TB patients with HIV using standard regimens is highly effective. Critical issues include: the optimal duration of therapy, the emergence of dru |
| Session 44 — Symposium Kaposi's Sarcoma/KSHV |
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| S24 | KSHV/HHV8 and Kaposi's sarcoma. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:217 (abstract no. S24) Ganem D The genome of a novel human herpesvirus (KSHV; HHV8) is regularly present in all forms of human Kaposi s sarcoma. We have developed a system for observing efficient lytic replication of this agent by treating latently infected B cells with TPA. Virion DNA is a linear species of 165 kb and bears terminal GC-rich repeats |
| S25 | Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:217 (abstract no. S25) Boshoff C, Whitby D, Matthews S, Talbot SJ, Reeves J, Weiss RA The non-random distribution of Kaposi s sarcoma (KS) in various populations and HIV risk groups suggests that a transmissible agent is essential in its pathogenesis. The rare occurrence of KS in HIV-2 compared to HIV-1 infected individuals further suggests that HIV-1 itself may also play a role in its pathogenesis: HIV |
| S26 | Potential mechanisms for cellular transformation by KSHV. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:218 (abstract no. S26) Moore PS Several DNA tumor viruses have independently evolved specific mechanisms to abrogate the pRb and the p53 tumor suppressor pathways leading to cellular transformation. How herpesviruses transform cells is less clear, but in the case of EBV, may involve transactivation of genes affecting pRb and p53 pathways. Experimenta |
| S27 | Abstract Not Available Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:218 (abstract no. S27) |
| Session 45 — Symposium Vaccine Strategies |
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| S28 | Abstract Not Available Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:218 (abstract no. S28) |
| S29 | DNA-induced immune responses to HIV regulatory and structural gene products. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:218 (abstract no. S29) Wahren B, Hinkula J, Calarota S, Bratt G, Leandersson L, Schwartz S We selected human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) genes that individually have been shown to mediate immune responses against HIV sub-components. Immune responses could be induced in experimental animals to HIV-1 regulatory proteins by vaccination with genes. Such responses may establish resistance to early viral replic |
| S30 | HIV vaccine efforts at Chiron: polynucleotide, protein subunit, and prime/boost approaches. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:219 (abstract no. S30) Barnett SW, Duliege AM, Sinangil F, Walker CM, Hansen L, Boggio K, Steimer KS Since the beginning of the HIV epidemic, Chiron Corporation has been committed to the development of an effective prophylactic vaccine against HIV. The company has produced both subtype B and subtype E recombinant Envelope (gp120) protein subunit vaccines and has so far participated in thirteen Phase I and one Phase II |
| S31 | DNA vaccine-induced immunity to HIV-1 env in rhesus monkeys. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:219 (abstract no. S31) Letvin NL, Montefiori DC, Yasutomi Y, Perry HC, Davies ME, Lekutis C, Alroy M, Freed DL, Lord CI, Handt LK, Liu MA, Shiver JW An AIDS vaccine should elicit an HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response, in view of the importance of this response in containing HIV replication. HIV env DNA vaccines induce Env-specific CD4+ lymphocytes with a Th1 cytokine profile in rhesus monkeys. These vaccines also elicit a high frequency, long-lived Env-sp |
| Session 46 — Symposium Primary/Early Events |
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| S32 | Hormonal co-factors in vaginal transmission of primate lentiviruses. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:219 (abstract no. S32) Marx P, Alexander NJ The SIVmac model of heterosexual transmission of HIV is useful for testing co-factors, because atraumatic vaginal inoculation of SIV results in systemic infection and AIDS. The intact vaginal mucosa is a barrier to SIV; about 100-1000 times more virus is required to vaginally infect macaques compared to an intravenous |
| S33 | Interferon responses in primary SIV infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:219 (abstract no. S33) Chakrabarti L, Khatissian E, Tovey M, Cumont MC, Monceaux V, Montagnier L, Hurtrel B Primary infection with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) follows three stages in lymph nodes (LN): (1) an intense viral replication in both CD4 lymphocytes and macrophages (2) a trapping of viral particles at the surface of follicular dendritic cells in germinal centers (3) a down-regulation of both viral replication |
| S34 | Oral SIV infection in adult and neonatal macaques. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:220 (abstract no. S34) Ruprecht RM, Baba TW, Liska V, An L, Ayehunie S, Sodroski J, Montefiori D, Trichel A, Murphey-Corb M, Martin L, Rizvi T, Bernacky BJ, Buchl SJ, Keeling M Several strains of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) can cross intact mucosal surfaces after oral exposure in both adult and neonatal rhesus macaques, resulting in systemic infection and disease, Cell-free virus derived from uncloned of molecularly cloned SIVs as well as infected whole blood have resulted in systemic |
| S35 | Dendritic cells and immunodeficiency virus replication. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:220 (abstract no. S35) Pope M Previous investigations into the interactions of dendritic cells [DCs] with HIV-1 have demonstrated the capacity of DCs to promote virus replication. In vitro, cutaneous DCs exposed to HIV did not support virus growth unless they interacted with syngeneic memory CD4+ T cells. Virus replication in these cocultures occur |
| Session 47 — Poster Surface Glycoproteins |
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| 399 | Comparative analysis of gp120 primed PMA-induced down modulation of tailless CD4 molecule on human and non-human cells. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:138 (abstract no. 399) Koito A, Tahara S, Nakauchi H Phorbol esters such as Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) induce phosphorylation-dependent down modulation of CD4 molecules, however truncated tailless CD4 was demonstrated to be resistant to this PMA-induced down modulation. On the other hand, it has been shown that soluble gp120 prime the down modulation of tailless CD4 |
| 400 | CD9 MAb-mediated inhibition of FIV infection: evidence for a unique antiviral mechanism. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:138 (abstract no. 400) de Parseval A, Lerner D, Willett B, Elder JH A monoclonal antibody, MAb vpg15, inhibits FIV infection in tissue culture. The antibody is directed at a determinant of the feline cell surface marker, CD9, implying that CD9 may serve as a viral receptor or co-receptor in this system. We carried out a series of experiments to further define the mechanism of inhibitio |
| 401 | Interference of HIV entry by inhibiting interactions with fusin. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:138 (abstract no. 401) O'Brien WA, Grovit-Ferbas K, Daar ES, Doranz BJ, Doms RW CD4 is a crucial receptor for HIV infection of primary cells, but recent studies have identified other cell surface molecules that are necessary for efficient HIV entry. These include fusin (LESTR, also now known as CXCR-4), which is used by virus strains adapted to growth in transformed T-cell lines. These HIV strains |
| 402 | Changes in fusin (CXCR4) expression during active HIV-1 replication are independent of CD4 fluctuations. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:138 (abstract no. 402) Roberts BD, Butera ST Although fusin/LESTR (CXCR4) was recently appreciated as a necessary cofactor for infection by T-cell line-adapted HIV-1 (i.e. LAI) strains, the regulation of surface fusin expression during active HIV-1 replication remains unclear. To address this issue and determine if fusin surface expression is regulated in a manne |
| 403 | Assay for identifying HIV-1 host-cell origin using selective cell-free virus capture and ultrasensitive PCR. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:138 (abstract no. 403) Roberts BD, Garcia-Lerma G, Folks TM, Butera ST As HIV-1 is released from infected cells, it acquires host-cell surface antigens in the viral envelope. Therefore, HIV-1 virions assume a distinct surface phenotype relevant to the phenotype of the host cell. To characterize HIV-1 phenotype changes and ultimately to determine the host-cell origin of HIV-1 from patient |
| 404 | Host-derived ICAM-1 glycoproteins incorporated on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 are biologically active and enhance viral infectivity. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:139 (abstract no. 404) Fortin JF, Cantin R, Lamontagne G, Tremblay M The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) acquires several host cell membrane proteins when budding from infected cells. To study the effect of virally-incorporated host-derived ICAM-1 glycoproteins on the biology of HIV-1, we have developed a transient expression system that has enabled us to produce virus parti |
| 405 | Microvesicles are a source of contaminating cellular proteins found in purified HIV-1 preparations. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:139 (abstract no. 405) Bess JW, Gorelick RJ, Bosche WJ, Henderson LE, Arthur LO Identification and quantitation of cellular proteins and other macromolecules associated with HIV-1 particles are complicated by the presence microvesicles that copurify with sucrose-gradient purified virions. These microvesicles bud from the surface of cells and copurify with retroviruses during sucrose gradient centr |
| Session 48 — Poster Variation and Diversity |
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| 406 | Mathematical modeling of within-patient evolution of HIV-1 antiretroviral resistance as a function of HIV reverse transcriptase fidelity and total-body HIV virion burden predicts sharp non-linear superiority of three-drug over two-drug therapeutic regimens. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:139 (abstract no. 406) Colgrove R, Japour A The chronicity, high-mutation rates and high circulating titers of HIV during the stable phase of infection make rapid evolution of resistance mutations a key predictor of antiretroviral efficacy. Advances in measurement of viral RNA titers, turnover dynamics and the in vivo spectrum of resistance mutations allow for t |
| 407 | Lack of predictability in the evolution of drug resistance explained: a new genetic model of HIV populations. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:139 (abstract no. 407) Brown AJ Selection is usually considered to be the dominant force controlling viral variation: the large population sizes suggest that deterministic population genetic models are appropriate. However, in patients under antiviral therapy, the evolution of resistance is often unpredictable. Some patients on |
| 408 | Sequence diversity and natural history of HIV-1 in maternal transmission. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:140 (abstract no. 408) Kornegay JR Although maternal viral load appears to play a part in the risk of perinatal transmission, the role of viral genetic diversity is still unclear. This study combines both quantitative and genetic data to give a more complete picture of the viral natural history during pregnancy and after birth. Heteroduplex mobility ana |
| 409 | Gestational sequences in HIV-transmitting mothers and their relation to babies' sequences: rapid analysis from dried blood spots by high density oligonucleotide arrays (DNA chips). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:140 (abstract no. 409) Comeau AM, Su X, Gerstel J, Bremer J, Davenny K, Diaz C, Landesman S, Lew J, Moye J, Larussa P, Shearer W, Tuomala R, Shen N, Mamtora G, Gingeras T To analyze sequence relationships in mother-child pairs of HIV transmission and to demonstrate the utility of rapid sequence DNA Chip technology in its application to dried blood spot (DBS) specimens. STUDY DESIGN: Proviral DNA from repository DBS collected at early gestation (18-25 wks), late gestation (del |
| 410 | Evidence of enhanced V3 region diversity and recombination in a dually infected transfusion recipient. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:140 (abstract no. 410) Diaz RS, de Oliveira CF, Mayer A, Zanotto P, Sabino EC, Mosley JW, Busch MP BACKGROUND: We previously described a case in which 1 patient was transfused concurrently with 2 seropositive units from 2 anti-HIV-1(+) donors. Red cells from the 2 infected donors also each infected another patient. Dualinfection and recombination occurred, based on analysis of tat and V4-V5 origins of HIV-1 genome. |
| 411 | Variability of HIV-infected cells in paired tonsil biopsies. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:140 (abstract no. 411) Cone RW, Schlaepfer E, Ott P, Opravil M, Flepp M, Luthy R Tonsil biopsies have been proposed as a source of lymphoid tissue for assessing viral activity in the lymphoid tissue compartment. This study examined whether paired tonsil biopsies from different sites have equivalent levels of HIV activity as measured by the number of in situ hybridization-positive cells. 39 pairs of |
| Session 49 — Poster Virology: Miscellaneous |
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| 412 | Mechanisms of anti-HIV-1 activity of human submandibular saliva. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:140 (abstract no. 412) Nagashunmugam T, Malamud D, Davis C, Friedman HM Human submandibular saliva contains factors that reduces HIV-1 infectivity in vitro. The mechanism of action of these salivary proteins is unknown. We asked if salivary proteins act at the level of the virus or, instead, on the host cell. Monoclonal antibodies were used to detect cell surface receptors (CD3, CD4, CD7, |
| 413 | P-glycoprotein expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells: evidence of an HIV-induced modulation. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:141 (abstract no. 413) Lucia MB, Rainaldi G, Malorni W, Cauda R Objectives: P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is expressed in cancer cells as well as in normal solid tissues and mononuclear blood cells where it seems to play a specific role in membrane transport and detoxification processes. The aim of this study was to analyze both surface and intracellular P-gp expression in different PBMC s |
| 414 | The anti-oxidant defenses of human T-cells influence HIV-1 replication and cytopathic effects. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:141 (abstract no. 414) Sandstrom PA, Murry J, Folks TM, Diamond AM We have previously reported that expression of the anti-apoptosis gene, Bcl-2, facilitates HIV-1 mediated cytopathic effects and replication during acute spreading infections. While the precise mechanism by which Bcl-2 functions to inhibit apoptosis remains a field of intense research, several groups have proposed that |
| 415 | Role of zinc coordinating amino acids of nucleocapsids in the HIV life cycle. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:141 (abstract no. 415) Sharmeen L, Heldsinger A, Neorr B, McQuade T, Gracheck S The zinc finger motif of retroviral nucleocapsids is an attractive target for antivirals. Several genetic studies with mutations in zinc fingers support multiple effects of nucleocapsids in the virus life cycle. It is difficult to reconcile some of the genetic and biochemical results unless zinc fingers of nucleocapsid |
| 416 | Compounds targeting the nucleocapsid protein zinc fingers inactivate HIV while preserving conformational integrity of virion surface proteins. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:141 (abstract no. 416) Rossio J, Schneider D, Wiltrout T, Henderson L, Arthur L, Lifson J We have described compounds that inactivate HIV by disruption of nucleocapsid protein (p7) zinc finger motifs. Primary isolates or laboratory strains of HIV were treated with one such compound, aldrithiol-2 (2,2 dipyridyl disulfide) in PBS for 1 hr at 37 degrees C. Serial dilutions of treated or sham-treated control vi |
| 417 | Accelerated loss of telomeres in HIV infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:141 (abstract no. 417) Gill MJ, Bestilny L, Riabowal K Objectives: To determine if HIV progression resulted in the premature aging of the immune system as measured by the loss of telomeric DNA sequences in the peripheral blood lymphocytes. Methodology: Telomeric length was measured in peripheral blood lymphocytes in fifty HIV infected persons at varying stages of disease a |
| Session 50 — Poster Immune Based Therapies |
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| 418 | M-CSF production and HIV-1 replication in human macrophages following in vitro treatment with recombinant human IL-2. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:142 (abstract no. 418) Kutza J, Hayes MP, Clouse KA Interleukin-2 ( IL-2 ) has been reported to increase macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) production and M-CSF receptor (c-fms) expression by human monocytes. IL-2 induced M-CSF gene expression is associated with enhanced binding of the transcription factor, NF-kappaB, to its binding site within the enhancer re |
| 419 | Dose-ranging study of interleukin II (IL-2) in HIV-infected men on antiretroviral therapy (ARV). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:142 (abstract no. 419) Follansbee SE, Lacarrubba S, Fyfe G Design: 18 HIV-infected men (CD4 cell counts 200-500/mm3) on stable 2-drug nucleoside-analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor ARV were enrolled in a dose-escalating study to ascertain the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), dose limiting toxicity, and dose needed to replicate the immunologic improvement of other aldesleukin |
| 420 | In vitro selective elimination of HIV infected cells of peripheral blood from AIDS patients by the immunotoxin DAB389CD4. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:142 (abstract no. 420) Martin-Serrano J, Folgueira L, Gaubin M, Boquet P, Piatier-Tonneau D, Alcami J Objective. The aim of this report is to study the antiviral efficacy of the recombinant fusion toxin DAB389CD4 against viral strains from HIV-infected patients and to analyze the potential toxicity of DAB389CD4 in non infected PBLs. Methods. PBMC obtained from AIDS patients were cultured in the presence of DAB389CD4 an |
| 421 | A DNA plasmid vaccine for HIV-1: experience in the first human trial indicates humoral and cell-immune responses. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:142 (abstract no. 421) MacGregor R, Gluckman S, Lacy K, Wang B, Ugen K, Chattergoon M, Bagarazzi J, Williams W, Ginsberg R, Higgins T, Boyer J, Weiner D We have shown that a DNA plasmid construct can drive expression of HIV-1 genes in non-human primates, inducing both cellular and humoral immune responses. We now report 15 HIV-infected subjects given the vaccine in a dose-ranging study (30, 100, and 300 micrograms). Subjects with CD4 cell counts greater than or equal t |
| 422 | Modified HGP-30 peptide heteroconjugate: novel approach in HIV vaccine development. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:142 (abstract no. 422) Zimmerman DH, Lloyd JP, Winship MD, Sarin PS AIDS has become a global problem for which the development of a safe, stable and effective vaccine has become essential. HGP-30, a 30 amino acid synthetic peptide homologous to a highly conserved region of HIV-1 p17, has previously been shown to elicit both cellular and humoral immune responses when conjugated to KLH a |
| 423 | Effect of therapeutic vaccine p24-VLP and AZT on immunological and virological markers in asymptomatic subjects. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:143 (abstract no. 423) Kelleher AD, Walker A, Jaramillo A, Roggensack M, Smith DE, Gow I, Cooper DA Aims: To evaluate the impact of therapeutic immunisation with p24-VLP and AZT on immunological and virological markers in asymptomatic subjects with greater than 400 CD4+ cells/microliter . Methods: Subjects were randomised to one of three arms for six months: Arm A: AZT 200mg tid plus IMI alum adjuvant monthly, Arm B: |
| 424 | Recombinant human interferon-gamma (rIFN-gamma) treatment of HIV-infected children. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:143 (abstract no. 424) Kline MW, Fletcher CV, Douglas SD, Fenton T, Shearer WT Objective. To obtain preliminary information on the pharmacokinetic properties, tolerance, safety, and immunologic and virologic effects of rIFN-gamma in HIV-infected children receiving long-term zidovudine (ZDV) or didanosine (ddl) therapy. Methods. Nineteen HIV-infected children were treated with rIFN-gamma at a dose |
| 425 | Clinical and laboratory safety and initial efficacy studies with an autogenous HIV cellular/viral therapeutic vaccine (DROVAC) utilizing a sendi virus envelope derived adjuvant (SDE). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:143 (abstract no. 425) Oleske J, Mannino R, Scolpino A, Gould-Fogerite S, Holland B, Feketeova E, D'Orlando D, Palumbo P, Denny T DROVAC was composed of disrupted PBMC (cellular antigens) isolated from 10 ml WB and bound to the SDE adjuvant. After a 12 hr. dialysis one ml of plasma was added to the vaccine preparation to provide cell free viruses. The vaccine was administered via 1ml into both anterior thighs. Eight patients, CDC classifications |
| 426 | Safety and immunogenicity of HIV-1 immunogen (REMUNE) in HIV-1 seropositive subjects in Thailand. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:143 (abstract no. 426) Moss RB, Churdboonchart V, Limsuwan A, Smutharaks B, Glidden D, Lagakos S, Theofan G, Carlo DJ, Sirawaraporn W The safety and immunogenicity of a gp120 depleted HIV-1 Immunogen (REMUNE) was investigated in Thai subjects with CD4 counts greater than 300 cells/microliter . Thirty subjects received four doses of 10 units of HIV-1 Immunogen at month 0, 1, 2, 3 and followed for four months for this phase of the study. The safety res |
| 427 | Effect of immunization with an inactivated gp120 depleted HIV-1 immunogen (REMUNE) on beta-chemokine and cytokine production in subjects with HIV-1 infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:143 (abstract no. 427) Moss RB, Trauger RJ, Giermakowska WK, Turner JL, Wallace MR, Richieri SP, Ferre F, Daigle AE, Duffy C, Theofan G, Carlo DJ, Jensen FC We measured chemokine and cytokine production from PBMCs in 15 HIV-1 infected subjects undergoing immunization with HIV-1 Immunogen (REMUNE) in open-label treatment study. Both gamma interferon production (P=0.04) and lymphocyte proliferation (P=0.001) increased post immunization with the HIV-1 Immunogen. No significan |
| 428 | Lack of effect of immunization on viral load and circulating HIV-1 quasispecies and phenotype. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:143 (abstract no. 428) Rodriguez-Barradas MC, Lin HJ, Trial J, Birdsall HH Viral load, syncitium-inducing (SI) phenotype and increasing antigenic diversity have been correlated with progression of HIV infection. Our objective was to evaluate immunization-induced effects on viral load, plasma HIV-1 variants (quasispecies), emergence of SI strains, CD4 cell count, and leukocyte activation marke |
| 429 | L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic Acid (OTC) inhibits HIV-1 replication in mononuclear phagocytes and lymphocytes. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:144 (abstract no. 429) Ho WZ, Starr SE, Sison A, Douglas SD We investigated the effects of L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic Acid (OTC, Procysteine), a prodrug cysteine, on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) expression in both adult peripheral and cord blood-derived mononuclear phagocytes and lymphocytes. Procysteine suppressed HIV-1 expression in monocyte-derived macro |
| 430 | Natural human interferon (Alpha Leukoferon) therapy in a cohort of hemophiliacs co-infected with HIV and Hepatitis C. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:144 (abstract no. 430) Keller RH, Nolan R, Patrick LC Thirty five patients with severe Hemophilia A or B, coinfected with HIV and Hepatitis C viruses were treated with natural Alpha Leukoferon at 20 X 10(6) units/wk. All patients were on combination antinucleoside antivirals +/- |
| 431 | Effects of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) on viral load and T-cell activation in HIV-infected children. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:144 (abstract no. 431) Church JA, Wheeler S, Gomperts E Activated CD4+ T-cells are the primary targets and source of plasma HIV. We tested the hypothesis that immunomodulation with high-dose IVIG would reduce virus load and that this would correlate with reduced circulating activated T-cells. Ten clinically stable, HIV-infected children (7M, 3F), 2 to 10 years of age (mean |
| 432 | The improvement of the killing activity of PMNL in response to a single dose of rhG-CSF does not correlate with serum IL-8 levels and is more prolonged than the elevation of the oxidative burst and serum G-CSF levels in HIV-positive patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:144 (abstract no. 432) Lorenz R, Bunse R, Manegold C, Haussinger D, Jablonowski H In HIV-1 seropositive volunteers (n=8) with CD4+ counts less than 100/microliters the response to a single subcutaneous dose of 300 micrograms rhG-CSF was investigated over a period of five days by measuring the number of neutrophils (PMNL), oxidative burst and the killing activity against E. coli and Candida albicans. |
| 433 | Effect of oral dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) administration on acute phase reactants in advanced HIV-1 infected patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:144 (abstract no. 433) Evans TG, McArdle M Patients with HIV infection are found to have subnormal DHEA levels which worsen as disease progresses. Because of the profound immunologic impact of this hormone in animal models and in vitro evidence for decreasing HIV-1 production, this widely available agent is one of the most frequently self-administered alternati |
| 434 | Oxidative burst and bacterial killing activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes after a single subcutaneous dose of rhG-CSF in HIV-infected patients and healthy volunteers. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:144 (abstract no. 434) Manegold C, Bunse R, Lorenz R, Haussinger D, Jablonowski H Administration of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) can efficiently increase the number of peripheral PMNL in neutropenic HIV infected patients. However, the extend and duration of the numerical and functional changes after a single subcutaneous dose of rhG-CSF in patients with advanced HIV disease compared |
| 435 | Abstract not available. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:145 (abstract no. 436) |
| Session 51 — Poster Chemokines |
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| 436 | Frequency of CKR-5 receptor mutation in individuals heterosexually exposed to HIV-1. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:145 (abstract no. 436) Lockett SF, Alonso A, Wyld R, Yirrell DL, Leigh Brown AJ The chemokine receptor 5 (CKR-5) has been shown to serve as a co-receptor for entry of certain strains of HIV. Homozygosity for a 32-bp deletion in the CKR-5 gene has been shown to confer a lower risk of infection in cohorts of homosexual men and in vitro, cells from deletion homozygotes are resistant to infection with |
| 437 | HIV-1 RNA levels and CC-chemokine receptor 5 (CKR5) genotype in a cohort of homosexual men. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:145 (abstract no. 437) O'Brien TR, Carrington M, Rosenberg PS, Dean M, Nguyen G, O'Brien SJ, Goedert JJ Objectives: To determine whether: 1) longitudinal HIV-1 RNA levels are constant in the absence of antiviral therapy; and 2) HIV-1 RNA levels vary by CKR5 genotype (as suggested for AIDS incidence rates). Methods: We measured HIV-1 RNA copies/ml in serum specimens (Roche Monitor assay) collected from 119 HIV-1 infected |
| 438 | Role of CCR5-32bp heterozygosity in susceptibility for HIV-1 infection and AIDS free survival. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:145 (abstract no. 438) de Roda Husman AM, Blaak H, van't Wout AB, Cornelissen M, Keet I, Koot M, Klein M, Coutinho RA, Goudsmit J, Schuitemaker H We studied factors that determine the risk for homosexual HIV-1 transmission in ten couples between whom transmission of HIV-1 had not occurred despite homosexual risk behaviour and in 10 couples between whom HIV transmission was documented. Cryopreserved PBMC samples from the individuals that transmitted their viruses |
| 439 | CKR5 deletion and chemokine levels in long-term HIV-infected non-progressors. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:145 (abstract no. 439) Balfe P, Churcher Y, Easterbrook PJ, Goodall R, Gotch F, McKeating J Objectives: To examine the role of the CC-CKR-5 genotype and chemokine production on the rate of HIV disease progression in a UK Caucasian population. Methods: 168 long-term HIV-infected homosexual men (median=10 years) were enrolled into a nested case-control study of the biological determinants of long-term non-progr |
| 440 | CCR-5 gene defects and viral phenotype are associated with nonprogressive HIV-1 disease. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:146 (abstract no. 440) Michael NL, Chang G, Dondero D, Birx DL, Sheppard HW CXCR-4 (fusin) is the co-receptor for SI, T-cell tropic HIV-1 whereas CCR-5 is the co-receptor for NSI, macrophage-tropic HIV-1. We postulated that CCR-5 gene defects could prolong AIDS-free survival. 143 of 400 seroprevalent subjects enrolled in the San Francisco Men s Health Study were tested for CCR-5 gene polymorph |
| 441 | The distribution of CKR5delta32 in HIV-infected children and its relationship to disease course. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:146 (abstract no. 441) Bakshi SS, Zhang L, Ho D, Than S, Pahwa SG Rationale: Recent reports have shown that homozygosity for a 32 base pair deletion in the CKR5 gene (CKR5delta32) confers resistance to infection with the macrophage tropic strain of HIV-1. We studied the distribution of CKR5delta32 and its effect on disease course in pediatric HIV infection. Patients: 43 HI |
| 442 | Cytokine/chemokine-mediated regulation of in vitro predominance of SI vs NSI HIV replication in PBMC from HIV-infected subjects. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:146 (abstract no. 442) Monaco J, Kinter A, Catanzaro A, Oser M, Fauci AS The predominant replication of syncytia-inducing (SI) viral species in HIV-infected subjects is associated with rapid CD4+ T cell decline and progression to AIDS. The present study investigates whether the in vitro cytokine microenvironment can selectively favor the replication of SI versus non-SI (NSI) HIV strains in |
| 443 | Cell surface heparan sulfate mediates anti-HIV-1 activity of CC chemokines. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:146 (abstract no. 443) Oravecz T, Pall M, Wang J, Norcross MA The chemokine receptor CCR-5 functions as a co-receptor for entry of monocytotropic HIV-1 strains and serves as the target for the antiviral activity of CC chemokines. In addition to specific receptors, chemokines are also known to interact with heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans. This study was designed to investigate |
| 444 | Suppressive and enhancing effects of beta-chemokines on HIV replication in in vivo infected cells. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:146 (abstract no. 444) Poli G, Alfano A, Ghezzi S, Sozzani S, Lazzarin A, Mantovani A, Vicenzi E The potential effects of several beta-chemokines on HIV replication was investigated in CD8-depleted PBMC of 14 infected individuals. Individual chemokines (100 ng/ml) were added twice, at time 0 and after 72 h of culture, and virus spreading was monitored by supernatant-associated reverse transcriptase (RT) activity o |
| 445 | Recognition of antigen by CD4 CTL increases endogenous RANTES production and inhibits monocytotropic, but not T cell tropic HIV infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:146 (abstract no. 445) Robbins PA, Peden K, Norcross MA In virus infections, CD4 cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL) are an important part of cell-mediated immunity. To determine the consequence of HIV infection on these cells, a CD4 CTL line specific for influenza B virus HA peptide (308-320) and HLA-DR1 were infected with monocytotropic and T cell line tropic HIV, and their varia |
| 446 | Resistance to infection of promonocytic U937 subclones with T cell-tropic HIV-1 occurs at the level of fusion/entry. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:147 (abstract no. 446) Moriuchi H, Moriuchi M, Arthos J, Hoxie J, Fauci AS Monocyte/macrophages (M/M) and CD4+ T cells represent two important targets of HIV-1 infection. Different strains of HIV-1 vary markedly in their ability to infect cells belonging to the M/M lineage. M/M are generally resistant to infection with T cell (T)-tropic strains of HIV-1. Recently, chemokine receptors CCR5 and |
| 447 | NASBA based amplification assays for chemokine transcripts. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:147 (abstract no. 447) Williams K, Shurtliff R, Romano J Recent evidence indicates that the beta-chemokines RANTES, MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta can inhibit infection by certain isolates of HIV-1. Therefore, chemokine levels in infected patients are very likely important in determining the course of disease. Detecting and quantitating the RNA for these factors would also be impo |
| 448 | The role of deletions in the CCR5 gene in HIV infection in vivo and in vitro. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:147 (abstract no. 448) Picchio GR, Sabbe R, Gulizia RJ, Judkovski V, Glynn J, Mosier DE CCR5 functions as a co-receptor for entry of macrophage-tropic HIV isolates (M0-tropic) into cells. Individuals with a 32 base-pair deletion (delta32 del) in both alleles of the CCR5 gene are resistant to infection with M0-tropic HIV isolates. Heterozygous individuals for the delta32 del may have a delayed progression |
| Session 52 — Poster HIV Envelope: Humoral Immunity and Evolution in vivo |
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| 449 | Rapid changes in envelope (env) sequences in HIV-1 infected patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:147 (abstract no. 449) Mootsikapun P, Archer R, Dexter A, Reichman R, Demeter L HIV-1 infection is characterized by high rates of viral replication and turnover. However, the effect of these rates on the composition of an individual s quasispecies has not been well studied. We have studied the genetic relationships among env sequences obtained at timepoints 1-3.5 months apart in 22 HIV-1 infected |
| 450 | Repeated phenotypic switching of HIV-1 in AIDS patients sampled regularly over 2 years. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:147 (abstract no. 450) Javan C, Shaunak S Background: The switch of primary viral isolates from NSI to SI is a useful prognostic indicator in HIV-1+ patients. However, its relevance to the in-vivo pathogenesis of AIDS remains to be determined because autopsy studies in AIDS patients have shown that the predominant tissue viral genotype is NSI. The reason for t |
| 451 | Sequence analysis of biological clones isolated from HIV infected patients with intact and depleted CD4 T cells. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:148 (abstract no. 451) Forte SE, Somasundaran M, Sullivan JL To investigate the mechanisms of HIV-1 cytopathicity, functional biological HIV-1 clones were isolated from two infected children with high viral loads in vivo. Clone HC4 was isolated from a symptomatic child with CD4 depletion and clone GC6 8-4 was isolated from an asymptomatic child with intact CD4 T cells. These clo |
| 452 | Changes in gp120 mutational profile during the course of HIV infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:148 (abstract no. 452) Wang WK, Essex M, Mayer KH, Lee TH Recent studies have suggested that HIV-1 undergoes an extraordinary rate of replication in vivo. As a result, an exceedingly large pool of HIV-1 variants is believed to be established in infected individuals shortly after infection. Successive emergence of various populations of HIV-1 variants during the course of infe |
| 453 | Host cell-dependent alterations in HIV envelope components. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:148 (abstract no. 453) Bastiani L, Laal S, Zolla-Pazner S We have recently demonstrated that HIV(IIIB), when grown in different host cells, carried different adhesion molecules in its envelope. In the current study, we have examined the acquisition of adhesion molecules by primary isolates of HIV-1 under similar circumstances. Five PBMC-grown primary isolates of HIV-1 were pa |
| 454 | Unusual V3 loop sequences in patient with atypical primary HIV infection characterized by failure to clear peak viremia, incomplete seroconversion, and rapid immunological progression. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:148 (abstract no. 454) de Oliveira CF, Garret PE, Schumacher RT, Busch MP Background: In studies characterizing viral load dynamics and seroconversion profiles in seroconverting plasma donors, we identified a unique case of a donor who failed to clear peak plasma viremia or evolve complete seroconversion; this donor s CD4 count declined to 70 cells/uL at 8mo post-primary viremia. Methods: Pl |
| Session 53 — Poster Immunopathogenesis: Monocytes, Macrophages, and Cytokines |
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| 455 | Effect of HIV-1 infection on cytokine and cell surface marker expression in human macrophages. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:148 (abstract no. 455) Wang J, Norcross MA Monocytes/macrophages play a central role as cellular mediators of HIV-1 transmission and as a reservoir of HIV-1 infection. To study the effects of HIV infection on macrophage function, we have infected monocyte derived macrophages with monocytotropic strains of HIV-1 (Bal and 89.6) and have characterized the expressi |
| 456 | Endothelial cell upregulation of HIV replication in macrophages correlates with IL-10 production. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:149 (abstract no. 456) Lathey JL, Gilles P, Spector SA The interaction of macrophages with endothelial cells can upregulate HIV replication in macrophages and that the HIV upregulation can be blocked with antibodies to LFA-1 (CD11a). To determine whether changes in cytokine production during the macrophage-endothelial cell interaction (ME) were related to changes in HIV re |
| 457 | Differential susceptibility of human cord blood monocyte-derived macrophages to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:149 (abstract no. 457) Kaufman D, Zhu XH, Frank I, Douglas SD, Ho WZ Transmission of HIV-1 from mother to child may be affected by the innate biologic properties of the neonatal blood monocytesand macrophages and T cells. We have investigated the differences in the susceptibility of monocytes and macrophages from HIV-1 seronegative paired maternal and cord blood, as well as from HIV-1 s |
| 458 | Cytokine regulation of macrophage fluid phase endocytosis and HIV-1 infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:149 (abstract no. 458) Montaner LJ, Bailer R, daSilva R, Gordon S HIV-1 as a pH-independent virus can enter lymphocytes or macrophages by fusing at the cell surface or within endosomes. Macrophages having a high constitutive level of endocytic activity have been postulated to be preferentially infected by HIV-1 via the endocytic route to a greater extent than lymphocytes. We investig |
| 459 | Tissue and differentiation dependence of HIV-1 production by monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:149 (abstract no. 459) Tuttle DL, Anders C, Aleixo LF, Harrison J, Sleasman JW, Goodenow MM In infants in acute stages of HIV-1 infection, as many as 1%-10% of CD4 T lymphocytes harbored virus. In contrast, less than 1 HIV-1 copy per 10(5) MDM were detected, even though monocytes express CD4. MDM isolated from uninfected leukocyte preparations must be allowed to incubate for [approx]5 days in culture before t |
| 460 | Antigen selectivity in enhancement of recall responses by IL-13 and IL-12 in healthy and HIV-1 positive donors. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:149 (abstract no. 460) Sun J, Bailer R, Martin M, Qian Y, Montaner L HIV-1 pathogenesis is characterized by the loss of immune function for which multiple corrective treatments have been proposed. Among these, IL-12 has been proposed as a cytokine able to correct cell-mediated immunity and recover antigen specific responses in HIV-1 patients. We confirm IL-12 does support proliferate re |
| 461 | Synergistic inhibitory effects of IL-13 and TNF-alpha on HIV infection of primary human macrophages. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:149 (abstract no. 461) Bailer RT, Sun JW, Qian Y, Martin M, Montaner LJ The potential of IL-13 as an immunotherapeutic is based on its: downregulation of TNF-alpha, stimulation of IL-12 secretion, and enhancement of antigen presentation within HIV-1 patient PBMC. These factors lead us to define the effects of IL-13, when present at early stages of macrophage infection, either alone or in c |
| 462 | IL-2 relieves g(1) cell cycle arrest in CD8+ T-cells from HIV+ individuals. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:150 (abstract no. 462) Lempicki RA, Pavlick MV, Donoghue ET, Kovacs J, Adelesberger J, Baseler M, Lane HC HIV-1 infected individuals accumulate CD8+ T-cells that are DR+, Fas+, CD38+, CD45RO+ and CD57+. Given that these cells do not express CD25 and CD69, they appear to have been activated via a TCR-independent pathway. During intermittent IL-2 therapy, the number of these aberrantly-activated cells decreases. The purpose |
| 463 | Interruption of IL-2 receptor signaling by CD4-ligand HIV gp120 binding. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:150 (abstract no. 463) Goebel J, Ghosh P, Lempicki R, Mikovits J, Young H, Robey F, Lowry RP The manifest cytocidal and cytopathic activities of HIV on CD4+ T cells do not explain the global immunodeficiency of HIV infected individuals. Moreover, infusions of IL-2 have been associated with sustained increases in CD4 counts in these patients (Kovacs et al., N Engl J Med 332:567-75, 1995). Accordingly, in an eff |
| 464 | IL-2 but not IFNgamma production is maintained in the duodenal mucosa in HIV positive patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:150 (abstract no. 464) Marussig M, Benhamou Y, Fehniger T, Katlama C, Mazier D, Andersson J Duodenal biopsies were obtained from HIV positive patients (CD4 counts 250-30/microliter) without signs of opportunistic G-I-infections and three HIV negative immunocompetent controls. IL-2 and IFNgamma protein producing cells were identified by immunohistochemical technique in cryopreserved tissue and assessed by use |
| 465 | HIV-1 disruption of hematopoiesis. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:150 (abstract no. 465) Torbett BE, Smith KA, Cirsa L, Salomon D, Conners K Anemia, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia are prevalent in individuals with AIDS. We are investigating whether HIV-1 dysregulates hematopoiesis by its ability to infect and disrupt function of bone marrow stromal/endothelial cells, and/or its ability to infect and disrupt stem/progenitor cell development. We have found |
| 466 | Differential expression of T helper-associated cytokine mRNA induced by HIV-1 isolates with SI vs. NSI Phenotype. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:150 (abstract no. 466) Stewart SK, D'Heilly S, Sei S Syncytium-inducing (SI), non-macrophage tropic (non-M/M) HIV-1 variants have been isolated in some of the pediatric and adult patients with progressive HIV-1 disease, while majority of asymptomatic individuals tend to harbor NSI, M/M strains. It has been postulated that progression of HIV-1-induced immune deterioration |
| Session 54 — Poster Apoptosis |
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| 467 | Correlation between susceptibility to apoptosis in PBMC and plasma viral load. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:151 (abstract no. 467) Karmochkine M, Parizot C, Calvez V, Coutellier A, Herson S, Debre P, Gorochov G Increased phenomenons of apoptosis that could partly account for the cellular depletion occurring in HIV+ patients have been previously reported but viral load was not concomitantly studied. 75 HIV+ patients (43 with AIDS, among whom 18 had an acute AIDS-defining event), mean CD4 count 202 plus or minus 182/mm(3), mean |
| 468 | Fas dependent and independent spontaneous apoptosis in PBMC obtained from HIV-1-seropositive subjects: relationships among CD4+ T cell counts, spontaneous apoptosis and Fas expression. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:151 (abstract no. 468) Patki AH, Lederman MM PBMC obtained from HIV-1-infected subjects undergo cell death by spontaneous apoptosis following in vitro culture. We have compared the relationships among CD4+ T cell counts, spontaneous apoptosis and Fas expression in PBMC obtained from HIV-1-seropositive subjects. PBMC were prepared by Ficoll-Hypaque density sedimen |
| 469 | The localization of FasL in HIV-infected macrophages. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:151 (abstract no. 469) Dockrell DH, Badley AD, Leibson PJ, Yagita H, Lynch D, Paya CV Fas ligand (FasL) induces apoptosis in CD4+ T lymphocytes from HIV uninfected individuals. FasL is expressed in lymphocytes but also in antigen presenting cells (APC) such as monocyte derived macrophages (MDMs). MDMs kill Fas susceptible target cells, an effect that is augmented by HIV infection of MDMs. Due to the phy |
| 470 | Role of FasL in activation induced cell death of CD4+ T cells from HIV-infected individuals. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:151 (abstract no. 470) Badley AD, Dockrell DH, Simpson M, Yagita H, Lynch D, Paya CV; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. Apoptosis plays a role in CD4+ T lymphocyte depletion in HIV-infected individuals (HIV+). Mitogenic stimulation or CD3 receptor crosslinking stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes leads to activation induced cell death (AICD) by apoptosis. Ex vivo, AICD is increased in CD4+ T lymphocytes from HIV+ relative to unin |
| 471 | U937 cells overexpressing bcl-xl are resistant to HIV-1 induced apoptosis and HIV-1 replication. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:151 (abstract no. 471) Marshall WL, Datta R, Hanify K, Teng E, Finberg RW HIV infection of monocytic cells is thought to be extremely important in the early stages of HIV infection. We sought to examine the effect of anti-apoptotic gene expression upon HIV replication in monocytic cells. To this end, we transfected U937 with bcl-xl to obtain a clone of U937 promonocytic cells which overexpre |
| 471a | Cytotoxic activity and apoptosis in HIV-infected individuals. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:152 (abstract no. 471a) Robbins PA, Bou-Habib D, Mann D, Norcross MA Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity does not clear HIV infections in most individuals. Three HIV-infected individuals examined had substantial CTL activity, although antigen specificity was more restricted with low CD4 counts, despite high numbers of CD8 cells. An individual with 352 CD4/cmm had a broad CTL response |
| Session 55 — Poster Plasma HIV-1 RNA Levels and Other Correlates of Disease Progression |
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| 472 | A subgroup of long term non progressors (LTNP) identified by low viremia, lack of HIV isolation from PBMC, and low plasma levels of sIL-2R. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:152 (abstract no. 472) Vicenzi E, Bagnarelli E, Soldini L, Ghezzi S, Sinnone MS, Sant'Agostino E, Gringeri A, Manucci PM, Lazzarin A, Clementi M, Poli G Forty-four HIV-infected individuals, mostly intravenous drug users and homosexual males, fitting the definition of LTNP were monitored for virological parameters and cytokine/cytokine receptor levels in plasma. A group of 7 asymptomatic hemophiliacs with more than 13 years of infection were included as bona fide LTNP. |
| 473 | Virological analysis of HIV-1-infected long term asymptomatic subjects. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:152 (abstract no. 473) Candotti D, Joberty C, Hadida F, Calvez V, Rouzioux C, Ngo-Giang-Huong N, Autran B, Clauvel JP, Sicard D, Costagliola D, Agut H Long-term asymptomatic (ALT) status was defined as HIV infection for at least 8 years with stability of CD4 cell counts (greater than or equal to 600/mm(3)) and no antiretroviral therapy. As yet, fifty-eight patients have been enrolled in the study. At the time of the first virological evaluation following enrollment, |
| 474 | Viral load and HIV disease progression in a cohort of former and current injecting drug users (IDUs). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:152 (abstract no. 474) Greenberg BL, Schoenbaum EE, Farzadegan H, Buono DL Objectives: To determine if baseline viral load (VL) predicts time to AIDS in HIV-infected former and current IDUs in the Bronx, NYC. Methods: Baseline VL was determined in 124 subjects by the Chiron branched chain DNA assay on cryopreserved cells. Median follow-up time was 3.2 years. Based on the distribution of VL (H |
| 475 | Viral load in acute and very early HIV infection does not correlate with disease progression. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:152 (abstract no. 475) Schacker T, Hughes J, Shea T, Corey L Patients with primary and very early HIV infection were enrolled into a prospective longitudinal study. Viral load (Plasma HIV-1 RNA, IUPM in PBMC and Plasma HIV-1 Culture), CD4 cell count, and clinical exams were done at entry, every other wk. for 1 mo, monthly for 2 mo., and then quarterly to evaluate correlates of r |
| 476 | Prognostic value of CD4 counts and plasma HIV RNA: an ACTG cross protocol analysis. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:153 (abstract no. 476) Marschner I, DeGruttola V, Saag M Information about the prognostic value of HIV-1 RNA and CD4 counts was gathered from seven studies conducted by the AIDS Clinical Trials Group that examined nine different treatment regimens. The primary goal of the analysis was to assess whether the prognostic value of the response of HIV RNA copy number to treatment |
| 477 | Evaluation of plasma HIV-1 RNA copy number in 2,327 HIV-infected individuals. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:153 (abstract no. 477) Hogg RS, Sherlock CH, Yip B, Craib KJ, Schechter M, Montaner JS, O'Shaughnessy MV to evaluate quantitative plasma HIV-1 RNA copy number in a population-based cohort of individuals seeking antiretroviral therapy (ARV). Methods: Plasma viral load (pVl) driven ARV was adopted by the province of British Columbia (BC) in 06/96. The BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS (CfE) recommends that pVl |
| 478 | Prognostic value of early HIV-1 RNA levels on disease progression in 363 patients with a known date of infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:153 (abstract no. 478) Hubert JB, Meyer L, Dussaix E, Tamalet C, Burgard M, Deveau C, Marchadier E, Delfraissy JF, Rouzioux C To assess the prognostic value of early serum HIV-1 RNA levels on disease progression. Methods: 363 HIV(+) adults (21% of women) with a documented date of infection were enrolled within 2 years of infection (median: 8 months) in the SEROCO cohort between 1988 and 1995, and followed-up every 6 months (median: |
| 479 | Correlation of HLA and plasma HIV-1 RNA in predicting the course of HIV infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:153 (abstract no. 479) Saah AJ, Hoover DR, Weng S, Carrington M, Apple R, Detels R, Phair JP, Rinaldo CR, Mellors J, Kaslow RA An HLA scoring profile (HSP) initially based on combinations of class I, class II and TAP markers discriminated between seroconverters who progressed rapidly to AIDS (n = 71) and slower progressers (n = 68), of whom 42 remain AIDS-free today. Plasma HIV RNA has also been shown to be a strong predictor of AIDS-free time |
| 480 | Viral load in asymptomatic HIV-1 infected patients with a CD4+ greater than or equal to 500 cells/microliter. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:153 (abstract no. 480) Garcia F, Vidal C, Gatell JM, Miro JM, Soriano A, Pumarola T To assess how stable is a viral load (VL) measurement when CD4+ T cell count are above 500 cells/microliter and what proportion of patients will be selected for treatment if we use a cut-off point of 10000 or 30000 RNA copies/ml. 78 consecutive asymptomatic antiretroviral naïve HIV-1 infected patients with a CD4+ lymph |
| 481 | Evolution of asymptomatic HIV-1 infected patients with viral load less than or equal to 10000 copies/ml and CD4+ greater than or equal to 500 cells/microliter. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:153 (abstract no. 481) Garcia F, Vidal C, Gatell JM, Miro JM, Soriano A, Pumarola T The objective was to describe the evolution of asymptomatic HIV-1 infected patients with CD4 lymphocytes greater than or equal to 500 cells/microliter and VL less than or equal to 10000 copies/mL and to assess the influence of host and viral factors in the evolution of these patients. The end-point was time to increase |
| 482 | Lack of progression to AIDS in untreated patients with low HIV-1 viral loads. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:154 (abstract no. 482) DuBois DB, Kaspar R A considerable body of data describing the relationship between HIV-1 viral load and disease progression has been developed. However, an important question remains unanswered: Does a subset of patients progress to AIDS while maintaining a low viral load? The retrospective analyses by Mellors and others cl |
| 483 | Plasma viral load and disease progression in HIV-infected children. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:154 (abstract no. 483) Ramos JT, Rodriguez-Cerrato V, Ruiz-Contreras J, Bastero R, Moreno P, Delgado R Background: The relationship of plasma viral load to disease progression in children vertically infected with HIV-1 has not been completely elucidated. To investigate the relationship between the quantity of HIV-1 as determined by RNA-PCR in plasma in children older than one year of age and the risk for a de |
| 484 | Plasma virus load evaluation in relation to disease progression in HIV-infected children. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:154 (abstract no. 484) Tetali S, Than S, Pahwa S, Bakshi S, Abrams E, Romano J, Pahwa SG To evaluate plasma HIV load (VL) in children with perinatal HIV infection. Methods: Plasma VL (RNA copies/100 microliter) was determined in plasma samples stored at -70 degrees C in 58 HIV-infected children aged 0-156 months, using nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA). Upon longitudinal follow-u |
| 485 | Evaluation of surrogate markers and clinical outcomes in two year follow-up of 55 HIV infected pediatric patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:154 (abstract no. 485) Valentine M, Jackson C, Vavro C, Wilfert C, McClernon D, St Clair M, McKinney R Jr Plasma virus load measurements, phenotype, and CD4 counts were performed on 55 pediatric patients between Sept and Nov 1994. Median age 6.69 years (range 1.83 to 13.21 years). At entry, CDC clinical categories: 22 category A (40%), 17 B (31%), 14 C (25%), and 2 N (4%). CDC immunological categories: 11 category 1 (20%), |
| 486 | Conversion rate towards a syncytium inducing (SI) phenotype during different stages of HIV infection and prognostic value of SI phenotype for survival after AIDS diagnoses. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:154 (abstract no. 486) Koot M, van Leeuwen R, de Goede RE, Keet IP, Danner S, Eeftinck-Schattekerk JK, Reis P, Tersmette M, Lange JM, Schuitemaker H The emergence of SI variants during asymptomatic HIV-1 infection is associated with increased CD4 cell decline and accelerated progression to AIDS. Here we analyzed the predictive value of the presence of SI viruses for survival with AIDS. Four year survival with AIDS was significantly better for patients who lacked as |
| 487 | Effect of IgA deficiency on the rate of HIV disease progression. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:154 (abstract no. 487) Walter EA, Elmar J, Dolan MJ In vitro data shows that IgA can neutralize laboratory strains of HIV, but is also capable of enhancing HIV entry into monocytes. To date, no study has determined the in vivo effect of IgA deficiency on the rate of HIV disease progression. We prospectively studied the time to first opportunistic infection and the survi |
| 488 | Cocaine and cocaethylene accelerate HIV progression in African American women. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:155 (abstract no. 488) Shapshak P, Shah S, Weatherby N, McCoy C, Chiappelli F, Goodkin K, Page B, Bandstra E, Metsch L, McCoy V, Feaster D, Bonney C, Fletcher MA, Phanidasak K, Orlando A, Gardner B, Jeanty Y, Hearn L, Mash D Hypothesis: Cocaine and cocaethylene (the by-product of cocaine and ethanol co-ingestion) accelerate AIDS progression in African American women, in vivo, and HIV replication in their PBLs, in vitro. Background: In the USA, 25% of HIV infection is due to drug abuse; in African Americans this average is 39%. Heterosexual |
| 489 | Plasma transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) levels in HIV infected patient groups: relationship to HIV- virus load and disease progression. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:155 (abstract no. 489) Taskar V, Sundar K, Maitra U, Klein EB, Lange M To determine the relationship of plasma TGF-beta and plasma HIV-RNA in HIV infected individuals and controls. METHODS: HIV- RNA and TGF-beta were determined in EDTA plasma taken from a control group and four groups of HIV infected patients - long term non progressors (LTNP) and 3 groups according to levels o |
| Session 56 — Poster Patterns of Risk Behavior, Risk Factors for Transmission and Seroconversion |
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| 490 | A simple strategy for identifying individuals with recent HIV infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:155 (abstract no. 490) Janssen R, Satten G, Stramer S, Rawal B, Busch M Background: In early HIV infection, an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) sensitive to the detection of HIV antibodies becomes positive earlier than a less sensitive EIA. We hypothesized that specimens that test positive by a sensitive EIA but negative by a less sensitive EIA are from individuals with recent HIV infection. Metho |
| 491 | HIV seroconverters in HIVNET (HIV network for prevention trials): natural history and STDs in early HIV infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:155 (abstract no. 491) Celum C, Donnell D, Buchbinder S, Mayer K, Douglas J, Koblin B, Flores J, Marmor M, Sheppard HW Objectives: To prospectively identify seroconverters from the HIVNET cohort and ascertain risk behavior in the prior 7 months, STDs at enrollment, and longitudinal CD4 counts, plasma and genital tract viral load. Methods: 4892 high-risk HIV-negative participants were enrolled in HIVNET from March through October 1995 a |
| 492 | Risk factors for HIV-1 infection in African American and Latino men who have sex with men recruited from a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic in New York City. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:156 (abstract no. 492) Lehner T, Chiasson MA To describe prevalence of HIV-1 and associated risks among men who have sex with men (MSM) recruited form a public STD clinic. Study Design: A cross-sectional serosurvey of 415 mostly African American and Latino MSM from 1988-1993. All participants were HIV-1 antibody tested and risk behavior was assessed by |
| 493 | Incidence and risk factors for heterosexually-acquired HIV in a cohort study of inner-city women. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:156 (abstract no. 493) Chirgwin KD, Feldman J, Minkoff H, Dehovitz JA, Landesman SH Objectives: To assess the incidence and predictors of heterosexually-acquired HIV infection in a prospective cohort study of inner-city women. Methods: Eligible study participants reported at least one male sexual partner in the past 12 months and denied parenteral drug use. Study participants received HIV risk counsel |
| 494 | HIV epidemiology in nonurban Alabama. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:156 (abstract no. 494) Holmberg SD, Beltrami JF, Fawal HJ, Von Bargen JC, Vermund SH To determine epidemiologic trends in HIV-infected patients in rural/small-city areas of Alabama (outside Birmingham and Mobile). Methods: Extensive interviews of AIDS/HIV patients in Alabama who reside outside metropolitan Birmingham and Mobile; at clinics in those two cities and in Huntsville, Montgomery, A |
| 495 | Patterns of reporting multiple risks for HIV infection in the United States. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:156 (abstract no. 495) Klevens RM, Fleming PL, Mays M Monitoring AIDS cases by route of HIV transmission is useful to identify populations at high risk and target and evaluate prevention and control measures. This study describes patterns in reporting persons with AIDS and multiple risk behaviors. Methods: We selected adults with AIDS (greater than or equal to |
| 496 | Sexual behavior and condom use among HIV+ women. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:156 (abstract no. 496) Dahl K, Delaney J, Horgan M, Goergen C, Fraser V Heterosexual women are the fastest growing segment of the HIV-infected population. We surveyed HIV+ women attending an HIV clinic in St. Louis about their sexual practices, history of STDs, and condom use. Eighty-one women were approached and 71 (87.6%) consented to be interviewed. Participants had a mean age of 29.5 y |
| 497 | Specific adolescent HIV risk factors which may better predict HIV infected adolescents during initial clinic visit. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:156 (abstract no. 497) Birnbaum JM, Lefkowitz T, Bruno L The growing problem of HIV infection and AIDS in the adolescent population of the United States has received much recent attention. This study compared a(2) cohort of 70 HIV-infected adolescents to 92 uninfected adolescent controls at a hospital-based adolescent clinic in Brooklyn, NY from July 1991 to December 1995 to |
| 498 | Psychosocial and risk features of young HIV Puerto Rican women. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:157 (abstract no. 498) Gomez MA, Fernandez D, Velazquez M, Hunter R To study the sociodemographic, risk and lifestyle features of HIV/AIDS young women in Bayamon P.R. Subjects: The HIV Central Registry of the Universidad Central del Caribe has been recruiting most HIV/AIDS patients attending the Immunology Clinic and the University Hospital Ramon Ruiz Arnau since may 1992. A |
| 499 | History of sexual and physical abuse among HIV-infected women. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:157 (abstract no. 499) Delaney J, Dahl K, Mundy L, Horgan M, Goergen C, Fraser V There are concurrent epidemics of HIV and violence affecting US women. HIV+ women attending a St. Louis clinic were interviewed about their demographics, HIV risk factors, history of drug use, physical and sexual abuse. Eighty-one women were asked to participate and 71 (87.6%) completed the survey. Women were predomina |
| 500 | Case report vs. medical record: the validity and reliability of AIDS surveillance data. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:157 (abstract no. 500) Gallagher KM, Demaria A, Jara M BACKGROUND: The validity and reliability of information collected by AIDS surveillance systems is important since it is used to provide descriptive data on the HIV/AIDS epidemic, plan health services, design prevention programs, and categorize the severity of HIV-related disease. OBJECTIVES: The goal of the study is to |
| 501 | Analysis of virological and immunological parameters involved in HIV heterosexual transmission. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:157 (abstract no. 501) Pedraza MA, Del Romero J, Roldan F, Alcami J Objective. The aim of this study is to analyse the virological and immunological parameters involved in the heterosexual transmission of HIV-1. Methods. We studied 38 established couples in which at least one of the partners (index case, IC) was infected and unprotected sexual intercourse was the only risk factor for t |
| 502 | Infection of cervix-derived epithelial cells with primary isolates of HIV. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:157 (abstract no. 502) Tan X, Phillips DM Cervix-derived epithelial monolayers were infected with primary monocytes infected with patient isolates of non-syncytial inducing macrophage-tropic strains of HIV. Following adherence to the epithelium, monocytes migrate between epithelial cells. Virus is secreted from a pseudopod as HIV-infected monocytes pass betwee |
| 503 | AIDS features in patients unaware of their HIV seropositivity. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:157 (abstract no. 503) Ridolfo AL, Mainini F, Santambrogio S, Moscatelli G, Gervasoni C, Antinori S, d'Arminio Monforte A to study the prevalence, the characteristics and survival of patients (pts) who present with a contemporary HIV-1 ascertainment and AIDS diagnosis. Methods: retrospective study of 956 pts presenting with AIDS between 1990 and 1995 at our Clinic. Pts have been categorized in three groups: pts with HIV test pr |
| Session 57 — Poster Vertical Transmission: Correlates of Transmission and Interventions to Reduce Risk |
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| 504 | Acute chorioamnionitis and duration of membrane rupture correlates with vertical transmission of HIV-1. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:158 (abstract no. 504) Popek EJ, Korber BT, Merritt L, Bardenguez A, Lee A, Hammill HA, Wiznia A, Viscarello R, Luzuriaga K, Van Dyke RB The Ariel study, initiated in 1992 to prospectively study transmission of HIV-1 from mother to infant, enrolled 242 HIV+ pregnant women at 7 sites within the USA. The resultant cohort includes 209 infants with 2 year follow up, of whom 19 are HIV+, a transmission rate of 9%. 187 placentas were evaluated pathologically, |
| 505 | Association of HIV-1 antibodies (Ab) & ICD p24 antigen (Ag) with perinatal HIV-1 transmission. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:158 (abstract no. 505) Pitt J, Henrard D, Fitzgerald G, Lew J, Mendez H, Cooper E, Rich K, Hill Yer G, Hanson C, Mofenson L To evaluate association between HIV-1 Ab & perinatal transmission in WITS. Methods: Ab to 6 major HIV-1 structural proteins (p24, gp120, gp41, p66, p17 & p31) were measured at delivery in 242 HIV + pregnant women with an automated dot blot assay using purified recombinant Ag. Results: Perinatal trans |
| 506 | Abstract Not Available Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:158 (abstract no. 506) |
| 507 | Recursive partitioning (RP) analysis of maternal and delivery risk factors among 775 HIV-seropositive women delivering infants in New York City (1985-1995). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:158 (abstract no. 507) Matheson PB RP, a technique similar to decision tree analysis, was used to identify subgroups of women that were relatively homogenous with respect to maternal and delivery risk factors (unprotected sexual intercourse (UPS), CD4+ count, zidovudine (ZDV), hard drug use [cocaine, street methadone, heroin] during pregnancy (dp), deli |
| 508 | The infective viral load before 4 months of age is predictive of early AIDS and is related to the timing of infection and to the mother's disease. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:158 (abstract no. 508) Burgard M, Krivine A, Doussin A, Cottalorda J, Masquelier B, Puel J, Simon F, Mayaux MJ, Blanche S, Rouzioux C To study viral replication in infected infants, in the first weeks of life, that means at time of primary infection. Patients and Methods: This study included infected infants followed from birth in the French National Prospective Pediatric Study. Quantitative viremia was performed for 43 infants before 2 mo |
| 509 | Vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and infant mortality in Zimbabwe. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:159 (abstract no. 509) Zijenah L, Majoma M, Madzime S, Maldanado Y, Nathoo K, Mbizvo M, Katzenstein D To determine the contribution of HIV infection to infant mortality in Zimbabwe , we analyzed blood samples from 62 children who died within two years of birth from 369 HIV- and 372 HIV+ women. Serum samples from 286 HIV + women were analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR to assess the relationship between maternal viremia, HI |
| 510 | Risk factors for mother-to-infant transmission of HIV-1 in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:159 (abstract no. 510) Tess BH, Rodrigues LC, Newell ML, Dunn D Objectives: To estimate the overall risk of vertical transmission of HIV-1 in a Brazilian cohort of children born to HIV-1 infected mothers and to investigate the effect of risk factors on children s HIV-1 infection. Methods: Historical cohort study of HIV-1 infected women and their children born between January 1988 a |
| 511 | Current practice vs. mandatory prenatal HIV testing: cost and outcomes based on North Carolina data (1990-1994). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:159 (abstract no. 511) Biddle AK, Simpson KN, Fiscus SA To estimate the reduction in cost of illness for perinatally-transmitted HIV infection resulting from statewide implementation of prenatal testing recommendations. Methods: Decision analysis modeling techniques are employed to estimate the marginal cost-effectiveness of reducing perinatal HIV transmission in |
| 512 | Comparison of anti HIV-1 p24 antigen immune response in HIV-1-infected American and Zambian women. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:159 (abstract no. 512) Povolotsky J, Baron P, Kawano T, Rabkin C, Polsky B To date, there are no published data comparing the antibody (Ab) response to HIV-1 p24 antigen (Ag) in American and African women infected with HIV-1. The aims of this study were to determine if p24 Ab reactivity levels were found in the same proportions in American and African populations and if p24 Ab levels correlat |
| 513 | Survey of physician's use of zidovudine in HIV-infected pregnant females and their newborn infants. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:159 (abstract no. 513) Luber AD, Dong BJ Objectives: To determine if physicians practicing in 3 different geographical locations of the United States would: 1) give zidovudine (ZDV) to an HIV-infected pregnant female to prevent perinatal transmission, 2) give ZDV to a newborn infant of an HIV-infected female, and 3) give ZDV during the second trimester of pre |
| 514 | Zidovudine (ZDV) for prophylaxis of perinatal transmission starting on week 24 in Argentina. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:159 (abstract no. 514) Cahn P, Coll P, Perez MS, Rolon M, Cando O, Votto L To evaluate ZDV efficacy and safety in prevention of HIV vertical transmission, starting on week 24. METHODS: Between 12/94 - 9/96, 105 pregnant woman were assisted. ZDV was given following CDC guidelines, but beginning treatment on the 24th week. Informed consent was obtained. Monthly differential blood cou |
| 515 | HIV-1 response to oral AZT in pregnant Ugandan women. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:160 (abstract no. 515) Guay L, Nakabiito C, Mmiro F, Musoke P, Onencan J, Piwowar E, Jackson JB Objectives: To determine the change in HIV-1 viral load in pregnant Ugandan women after initiation of oral AZT at 38 weeks gestation. Methods: HIV-1 infected Ugandan women with plasma HIV-1 RNA levels greater than 2000 copies/ml (n=21) were treated with 300 mg AZT orally BID starting at 38 weeks gestation until the ons |
| 516 | Maternal genotypic zidovudine (ZDV) resistance and failure of ZDV therapy to prevent mother-child HIV-1 transmission. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:160 (abstract no. 516) Eastman PS, Shapiro DE, Coombs RW, Mcsherry GD, Britto P, Herman SA, Sperling RS Objectives: In ACTG 076, a maternal/newborn ZDV regimen reduced mother-infant transmission [NEJM 1994; 331:1173-80]. We have assayed maternal samples from entry and delivery to determine (1) the prevalence of genotypic ZDV resistance at entry, (2) if ZDV resistance developed on study, and (3) the impact of ZDV resistan |
| 517 | Effectiveness of perinatally administered zidovudine (ZDV) in decreasing vertical transmission of HIV infection in Wisconsin. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:160 (abstract no. 517) Havens PL, Cuene BE In a Phase III clinical trial (ACTG 076), vertical HIV transmission was decreased from 25% to 8% by administration of ZDV to pregnant women during gestation and labor, and to infants for the first 6 weeks of life. While replicated in some settings (Fiscus SA. JAMA 1996;275:1483), other areas have not shown similar resu |
| 518 | Neutralizing antibody does not prevent vertical transmission of HIV-1. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:160 (abstract no. 518) Hengel RL, Kennedy S, McDougal JS The presence of maternal HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies has been proposed as a mechanism to explain why the majority of infants born to untreated HIV-infected women escape perinatal transmission. To compare the capacity of sera from transmitting (TR) and non transmitting (NTR) mothers to neutral |
| 519 | Phase I/II trial of HIVIG for prevention of HIV-1 vertical transmission in Uganda. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:160 (abstract no. 519) Jackson JB, Guay L, Marum L, Musoke P, Kataaha P, Nakabiito C, Ndugwa C, Falksveden L, Wigzell H, Mmiro F Evaluate the safety/tolerance and virologic/immunologic changes of a 3 arm dose escalation trial of Ugandan HIVIG product given to 30 HIV seropositive Ugandan mother-infant pairs. Methods: The first 10 of 30 HIV+ pregnant Ugandan women received one HIVIG infusion IV at the lowest dose of 50 mg/kg at 37-38 we |
| 520 | Cost-effectiveness analysis of vitamin A supplementation to reduce perinatal transmission of HIV in developing countries. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:160 (abstract no. 520) Bell J, Sacks HS To determine the cost-effectiveness of vitamin A supplements in reducing perinatal transmission of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: Since vitamin A supplements are currently being tested as a means to reduce perinatal transmission of HIV, this study uses a threshold analysis to determine the minimum effic |
| 521 | Impact of an educational program to change provider practice concerning HIV counseling and testing of pregnant women. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:161 (abstract no. 521) Havens PL, Cuene BE Since the July 1995 release of CDC recommendations for universal, voluntary HIV counseling and testing of pregnant women, many agencies in WI have worked to ensure implementation of those guidelines. One program to educate primary practitioners consisted of 31 one- or two-hour lectures, sponsored by the State Division |
| Session 58 — Poster Reduction of Transmission: Non-perinatal |
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| 522 | Safety and in vitro efficacy of a topical microbicide gel for the prevention of HIV-1 transmission. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:161 (abstract no. 522) Sonderfan AJ, Chancellor T, Buckheit RW Jr, Tyms AS, Jenson JC, Profy AT Heterosexual intercourse is the major route of HIV-1 transmission worldwide. In the absence of an effective vaccine or consistent male condom use, there is a clear need for female-controlled prevention technologies. We have identified an antiviral agent (PRO 2000) that is well suited for use as a vaginally applied micr |
| 523 | New approach in preventing sexual transmission of HIV. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:161 (abstract no. 523) Bergeron MG, Gagne N, Cormier H, Gourde P, Perron S, Tremblay M, Juhasz J, Beauchamp D, Rioux JE, Desormeaux A The development of microbicides to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV in humans constitutes one of the most important research areas in the field of HIV prevention. However, drugs used to control HIV transmission, including spermicides such as nonoxynol-9, can induce local inflammation and possibly ulcerations whic |
| 524 | The women's HIV prison prevention program: reduction of prison recidivism may suggest HIV risk reduction. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:161 (abstract no. 524) Vigilante KC, Rich JD, Affleck P, Loewenthal H, Flynn MM, Dickenson B, Flanigan TP To reduce HIV risk behavior, specifically drug use and commercial sex work, in women discharged from prison, as measured by a reduction in recidivism to prison. Methods: Seventy-eight women with a history of IV drug use, crack use, or commercial sex work were selected for an intervention while in prison. Dis |
| 525 | Accidental HIV exposure in the healthcare setting may be treated in loco at the injury site. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:161 (abstract no. 525) Robicsek F, Duncan GD, Fokin A, Masters TN, Robicsek S Common exposures for HIV in the healthcare setting are injuries by needlestick (NS) or accidental cuts (AC). The limited depth and extent of the injury make it possible for local treatment. Two questions germane to this hypothesis are: 1) how fast does the virus appear in the lymph or blood from the exposed area and 2) |
| 526 | Postexposure prophylaxis of HIV-1 infection with nucleoside analogue monotherapy compared to combination therapy in SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:162 (abstract no. 526) Stoddart CA, Moreno ME, Linquist VD, Warren S, Bogan MR, Britt DK, McCune JM Immunodeficient C.B-17 scid/scid mice implanted with human fetal thymus and liver (SCID-hu Thy/Liv) were infected with HIV-1 and treated orally with nucleoside analogues (including AZT and 3TC ) and HIV-1 protease inhi |
| Session 59 — Poster Correlates of Mortality and Prognosis |
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| 527 | Increasing survival following pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-infected NYC children. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:162 (abstract no. 527) Bornschlegel K, Thomas P, Singh T Background: PCP is the most common opportunistic illness in HIV-infected NYC children, despite recommendations for prophylaxis of proven effectiveness, and is frequently fatal. To characterize trends in survival following a first episode of PCP in HIV-infected children. Methods: Children with a confirmed fir |
| 528 | Predictors of mortality in patients with advanced immunodeficiency. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:162 (abstract no. 528) Salort Y, Dupon M, Chene G, Farbos S, Nouts C, Marimoutou C Objective. To identify prognostic factors associated with survival in HIV-infected patients with CD4 cell counts less than or equal to 50/mm3 and to develop a prognostic score to predict the survival experience of distinct subgroups of subjects. Methods: 788 patients from the Aquitaine cohort of the GECSA, a multi-risk |
| 529 | Mortality profile of AIDS patients in a Puerto Rican community. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:162 (abstract no. 529) Hunter R, Vila S, Gomez MA Define the mortality profile of AIDS patients who have had their initial encounter with our health care region since 1992. METHODS: The HIV Registry of our institution has created a data bank of all new HIV infected patients in the health care region of Bayamon P.R. We have compare the socio-demographic, ris |
| 530 | Abstract Not Available Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:162 (abstract no. 530) |
| 531 | Autopsy findings in HIV-infected New York State inmates. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:163 (abstract no. 531) Piliero PJ, Gianoukakis A, Wright L, Szebenyi S, Fish D Study design: Retrospective chart-review. Purpose: To describe the autopsy findings in an HIV-infected prison population and determine whether it differed from historical non-inmate controls. Methods: During the period of 1992-1995, 55 New York State inmates admitted to Albany Medical Center Hospital died during their |
| 532 | Thymic dysfunction associated with early development of AIDS and mortality in HIV-infected infants. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:163 (abstract no. 532) Nahmias A, Clark S, Kourtis A, Lee F, Cotsonis G, Ibegbu C, Vink P, Palumbo P, Thea D, Nesheim S Hypothesis: The effect of HIV strains with particular affinity for the thymus would be expected to result in early postnatal depletion of both CD4 + and CD8 + T cells. Method: Infants with both T cell subsets less than 5th %ile of the joint distribution found in non-infected age-matched children, as described earlier ( |
| Session 60 — Poster Immune Reconstitution and Gene Therapies |
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| 533 | Functional capacity of T cells and immunologic response in naïve HIV-1 patients treated with combinations of reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:163 (abstract no. 533) Pakker N, Kroon E, Hall D, Roos M, Lange J, Koot M, Reiss P In a multicentre trial of 151 antiretroviral naïve patients the effect of treatment on viral replication and lymphocyte subsets was investigated. In a subpopulation the effect of treatment on the functional capacity of T cells as a marker for the qualitative response of the immune system was studied. Patients were trea |
| 534 | Lymphocyte subpopulations and function improve under treatment with indinavir despite severe immunodeficiency. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:163 (abstract no. 534) Rothen M, Bisset L, Joller-Jemelka HI, Grob P, Luthy R, Opravil M The virological, immunological and clinical effects of indinavir in patients with CD4 counts less than 50/microliter were prospectively studied. Indinavir 800 mg tid was added to the preexisting treatment with nucleoside analogs. Lymphocyte phenotyping by FACS, quantitative HIV-1 RNA PCR (Roche) and proliferation assay |
| 535 | Recurrence of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole TMP-SMX hypersensitivity following initiation of protease inhibitor (PRI) in patients with advanced HIV-1. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:164 (abstract no. 535) Race E, Reimann K, Letvin N, JapouR A We report the development of recurrent drug fever due to TMP-SMX in four patients with advanced HIV-1 infection following PRI. All patients had documented histories of previous febrile reactions to TMP-SMX. All patients had either undergone desensitization protocols or dose reduction, and were being maintained on TMP-S |
| 536 | Increased proliferative and cytokine responses following ritonavir therapy; relative contribution of lymphocyte subsets. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:164 (abstract no. 536) Kelleher AD, Zaunders J, Sewell W, Cooley M, Carr A, Cooper DA The responses of lymphocytes stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) were studied using thymidine incorporaton assays, IL2, IFN-gamma and IL4 production.in patients with late stage disease commencing therapy with either ritonavir (n=12) or placebo (n=8) to delineate which lymphocyte subsets generated the increased pr |
| 537 | Restoration of CD4 T helper cell functions in advanced patients after combined anti-retroviral therapies. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:164 (abstract no. 537) Autran B, Li TS, Tubiana R, Calvez V, Hocine A, Carcelain G, Agut H, Debre P, Katlama C Aim of the study: to evaluate the functionality of the CD4+ T cell reconstitution after anti-retroviral therapies combining 1 protease-inhibitor and 2 nucleoside analogs that induce a major decrease in viral load and a sustained CD4+ T cell reascension while their capacity to restore the deficient CD4+ Th cell function |
| 538 | Lymph node histopathology in HIV-infected patients correlates with duration of response to antiretroviral therapy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:164 (abstract no. 538) Schapiro JM, Kamel OW, Winters MA, Vierra M, Efron B, Merigan TC We conducted a study to examine the correlation between lymph node histopathology and duration of response to therapy with the protease inhibitor saquina vir in HIV-1 infected patients. Ten HIV-positive patients with CD4+ T-cell counts of 200-500 and no active opportunistic infections received high dose |
| 539 | Abstract Not Available Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:164 (abstract no. 539) |
| 540 | Cell-type-specific gene delivery with retroviral vector particles that display the antigen-binding site of an antibody. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:164 (abstract no. 540) Chu TT, Jiang AN, Dornburg R The availability of cell-type-specific gene delivery tools will be one of the most important requirements towards in vivo human gene therapy. During the past six years, we have developed retroviral vector particles, derived from spleen necrosis virus (SNV), that display the antigen binding site of an antibody (single c |
| 541 | Intracellular expression of single-chain variable fragments (SFv) to inhibit early stages of the viral life-cycle by targeting HIV-1 integrase. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:164 (abstract no. 541) Pomerantz RJ, Levy-Mintz P, Duan L, Zhang H, Hu B, Dornadula G, Zhu M, Kulkosky J, Bizub-Bender D, Skalka AM Integration of viral DNA into a chromosome of the infected host cell is required for efficient replication of a retroviral genome and this reaction is mediated by the viral-encoded enzyme, integrase (IN). As IN plays a pivotal role in establishing infection during the early stages of the retroviral life-cycle, it is an |
| 542 | Intracellular expression of single-chain antibodies (SFv's) targeted against HIV-1 RT as an antiviral gene therapy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:165 (abstract no. 542) Shaheen F, Duan L, Bagasra O, Wainberg M, Pomerantz RJ The HIV-1 reverse transcriptase is a multifunctional enzyme which is involved in the conversion of single stranded RNA genome into double stranded DNA during an early stage of viral replication cycle (i.e. at the step of an in vivo reverse transcription process). An intracellular immunization approach targeted against |
| Session 61 — Poster Nucleoside Analogues |
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| 543 | Variability and prognostic values of baseline virological measures in ACTG 175. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:165 (abstract no. 543) Lathey JL, Hughes M, Pi T, Fiscus SA, Hammer S, Katzenstein D Virological measurements, as essential tools for evaluating clinical trials, need to be defined for variability and prognostic value. ACTG 175 collected paired baseline samples from 391 virology substudy participants. Infectious titer from PBMC (IUPM), serum p24 antigen (pg/ml), and plasma HIV RNA (copies/ml) data were |
| 544 | Treatment comparisons of viral measures for effects on CD4 cell decline in ACTG 175. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:165 (abstract no. 544) Fiscus SA, Hughes M, Pi T, Lathey J, Katzenstein D, Hammer S To compare the responses in CD4 cell count, plasma HIV-RNA, quantitative HIV cell culture (IUPM), ICD p24 antigen, and biological phenotype (SI/NSI) on outcome measures after drug treatment. Methods: 391 patients enrolled on the virology substudy of ACTG 175, a phase 2/3 clinical trial of 4 antiretroviral re |
| 545 | AZT/ddI combination therapy inhibits both SI and NSI HIV-1 variants. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:165 (abstract no. 545) van't Wout AB, Ran LJ, de Jong MD, Boucher CA, Lange JM, Schuitemaker H Individuals harbouring only non-syncytium inducing (NSI) HIV-1 variants benefit more from treatment with zidovudine ( AZT ) than individuals also harbouring syncytium-inducing (SI) variants. Using a limiting dilution culture protocol, we have demonstrated that this differential benefit of AZT correlates with a differen |
| 546 | A comparison of ZDV/ddI and ZDV/ddC combination therapy in patients with prior zidovudine experience. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:165 (abstract no. 546) Rachlis AR, Peter AM, Palmer RW Several recent studies have reported contradictory results regarding the benefits of switching to combination therapy , especially for patients with prior zidovudine experience. The HIV Project Centre maintains a database of all individuals who have received antiretroviral (ZDV, ddI, |
| 547 | Does ethnicity influence the efficacy and toxicity of combination versus monotherapy with nucleosides in AIDS patients? Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:166 (abstract no. 547) Kumi J, Collins G, Saravolatz L This analysis compares ZDV alone with ZDV given in combination with either ddl or ddC with respect to the efficacy and safety in African American, Latino Hispanic, and white HIV patients with AIDS. Among 1091 patients 372 were African-American (AA), 106 were Latino/Hispanic (LH) and 613 were white (W). |
| 548 | Retrospective analysis of viral load in patients treated with ZDV or ddI. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:166 (abstract no. 548) Patenaude P, Todd J, Montaner JS, Rae S, Raboud J, Conway B In CTN Protocol 002, we compared the efficacy of ddI to continued ZDV therapy in HIV-infected patients with CD4 cell counts 200-500/mm3 previously treated with ZDV. A Significant clinical and immunologic benefit was demonstrated in patients switched to ddI. As viral load may be a more useful and dynamic marker of disea |
| 549 | Open label combination therapy with stavudine, didanosine, and hydroxyurea in nucleoside experienced HIV-1 patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:166 (abstract no. 549) Rossero R, Nokta M, Andron L, Pollard R Hydroxyurea, an inhibitor of cellular ribonucleotide reductase, has been used extensively in the treatment of myeloproliferative syndromes. Recent evidence suggests that hydroxyurea in combination with didanosine inhibits HIV-1 both invitro and in-vivo. Twelve HIV-1 positive patients age 24 to 48 (mean 33 years) with C |
| 550 | ddI + d4T +/- hydroxyurea in moderately immunosuppressed HIV-1 infected patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:166 (abstract no. 550) Rutschmann OT, Opravil M, Iten A, Malinverni R, Vernazza P, Battegay M, Bernasconi E, Vincent-Suter S, Gabriel V, Perrin L, Hirschel B 101 moderatly immunosuppressed patients (median age 34 y, 85% antiretrovirally naïve, 75% male, 25% female,) were randomized to receive ddI 200 mg bid + d4T 40 mg bid + placebo or ddI + d4T + hydroxyurea 500 mg bid. Study is ongoing. Ten patients stopped therapy due to neuropathy (1), nausea (2), psychiatric disorder ( |
| 551 | Kinetics of TNF-alpha and sTNFRII in HIV-infected patients treated with a triple combination of stavudine (d4T), didanosine (ddI) and hydroxyurea (HU). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:166 (abstract no. 551) Nokta M, Rossero R, Loesch K, Pollard RB TNF-alpha is involved in the pathogenesis of HIV, and is known to enhance HIV replication in vitro. In this report the kinetics of plasma TNF-alpha and sTNFRII in patients receiving aggressive anti-retroviral therapy and their relationship to HIV plasma RNA and CD4 cell counts were examined. Eleven patients participati |
| 552 | Combination therapy with stavudine and didanosine. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:166 (abstract no. 552) Kalathoor S, Sinclair J, Andron L, Sension MG, High K Determine the safety and efficacy of stavudine and didanosine combination therapy in nucleoside experienced patients. Background: Several two drug nucleoside-analog combination regimens have been studied i |
| 553 | A pilot study of the combination of stavudine (d4T) and didanosine (ddI) in patients with less than 350 CD4/mm3 and who are not eligible for a treatment with ZDV. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:167 (abstract no. 553) Durant J, Rahelinirina V, Delmas B, Dupre F, Carmagnolle MF, Halfon P, Van PN, Dellamonica P Objectives: 1) To evaluate the antiviral and immunological activity of the combination of DDI and d4T in patients with less than 350 CD4/mm3 in whom ZDV is not or no longer appropriate; 2) to evaluate the tolerance and the clinical efficacy of this combination in such patients. Methods: all the patients (pts) were trea |
| 554 | Antiviral effect and safety of didanosine-stavudine combination therapy in HIV-infected subjects: interim results of a pilot trial. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:167 (abstract no. 554) Raffi F, Auger S, Billaud E, Besnier JM, Chennebault JM, Michelet C, Perre P, Lafeuillade A, May T, Arvieux C, Paillant C, Barin F, Billaudel S The antiviral effect and safety of didanosine (ddI)- stavudine ( d4T ) combination therapy in pretreated HIV-infected patients were assessed in |
| 555 | Randomized, placebo controlled study of Stavudine (d4T) in subjects with primary HIV-1. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:167 (abstract no. 555) Schacker T, Corey L, Shea T, Chamberlin C, Wallace M, Zevola S To evaluate the affect of d4T on early HIV infection, we performed a phase II trial of Stavudine vs. placebo for subjects with acute or very recent seroconversion to HIV. Patients were randomized in a double-blind manner to d4T (80 mg BID for 4 weeks, then 20 mg BID |
| 556 | Lamivudine (3TC) and stavudine (d4T) combination therapy: HIV viral load and CD4 changes in a retrospective study of 330 patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:167 (abstract no. 556) Cohen CJ, Shalit P, Conant M, Scott RC, Wong T, Campbell KL, Smith J, Frost KR Background: In vitro synergy and the known therapeutic and adverse effects profiles of 3TC and d4T as single agents suggest that these agents are a promising combination for the treatment of HIV. This combination is widely used clinically; however, results of contro |
| 557 | Predictors of viral load response in a pilot-open label study of stavudine (d4T) in combination with lamivudine (3TC). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:167 (abstract no. 557) Rouleau D, Montaner JS, Conway B, Raboud J, Rae S, Shillington A, Fransen S To assess the short term antiviral effect and tolerability of d4T / 3TC in patients who show intolerance to AZT or disease progression despite AZT. |
| 558 | The effect of combination lamivudine-zidovudine (3TC-ZDV) therapy in antiretroviral therapy experienced children. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:167 (abstract no. 558) McClernon DR, Vavro C, Valentine M, St Clair M, Mckinney RE Jr 21 Children (median age 6.3 years, range 1.7 to 17.3 years) who were antiretroviral therapy experienced were switched to combination 3TC-ZDV. Median time on immediate prior therapy was 51 weeks (range 20-187 weeks). RNA copy number was measured by NASBA QT Assay (Organon Teknika) before and after (median 9 weeks, range |
| 559 | Precipitous declines in hemoglobin with combination AZT/3TC. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:168 (abstract no. 559) Tseng A, Fletcher D, Gold W, Conly J, Keystone D, Walmsley S Background: While anemia is a side effect with AZT , it has not been reported as a significant event with 3TC . In controlled trials, the incidence of grade 3-4 anemia (i.e., Hgb less than 80 g/dL) was not significantly higher with 3TC/AZT compared to AZT alone. |
| 560 | A prospective multicenter study of viral load changes in HIV+ individuals adding lamivudine to stable antiretroviral regimens other than AZT. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:168 (abstract no. 560) Cohen CJ, Skowron G, Giordano MF, Perez G, Ward TT, Kostman J, Stein A, Cowen ER, Wesley M, Frost KR To assess changes in viral load in persons adding lamivudine ( 3TC ) to stable antiretroviral regimens (other than AZT monotherapy). Rationale: In spite of widespread use of 3TC with other antiretrovirals, there are few virologic data available on 3TC in co |
| 561 | Use of lamivudine in patients co-infected with HIV and hepatitis B. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:168 (abstract no. 561) Nadler JP, Poblete SJ, Kurtyka DE, Stutzman SL Patients with HIV infection on combination therapy have greater viral suppression and can be expected to live longer. Many patients are co-infected with Hepatitis B with chronic active disease as measured by quantitative PCR for hepatitis B . |
| 562 | Clinical efficacy of antiretroviral changes in treatment-experienced HIV-infected patients. A meta-analysis. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:168 (abstract no. 562) Ioannidis JP, Sacks HS, Cappelleri JC, Lau J We performed a meta-analysis of 22 randomized trials published or presented through August 1996 with a total of 13,280 patients who had been already treated with antiretrovirals at study entry. The endpoints considered were progression to AIDS and mortality. Analysis was performed with random effects models and with me |
| 563 | Association of use of additional nucleoside analogues (NA) with mortality in 2410 patients initially treated with zidovudine (ZDV). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:168 (abstract no. 563) Phillips AN, Lundgren JD Background: It is unclear which additional NA(s) should be given with zdv. Methods: A total of 3122 subjects were recruited to the observational, prospective EUROSIDA study in May 1994. These were consecutive patients (up to a pre-defined limit) seen at outpatient clinics in 37 clinical centers from 16 European countri |
| 564 | Predictors and impact of patients lost to follow-up in a long-term randomized trial of immediate vs deferred antiretroviral treatment. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:168 (abstract no. 564) Ioannidis JP, Bassett R, Hughes MD, Volberding PA, Sacks HS, Lau J We studied predictors for losses to follow-up and the impact of such losses in the ACTG 019 protocol of immediate versus deferred antiretroviral therapy in asymptomatic HIV- infected patients with more than 500 CD4 cells per mm3. The trial was selected because it had the longest follow-up among all antiretroviral trial |
| 565 | Influence of maintaining a viral load reduction greater than or equal to 0.5 log 10 in HIV-1 infected patients with CD4+ greater than or equal to 500 cells/microliter. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:169 (abstract no. 565) Garcia F, Vidal C, Gatell JM, Miro JM, Soriano A, Pumarola T The objective was to test whether maintaining a viral load (VL) reduction greater than or equal to 0.5 log10 can delay progression in asymptomatic HIV-1 infected patients with CD4+ T cell count greater than or equal to 500/microliter and viral load greater than or equal to 10000 copies /ml. End points were evolution to |
| 566 | HIV-1 phenotypes in children with advanced disease treated with long-term zalcitabine. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:169 (abstract no. 566) Viani RM, Spector SA Children with symptomatic HIV infection who showed disease progression or were intolerant to zidovudine were enrolled in a prospective randomized open label trial of two doses (0.01 or 0.005 mg/kg every 8 hours) of zalcitabine ( ddC ) monotherapy. |
| Session 62 — Poster Non-nucleoside Reserve Transcriptase Inhibitors |
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| 567 | Nevirapine, a nonnucleoside RT inhibitor, readily permeates the blood brain barrier. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:169 (abstract no. 567) Yazdanian M, Ratigan S, Joseph D, Silverstein H, Riska P, Johnstone JN, Richter I, Norris S, Hattox S The blood brain barrier (BBB) selectively inhibits penetration of some antiretrovirals into brain. This allows replication of HIV-1 to continue in brain tissue, which serves as a significant occult reservoir of viral burden in the presence of therapeutic plasma concentrations of these drugs. It has been suggested that, |
| 568 | Pharmacokinetics of DMP 266 and indinavir multiple oral doses in HIV-1 infected individuals. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:169 (abstract no. 568) Fiske WD, Mayers D, Wagner K, Riddler S, Drusano G, Stein D, Bach M, Havlir D, Kahn J The pharmacokinetics (PK) of oral doses of DMP 266 (DMP), an NNRTI, and indinavir (IDV) were investigated in patients in a double-blind phase II study. Patients were sequentially enrolled into 3 dose groups. Grps I and II received 2 weeks of DMP monotherapy (200 mg qd) or matching placebo followed by the addition of ID |
| 569 | Highly potent UC analogs with efficacy against NNRTI-resistant viruses. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:170 (abstract no. 569) Buckheit RW Jr, Fliakas-Boltz V, Kinjerski TL, Russell JD, Pallansch LA Structure-activity relationships of a series of compounds related to the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor oxathiin carboxanilide have been described. Four new UC analogs (UC10, UC040, UC82 and UC781) have been determined to inhibit laboratory-derived and primary virus isolates at low nanomolar concentratio |
| 570 | Efficacy, pharmacokinetics and in vivo anti-HIV activity of UC781. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:170 (abstract no. 570) Buckheit RW Jr, Hollingshead M, Stinson S, Bader JP Structure-activity relationships of a series of compounds related to the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor oxathiin carboxanilide have been described. Three new analogs (UC040, UC82, and UC781) inhibited laboratory and clinical isolates of HIV-1 in both established and fresh human cells. Virus isolates with |
| 571 | Preclinical development of MKC-442, a potent and selective non-nucleoside inhibitor of HIV reverse transcriptase. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:170 (abstract no. 571) Furman P, Barry DW, Borroto-Esoda K, Moxham C, Richman D, Sommadossi JP, Endoh R, Niwa T, Yamamoto M, Szczech G MKC-442, 6-benzyl-1-(ethoxymethyl)-5-isopropyl-uracil, is a potent and selective inhibitor of HIV-1. Although structurally MKC-442 resembles a nucleoside analog, the compound functions as a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). MKC-442 displays IC50 and IC90 values of 1.5 nM and 10 nM, respectively, a |
| 572 | A diarylsulfone nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with a unique sensitivity profile to drug-resistant virus isolates. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:170 (abstract no. 572) Fliakas-Boltz V, Pallansch LA, Buckheit RW Jr Structure-activity relationship evaluations with a series of diarylsulfone nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors indicated that steric properties and compound lipophilicity primarily contributed to the activity of the compounds against HIV-1. The most active compounds in the series had an ortho-nitro group and |
| 573 | Pharmacokinetics (PK) and safety of single escalating doses of MKC-442 in HIV-infected volunteers. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:170 (abstract no. 573) Moxham CP, Szczech GM, Blum MR, Barry DW MKC-442 is a novel HEPT-based NNRTI that displays potent anti-HIV-1 activity in vitro and favorable safety profiles in monkeys and rats. A Phase I double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study was conducted to evaluate PK and safety of MKC-442 (100-1000 mg) in HIV-1 infected, asymptomatic volunteers. Thirty two ma |
| Session 63 — Poster Antiretroviral Drug Resistance |
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| 574 | The dynamics of loss of serum HIV-1 RNA wild-type during single and combined antiretroviral therapy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:171 (abstract no. 574) Loveday C The point mutation assay (PMA) is a sensitive PCR-based method that accurately measures serum HIV-1 RNA genotypes associated with changes in antiretroviral drug sensitivity and describes results as relative proportions of wild(WT): mutant (M) populations (detection range 2-100%). Good correlations have been found betwe |
| 575 | Susceptibilities of HIV-1 isolates derived from patients treated with didanosine (ddI) and stavudine (d4T) in combination. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:171 (abstract no. 575) Coakley E, Gillis J, Pedneault L, Dunkle L, Hammer S To determine the phenotypic suscep |