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4th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic InfectionsWashington, DC - January 22-26, 1997 |
Cite as: Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 1997 Jan 22-26;4th:Abstract No. xx
| Session 1 — Opening Session |
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| S1 | Bernard S. Fields Memorial Lecture: Can HIV Be Eradicated from an Infected Person? Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:212 (abstract no. S1) Ho, D Abstract not available. |
| S2 | Plenary Lecture: HIV/AIDS: The Global Status and Response to the Epidemic Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:212 (abstract no. S2) Piot P Abstract not available |
| Session 2 — State-of-the-Art Lecture Viral and Cellular Dynamics: Implications for Antiretroviral Therapy |
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| L1 | Viral & cellular dynamics: implications for antiretroviral therapy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:210 (abstract no. L1) Perelson AS, Essunger P, Markowitz M, Ho DD In HIV-1 infected patients, following administration of potential antiretroviral agents, the virus plasma levels drop approximately one hundred fold in the first two weeks. In many patients, this initial rapid decay is followed by a 10-20 fold slower second phase of decay. Mathematical models have been used to interpre |
| Session 3 — State-of-the-Art Lecture Chemokines: Structure and Biological Activities |
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| L2 | Chemokines: structures and biological activities. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:210 (abstract no. L2) Baggiolini M Chemokines are major regulatory proteins of inflammation and immunity. They act mainly on leukocytes inducing migration and release responses. Chemokine activities are mediated by seven-transmembrane-domain, G-protein coupled receptors. Four CXC chemokine and five CC chemokine receptors are known (CXCR1 to 4, and CCR1 |
| Session 4 — Slide Opportunistic Infections: PCP, Fungi, Cryptosporidiosis, PML, and Dementia |
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| 1 | Changes in HIV RNA viral load in AIDS patients during Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:65 (abstract no. 1) Bush CE, Donovan RM, Markowitz NP, Sluchak-Carlsen J, Kvale P, Saravolatz LD Immune activation during opportunistic infection may increase HIV replication, thereby facilitating HIV pathogenesis and also confound the interpretation of HIV RNA viral load measurements. This retrospective study examined the serum HIV RNA level, neopterin level, and CD4 count in 10 subjects prior to the development |
| 2 | ACTG 268 trial - gradual initiation of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (T/S) as primary prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:65 (abstract no. 2) Para MF, Dohn M, Frame P, Becker S, Finkelstein D, Walawander A T/S is recognized as the superior agent for PCP prophylaxis, but a high incidence of adverse drug reactions limits its use. We tested the hypothesis that gradual initiation of T/S prophylaxis might reduce the incidence of toxicities compared to initiating double strength tablets. Method: ACTG 268 was a rando |
| 3 | Mutations in Pneumocystis carinii associated with prophylaxis breakthroughs in AIDS patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:65 (abstract no. 3) Locke A, Meshnick S, Lane B, Cannon M, Kileen A, Beals T, Hossler P, Kazanjian P, Bartlett M, Smith J PURPOSE: P. carnii pneumonia ( PCP ) breakthroughs on sulfa prophylaxis (TMP/SMX or dapsone) occur, but the mechanism is unknown. The purpose of this study is to determine whether mutations in the P. carinii dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) gene are associated with these breakthroughs. METHODS: 14 patients with AIDS and |
| 4 | A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of paromomycin (par) for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis (cs) in patients with advanced HIV disease and CD4 counts under 150 (ACTG 192). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:65 (abstract no. 4) Hewitt RG, Yiannoutsos CT, Carey J, Geiseler PJ, Soave R, Rosenberg R, Vazquez GJ, Wheat J, Fass RJ, Higgs ES, Antoninjevic Z, Walawander AL, Flanigan T, Bender J To determine the clinical and antimicrobial efficacy of par for cryptosporidiosis in patients (pts) with advanced HIV Disease. Methods: 35 pts were randomized in a double blind fashion to receive par 500mg QID for 21 days or placebo (pla). After 21 days, all pts received open label par 500mg QID for 21 days. |
| 5 | A phase II dose escalation trial of high dose fluconazole with and without flucytosine for AIDS associated cryptococcal meningitis. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:65 (abstract no. 5) Milefchik E, Leal M, Haubrich R, Bozzette S, Tilles J, Leedom J, McCutchan JA, Larsen RA To determine if higher doses of fluconazole with and without flucytosine (5-FC) could be used safely and effectively. Methods: Eighty-nine patients with their first episode of AIDS associated cryptococcal meningitis were enrolled at three University Hospitals. A successful outcome was defined as survival to |
| 6 | Serum and CSF cryptococcal antigen in management of cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:66 (abstract no. 6) Powderly WG, Tuazon C, Cloud GA, Saag MS, Van Der Horst C We examined the usefulness of measurement of serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cryptococcal antigen (CRAG) titers in monitoring antifungal therapy in patients with AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis (CM). Serum and CSF CRAG was measured at baseline, during (2 weeks, 4 weeks) and at the conclusion of therapy (10 |
| 7 | Relationship of cerebrospinal fluid HIV-1 RNA levels (CSF RNA) to plasma RNA, CSF pleocytosis, stage of HIV infection and cognitive functioning. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:66 (abstract no. 7) McCutchan JA, Ellis R, Hsia K, Heaton R, Wallace M, Nelson J, Wolfson T, Grant I, Spector SA Two studies (Brew et al. and McClernon et al.) have found elevated plasma and CSF RNA levels in HIV+ patients with dementia , but the value of CSF RNA as a correlative marker of HIV-induced cognitive dysfunction and its relationships to plasma RNA, stage of disease, and CSF pleocytosis are unclear. Using PCR (Amplicor, |
| 8 | ARA-C treatment of PML in AIDS patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:66 (abstract no. 8) Hall C, Timpone J, Dafni I, Antonijevic Z, Millar L, Booss J, Clifford D, Cohen B, McArthur J, Hollander H ACTG 243 was designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ARA-C in PML in HIV infected subjects. Objectives: Primary 1) efficacy in preventing death, 2) safety of the three treatment arms. Secondary 2) safety and efficacy in preventing neurologic decline, 2) effects on Karnofsky score, 3) effects on MRI. Design: 90 |
| Session 5 — Slide Antiretroviral Chemotherapy: New Agents, Resistance, and in vitro assessment Techniques |
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| 9 | Prevalence of protease inhibitor (PRI) and reverse transcriptase inhibitor (RTI) drug-resistance mutations in a rural Iowa HIV+- population: implication for treatment. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:66 (abstract no. 9) Kozal M, Leahy N, Ross J, Swack N, Stapleton J To determine the prevalence of PRI and RTI drug-resistant mutations & polymorphisms (polys) in a rural HIV-infected population and to investigate the effect preexisting mutations & polys within PR gene have on the frequency, rapidity and patterns of emergence of PR mutations in HIV+ patients in relat |
| 10 | Genotypic analysis of HIV-1 variants isolated from patients treated with the protease inhibitor nelfinavir, alone or in combination with d4T or AZT and 3TC. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:66 (abstract no. 10) Patick AK, Duran M, Cao Y, Ho T, Zhou P, Keller MR, Chapman S, Anderson R, Kuritzkes D, Shugarts D, Ho D, Markowitz M; Agouron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., La Jolla, CA. Nelfinavir (formerly AG1343) is a selective, nonpeptidic inhibitor of HIV protease discovered using protein structure-based drug design methodologies. Sequence analysis of protease genes obtained by RT-PCR from plasma vRNA from patients from Pilot Phase II monotherapy, dose range-finding studies identified as the predo |
| 11 | Combination drug regimens against multidrug resistant HIV-1 in vitro. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:67 (abstract no. 11) Manion DJ, Merrill DP, Hirsch MS Increasing clinical use of antiretroviral drugs in combination has allowed for the selection of isolates resistant to multiple drugs in monotherapy. We sought to determine the in vitro susceptibility of such HIV-1 clinical isolates to 2-drug combinations of the following compounds: zidovudine ( |
| 12 | Phenotypic sensitivity of HIV-1 viral isolates during combination delavirdine + zidovudine therapy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:67 (abstract no. 12) Wathen LK, Freimuth WW, Cox SR, Daenzer CL, Peel BG, Roberts CR, Mahrer JM, Batts DH In a phase III blinded study, 1200 patients with CD4+ cell counts (200-500 cells/microliter) received zidovudine (ZDV) alone or in combination with one of three doses (200, 300, or 400 mg TID) of delavirdine (DLV). The phenotypic sensitivity of viral isolates from more than 190 randomly selected patients was evaluated |
| 13 | Intracellular triphosphate concentrations of antiretroviral nucleosides as a determinant of clinical response in HIV-infected patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:67 (abstract no. 13) Fletcher CV, Kawle SP, Page LM, Remmel RP, Acosta EP, Henry K, Erice A, Balfour HH Jr The intracellular triphosphate anabolites of zidovudine (ZDV-TP) and related nucleoside agents are responsible for the inhibition of HIV reverse transcriptase (RT). Therefore, triphosphate concentrations, rather than plasma concentrations of the parent drug, may be a better predictor of anti-HIV effect. We have been co |
| 14 | Design, synthesis and biological properties of ABT-378, a highly potent HIV protease inhibitor. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:67 (abstract no. 14) Sham H, Kempf D, Molla A, Marsh K, Betebenner D, Chen X, Rosenbrook W, Wideburg N, Chen C, Kati W, Kumar G, Korneyeva M, Vasavanonda S, McDonald E, Saldivar A, Chernyavskiy T, Carillo A, Lyons N, Park C, Stewart K, Plattner J, Norbeck D Therapeutic regimens using inhibitors of HIV protease produce a dramatic suppression of plasma viral RNA in HIV-infected individuals and reduce the incidence of opportunistic infections and death. Nonetheless, prolonged use of protease inhibitors can engender the emergence of resistant mutants due to incomplete suppres |
| 15 | Antiretroviral activity and resistance profile of the carbocyclic nucleoside HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor 1592U89. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:67 (abstract no. 15) Harrigan R, Stone C, Griffin P, Bloor S, Tisdale M, Larder B A recent 12 week dose ranging clinical trial (CNAA2001) of the safety and pharmacokinetics of 1592U89 has demonstrated that it has considerable in vivo antiretroviral activity alone and in combination with zidovudine ( AZT ). Decreases in HIV RNA greater than 1.4 logs were observed after 4 weeks of 1592 monotherapy at |
| 16 | LTR-GFP: a new reporter system to monitor HIV infection and anti-HIV drug efficacy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:67 (abstract no. 16) Gervaix A, West D, Wong-Staal F, Richman D, Corbeil J Determination of antiretroviral drug activity by monitoring reduction of production of p24 antigen is expensive, time-consuming and does not allow accurate quantitation of the number of infected cells over time. Aim: To develop a new simple, rapid and direct method for monitoring HIV infection and for tes |
| Session 6 — Slide Pathogenesis I |
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| 17 | A monoclonal antibody (12g5) directed against CXCR-4 blocks infection with the dual-tropic isolate HIV(89.6) but not the T-tropic isolate HIV-1(HxB). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:68 (abstract no. 17) Strizki JM, Turner J, Collman R, Hoxie J, Gonzalez-Scarano F CXCR-4, a member of the C-X-C chemokine receptor family, has been shown to function as a co-factor for fusion and infection of T cell tropic HIV-1 isolates. We used a monoclonal antibody directed against an extracellular domain of CXCR-4 to investigate the role of this receptor in infection of immortalized T-cells, T/B |
| 18 | Change in HIV-1 co-receptor use correlates with disease progression in infected individuals. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:68 (abstract no. 18) Connor RI, Sheridan K, Ceradini D, Landau N Using sequential primary isolates of HIV-1 from three infected individuals, we examined co-receptor requirements and determined whether changes in coreceptor use are associated with disease progression. We found that isolates of HIV-1 from early in the course of infection used predominantly CCR5 for infection. However, |
| 19 | Genetically divergent simian immunodeficiency viruses use CCR5 but not CXCR4 as a coreceptor for entry. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:68 (abstract no. 19) Chen Z, Zhou P, Landau NR, Marx PA Entry of HIV-1 requires CD4 and one of the seven-transmembrane domain coreceptors. M-tropic HIV-1 isolates are generally specific for CCR5 while T-tropic viruses tend to use CXCR4. Like HIV-1/2, SIV requires CD4 on the target cell surface; however, whether it also requires a coreceptor is not known. We report here that |
| 20 | Cloning and analysis of the promoter region of CXCR4, a co-receptor for HIV-1 entry. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:68 (abstract no. 20) Moriuchi M, Moriuchi H, Turner W, Fauci AS A chemokine receptor CXCR4 (also designated fusin and LESTR) is a cofactor for fusion and entry of T cell-tropic strains of HIV-1. CXCR4 is expressed in various cell types; however, the mechanisms involved in the regulation of its expression remains unknown. In order to delineate these mechanisms, approximately 1.0 kb |
| 21 | Suppression of HIV replication by NK cell-derived beta-chemokines. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:68 (abstract no. 21) Oliva A, Kinter AL, Rubbert A, Vaccarezza M, Fauci AS MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta and RANTES inhibit replication of macrophage-tropic strains of HIV-1. We analyzed chemokine production in various purified peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) subpopulations from HIV-infected individuals. We found that natural killer (NK) cells are potent producers of beta-chemokines, particu |
| 22 | HLA scoring profile (HSP) and CCR5 deletion heterozygosity as predictors of AIDS in seroconverters. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:69 (abstract no. 22) Kaslow R, Koup R, Zimmerman P, Dean M, Naik E, Enger C, Carrington M, Goedert J, Saah A, Giorgi J, Phair J, Rinaldo C HSP (including class I, class II and TAP alleles) exerts a strong effect on the course of HIV-1 infection. Heterozygosity for a 32-bp deletion (delta32) in the chemokine receptor gene, CCR5, is also reported to influence the course. Although these genes are not linked physically, we searched for biologica |
| 23 | CD40 ligand (CD40L) stimulates human macrophages to produce large amounts of HIV-suppressive beta-chemokines. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:69 (abstract no. 23) Kornbluth RS, Kee K, Richman DD CD40L is rapidly expressed (5 min-2 h) on the membranes of certain CD4+ and CD8+ T cells upon activation of the T cell receptor. Macrophages express CD40 and are activated upon contact with a CD40L-expressing cell. To study this further, 293 cells stably transfected with a human CD40L construct or the control empty vec |
| 24 | A subpopulation of immature blood dendritic cells is highly susceptible to infection by macrophage-tropic HIV-1. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:69 (abstract no. 24) Crawford K, Alper C, Shi B, Vasir D, Gabuzda D Dendritic cells (DC) are unique antigen-presenting cells which are widely distributed in lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues. Previous studies have suggested that DC play an important role in the transmission of HIV-1 to T cells. However, controversy exists regarding whether DC are directly susceptible to HIV-1 infection |
| Session 7 — Slide Epidemiology: Virologic Aspects |
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| 25 | Correlation of cell-free and cell-associated HIV RNA levels in plasma and vaginal secretions. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:69 (abstract no. 25) Hart C, Palmore M, Wright T, Lennox J, Evans-Strickfaden T, Bush T, Schnell C, Conley L, Ellerbrock TV To correlate cell-free and cell-associated HIV RNA levels in plasma and vaginal secretions from HIV-infected women. Methods: QC-PCR in combination with a newly developed microtiter detection assay was used to quantify HIV RNA in samples from 36 nonpregnant, HIV-infected women enrolled in an ongoing prospecti |
| 26 | High levels of HIV-1 in semen and blood of men in Malawi. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:69 (abstract no. 26) Eron JJ, Dyer JR, Vernazza P, Hoffman I, Fiscus S, Royce R, Kazembe P, Gilliam B, Cohen MS We hypothesized that an increased viral inoculum in semen could be responsible for the rapidly expanding heterosexual epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa. Semen and blood were collected from 49 Malawian (MAL) and 53 US and Swiss (US-S) HIV-1 seropositive men with no clinical evidence of urethritis. All MAL subjects had beco |
| 27 | Frequent recovery of replication competent HIV from genital herpes simplex virus lesions in HIV-infected persons. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:70 (abstract no. 27) Schacker T, Ryncarz A, Goddard J, Diem K, Shaughnessy M, Corey L HSV-2 is the most common cause of genital ulceration in North America and is found in 60-80% of HIV-infected persons. To determine if genital herpes lesions might be a cofactor in HIV transmission, we initiated a prospective study of HIV shedding from genital herpetic lesions. 12 HIV infected men with HSV2 infection wh |
| 28 | Effect of zidovudine (ZDV) postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) on the development of HIV-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses in HIV exposed health care workers (HCW). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:70 (abstract no. 28) Kessler HA, D'Amico R, Pinto LA, Meyer P, Berzofsky JA, Clerici M, Harris AA, Landay AL, Shearer GM Objectives: To assess the effect of PEP with ZDV on HIV specific CTL responses in HIV seronegative HCW parenterally exposed to HIV-infected blood. Methods: HIV env-specific CTL activity of env-stimulated PBMC cultures was measured by a standard 6 hour (51)Cr release assay, using synthetic env-peptide pulsed autologous |
| 29 | Horizontal and vertical transmission of HIV-1 dual infections caused by viruses of subtypes B and C. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:70 (abstract no. 29) Janini LM, Tanuri A, Schechter M, Ramos A, Schochetman G, Rayfield M, Pieniazek D Dual HIV-1 infections caused by viruses of distinct subtypes have been molecularly documented in Brazil and Thailand . However, it is unknown if the acquisition of the viruses in dually infected patients is sequential or simultaneous. This information is important as HIV-1 multiple infections may have implications for |
| 30 | Virological, clinical and serological characterisation of HIV-1 group. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:70 (abstract no. 30) Simon OF, Mauclere P, Fagot P, Mony-Lobe M, Mbopi-Keou FX, Loussert-Ajaka I, Bouchaud O, Descamps D, Korber B, Saragosti S, Barin F, Brun-Vezinet F Ninety-eight patients were diagnosed as having HIV-1 group O infection. Sixteen were Cameroonian or French patients living in France and 82 were identified during an epidemiological survey in Cameroon. We isolated and partially sequenced 30 strains (C2-V3). The octameric sequence at the tip of the V3 loop was highly he |
| 31 | HIV-1 strains from Brazil may consist of mosaic genome structure. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:70 (abstract no. 31) Ramos A, Tanuri T, Janini LM, Rayfield M, Schochetman G, Pieniazek D The goal of this study was to search for the presence of HIV-1 dual infections and recombinants in a cohort of infected persons living in Rio de Janeiro, an area endemic for HIV-1 subtypes B, F, and C. We have analyzed, at the molecular level, pol (protease), gag (p24 region), and env (C2-V3 domain) genes of viral stra |
| 32 | Sequence divergence of HIV-1 prevailing in Southeast Asia. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:70 (abstract no. 32) Takebe Y, Kusagawa S, Sato H, Katoh K, Nohtomi K, Thwe M, Kywe B, Hien N, Long HT, Samrith C, Leng HB, Yamazaki S Objectives: To determine the molecular epidemiology of HIV spread and to understand the epidemiologic patterns of HIV transmission in southeast Asia. Methods: Sera and whole blood specimens were collected in 1994-5 from seropositive persons in Yangon, Myanmar , and Phnom Penh, Cambodia |
| Session 8 — Slide Immunopathogenesis and Effects of Therapy |
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| 33 | Rapid improvement in cell mediated immune function with initiation of ritonavir plus saquinavir in HIV immune deficiency. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:71 (abstract no. 33) Angel JB, Parato K, Kumar A, Filion LG, Diaz-Mitoma F, Pham B, Sun E, Leonard J, Cameron DW Background: Loss of cell mediated immunity (CMI) leads to the development of HIV related opportunistic infections and the inability to restrict HIV replication. Methods: We investigated the effect of potent antiretroviral therapy ( ritonavir plus s |
| 34 | Dynamics of the CD4 T helper cell subset reconstitution after combined anti-retroviral therapies. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:71 (abstract no. 34) Autran B, Mathez D, Carcelain G, Blanc C, Debre P, Leibowitch J Aim of the study: to evaluate the sequential events of CD4+ T cell subset reconstitution after anti-retroviral therapies (ART) with 1 protease-inhibitor and 2 nucleoside analogs. The nature and the mechanism of CD4 amplification after potent ART remains unknown and has major implications for treatment of the HIV-induce |
| 35 | Effect of IL2 therapy on T-cell responses to mitogens, recall and HIV-specific antigens. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:71 (abstract no. 35) Kelleher AD, Roggensack M, Emery S, Carr A, Cooper DA Aim: To explore the effect of therapy with intermittent intravenous IL2 (CIV-IL2) and subcutaneous injections of polyethylene glycol (PEG) conjugated IL-2 (PEG-IL2) given in 8 weekly cycles on lympho-proliferative responses to mitogens, recall antigens and HIV-epitopes. Methods: 16 patients randomised to receive CIV-IL |
| 36 | Effects of TNF-alpha antagonists thalidomide and monoclonal anti-TNF antibody (cA2) on reducing IL-2-associated toxicities: a randomized, controlled trial. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:71 (abstract no. 36) Walker RE, Hahn B, Kelly GG, Miller K, Piscitelli S, Figg WD, Davey RT, Falloon J, Kovacs JA, Polis MA, Masur H, Metcalf JA, Baseler M, Fyfe G, Thomas S, McCloskey RV, Lane HC Background: Continuous 5 day IV infusions of IL-2 given every 8 weeks for 1 year produce greater than or equal to 50% increases in CD4 counts in a majority of HIV-1 infected patients with baseline CD4 greater than 200. In pilot studies, dose-limiting constitutional symptoms and transient increases in viral load paralle |
| 37 | Interleukin-10 decreases HIV plasma viral load: results of a phase 1 clinical trial. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:71 (abstract no. 37) Weissman D, Ostrowski M, Daucher JA, Gantt K, Blauvelt A, Altman D, Shen L, Ehler L, Hoxie J, Grint P, Katz SI, Fauci AS HIV replication is controlled by a delicate balance between HIV-enhancing and HIV-inhibitory cytokines and activation events. The pro-inflammatory cytokines are potent inducers of HIV replication in vitro and are thought to have similar activities in vivo. Interleukin (IL)-10 has anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive |
| 38 | Selective preservation or expansion of CMV-specific CD4+ memory T cells in HIV-associated immunodeficiency. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:72 (abstract no. 38) Picker L, Pitcher C, Waldrop S, Peterson D, Maino V We have developed a novel, highly efficient multiparameter flow cytometric assay that detects the rapid intracellular accumulation of cytokine(s) after short-term (6 hr.) in vitro Ag stimulation of CD4+ T cells. Responses in this assay are 1) restricted to the CD45RA(low) memory/effector subset, 2) dependent on class I |
| 39 | Dynamics of T lymphocytes in primary HIV infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:72 (abstract no. 39) Little S, Havlir D, Richman D, McLean A, Spina C Primary HIV infection is characterized by a decrease in total CD4+ T lymphocytes with selective loss of the naive (CD45RO-) phenotype. Progressive immune destruction results in a relatively balanced loss of naive (CD45RO-) and memory/activated (CD45RO+) CD4+ phenotypes. To better characterize the dynamics of CD4+ cell |
| 40 | Superantigen-mediated immunopathogenesis in SIV mac-infected rhesus monkeys. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:72 (abstract no. 40) Chen ZW, Kou Z, Halloran M, Simon M, Lee-Parritz D, Shen L, Fultz PN, Letvin NL; Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, MA. The SIV/macaque model was employed to determine whether superantigen-mediated activation of the immune system, which may occur as a result of certain superimposed bacterial or viral infections in HIV-infected humans, can play a role in the immunopathogenesis of AIDS. Five uninfected rhesus monkeys inoculated with a def |
| Session 9 — Symposium Pneumocystis carinii: Clinical Insights from the Bench |
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| S3 | Molecular biological insights into the epidemiology of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:212 (abstract no. S3) Wakefield AE Studies using molecular biological techniques and animal models of P.carinii pneumonia have extended our understanding of the epidemiology of P.carinii infection. The infection has been demonstrated to be host-species specific, indicating that the infection in man is unlikely to be a zoonosis. Data also suggest that th |
| S4 | Is there a role for PCR-based diagnosis of PCP? Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:212 (abstract no. S4) Lundgren B P.carinii pneumonia ( PCP ) is conventionally diagnosed by detection of the organisms (which cannot be cultured) in clinical samples, primarily bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and induced sputum (IS) specimens using colorimetric or immunofluorescent stains. Recent studies have suggested that DNA amplification by PCR, usin |
| S5 | Is immunotherapy of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) feasible? Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:213 (abstract no. S5) Gigliotti F, Harmsen AG PCP is a classic opportunistic infection which causes significant morbidity and mortality among immunocompromised patients, especially those with AIDS. Passive immunization has been successful in the prevention or treatment of several infections, including some in immunodeficient individuals. Active immunization to p |
| S6 | Therapy and prophylaxis: why do patients fail and what's ahead? Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:213 (abstract no. S6) Masur H Pneumocystis pneumonia is declining in frequency among men-who-have-sex-with-men, but not among intravenous drug abusers, suggesting that prophylaxis is effective if it is available to compliant patients. Among current prophylactic regimens, tolerance is an issue: on-going studies are assessing the role of desensitizat |
| Session 10 — Symposium HIV Entry Cofactors: The Chemokine Receptor Connection |
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| S7 | HIV entry & tropism: when 1 receptor is not enough. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:213 (abstract no. S7) Berger EA Individual HIV-1 isolates vary markedly in their tropisms for infecting different CD4-positive target cell types. Some isolates (macrophage-tropic) infect macrophages but not continuous T-lymphocyte cell lines while others (T-cell line-tropic) display the opposite preference. We have shown that the cytotropisms, of dif |
| S8 | Viral and host factors in HIV entry. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:213 (abstract no. S8) Wu L, Gerard NP, Wyatt R, Choe H, Parolin C, Ruffing N, Borsetti A, Cardoso AA, Desjardin E, Newman W, Gerard C, Sodroski J For efficient entry into target cells, primary macrophage-tropic and laboratory-adapted human immunodeficiency viruses type 1 (HIV-1) require particular chemokine receptors, CCR-5 and CXCR-4, respectively, as well as the primary receptor, CD4. A complex of gp120, the exterior envelope glycoprotein, of macrophage-tropic |
| S9 | CD4-dependent, antibody-sensitive interactions between HIV-1 and its co-receptor CCR-5. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:214 (abstract no. S9) Trokola A, Dragic T, Arthos J, Binley JM, Olson WC, Allaway GP, Cheng-Mayer C, Robinson J, Maddon PJ, Moore JP The beta-chemokine receptor CCR-5 is an essential co-factor for fusion of HIV-1 strains of the non-syncytium-inducing (NSI) phenotype with CD4+ T-cells. The primary binding site for HIV-1 is the CD4 molecule, an interaction mediated by the viral surface glycoprotein gp120. How CCR-5 functions during HIV-1 entry has not |
| S10 | Domains of chemokine receptors required for HIV entry. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:214 (abstract no. S10) Doms RW Several Chemokine receptors have been identified as coreceptors for HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV strains. In general, M-tropic strains utilized CCR5, T-cell tropic strains utilize CXCR4, and dual-tropic viruses use both. Our recent work on the identification of coreceptors for HIV-2 and SIV will be presented. In addition, we |
| S11 | Abstract Not Available Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:214 (abstract no. S11) |
| Session 11 — Symposium Non-KS Malignancies: Bench to Bedside |
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| S12 | Developing peptide vaccines for chronic virus infections associated with cancer. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:214 (abstract no. S12) Sette A Recent data suggest that the majority of HLA-A and B alleles worldwide can be grouped into four major HLA supertypes, as defined by their broad peptide binding specificities. This discovery has important practical implications in terms of the development of peptide based immunotherapeutics. In addition, these data add |
| S13 | Papillomavirus vaccines as therapy for cervical cancer. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:214 (abstract no. S13) Borysiewicz LK, Nimako M, Evans E, Adams M, Man S Human papillomavirus ( HPV ) is detected in greater than 95% of cervical cancers. Regardless of geographic distribution the dominant strain types are 16 and 18. Two HPV gene products (E6 & E7) are expressed in cervical cancer cells. We are investigating whether expression of these proteins can serve as a target for |
| S14 | Adoptive immunotherapy of EBV-induced lymphoproliferation. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:215 (abstract no. S14) Rooney C, Smith C, Roskrow M, Brenner M, Heslop H EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disease (EBV-LPD) is a major complication in certain groups of immunosuppressed individuals, such as organ transplant recipients and HIV-infected individuals. EBV-induced cancers are often the presenting symptom of AIDS and the CDC predicts that of individuals who survive for 36 month |
| S15 | Abstract Not Available Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:215 (abstract no. S15) |
| Session 12 — Symposium Advances in HIV Prevention |
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| S16 | The challenge of preventing HIV perinatal transmission. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:215 (abstract no. S16) Rogers MF With the success of zidovudine (ZDV) therapy in reducing the risk of perinatal transmission of HIV, the epidemic in children has entered the era of prevention. Control and even elimination of HIV disease in children can be considered. Currently, the major components of perinatal prevention are: 1) strengthened efforts |
| S17 | Prevention of occupational HIV transmission. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:215 (abstract no. S17) Bell DM As of June 30, 1996, 51 documented and 108 possible cases of occupationally acquired HIV infection in the United States were reported to CDC. Of the documented cases, 46 (90%) resulted from percutaneous exposure to HIV-infected blood, for which the average risk of HIV infection is 0.3%. The optimal strategy to prevent |
| S18 | Abstract Not Available Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:215 (abstract no. S18) |
| S19 | The role of topical microbicides in HIV and STD prevention. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:216 (abstract no. S19) Rosenberg ZF Sexual transmission of HIV continues to occur throughout the world despite the availability of latex condoms that, when used consistently and correctly, can prevent HIV infection. Reasons for lack of effective condom utilization include power imbalances in relationships that result in the inability of the receptive par |
| Session 13 — Poster Reverse Transcriptase, Protease, and gag Gene Function |
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| 41 | Requirement of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pol gene products for nuclear localization of viral preintegration complex. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:72 (abstract no. 41) Hu YW, Theriault-Valin SA, Balaskas E, Gill P, Zeibdawi A, Smeenk C In contrast to oncoretroviruses, the lentivirus HIV-1 is able to replicate in non-dividing cells because of the karyophilic properties of the viral preintegration complex which is actively transported to the host nucleus after viral infection. HIV-1 pol gene products including reverse transcriptase (RT), and integrase |
| 42 | DNA recombination during long RT-PCR amplification of HIV-1 RNA. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:72 (abstract no. 42) Fang G, Zhu G, Weiser B, Keithly JS, Burger H Background: Using long reverse transcription and PCR (RT-PCR), we developed a method to clone the full-length HIV-1 genome as a single molecule directly from plasma viral RNA. To use long RT and long PCR to best advantage, it is necessary to determine the frequency of recombination during the procedure and take steps t |
| 43 | Nucleotide sequence within the U5 region of the viral RNA genome are the major determinants for an HIV-1 to maintain a primer binding site complementary to tRNA(His). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:73 (abstract no. 43) Zhang Z, Morrow CD The initiation of reverse transcription of HIV-1 genome requires cellular tRNA(Lys,3) as a primer and occurs at a site in the viral RNA genome called the primer binding site (PBS), which is complementary to the 3 -terminal 18 nucleotides of tRNA(Lys,3). Previous studies from our laboratory identified an HIV-1 virus, [H |
| 44 | HIV-1 viruses containing a primer binding site complementary to tRNA(His) and reverse transcriptase with YVDD amino acid motifs require additional nucleotide substitutions in U5 for high level replication. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:73 (abstract no. 44) Li Y, Morrow CD Sequence analysis of integrated proviruses which utilize tRNA(His) to initiate reverse transcription [pHXB2(His-AC)] revealed five additional nucleotide substitutions in U5 (ATGAC for CCTGT). HIV-1 proviral genomes were constructed containing a PBS complementary to tRNA(His) that differ in these five nucleotide substit |
| 45 | Amphipathic domains in the C-terminus of the transmembrane protein (gp41) permeabilize HIV-1 virions: a molecular mechanism underlying natural endogenous reverse transcription. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:73 (abstract no. 45) Zhang H, Dornadula G, Alur P, Laughlin MA, Pomerantz RJ Reverse transcription of human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1), without detergent or amphipathic peptide-induced permeability of the viral envelope, has been demonstrated to occur in the intact HIV-1 virion. In this report, we demonstrate that the amphipathic domains in the C-terminus of the transmembrane glycopr |
| 46 | Natural endogenous reverse transcription (NERT) of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:73 (abstract no. 46) Dornadula G, Zhang H, Bagasra O, Pomerantz RJ It has been demonstrated that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) virions are biochemically-active particles, within which reverse transcription can take place even in physiological microenvironments. This process has been termed natural endogenous reverse transcription (NERT). In this report, we demonstrate th |
| 47 | Characterization of a role for HIV-1 matrix in virus entry. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:73 (abstract no. 47) Kiernan RE, Englund G, Freed EO During our ongoing analysis of HIV-1 matrix function, we have observed that mutations at the highly conserved Leu at MA residue 20 delayed or blocked virus replication in T-cell lines, primary PBMC, and human macrophages from a number of different donors. Biochemical analyses revealed that the residue 20 mutations did |
| 48 | Characterization of HIV-1 matrix revertants: effects on Gag targeting, membrane binding, virus assembly, and Env incorporation. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:73 (abstract no. 48) Ono A, Freed EO To characterize functions of HIV-1 matrix (MA) and define domains involved in these functions, we have introduced over 70 single and double amino acid substitutions throughout MA. We have identified several classes of mutations which: i) blocked virus assembly, ii) redirected assembly from the plasma membrane to cytopl |
| 49 | Structure function studies of Gag p15 nucleocapsid precursor complexed with oligonucleotides. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:74 (abstract no. 49) Erickson-Viitanen S, Ozturk D, Choi HK, Tritch R, Rayner M, Cawood P, Meade R During the sequential cleavage of the HIV-1 Gag polypeptide by the HIV protease, the C-terminal third of Gag, designated p15NC, exists as a transient intermediate. We have previously reported that the further processing of this intermediate by the viral protease is oligonucleotide dependent, and have determined that RN |
| 50 | A potential role for human thioltransferase in the HIV-1 life cycle. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:74 (abstract no. 50) Davis DA, Newcomb FM, Starke DW, Mieyal JJ, Yarchoan R We have shown previously that the HIV-1 protease is reversibly inactivated by glutathionylation of Cys 95 which is located at the dimer interface (Davis, et al., Biochemistry, 35, 2482-2488, 1996). In search for a cellular factor which may regulate the glutathionylation state of Cys 95, we examined whether glutathionyl |
| 51 | HIV resistance to protease inhibitors reduces protease cleavage efficiency and viral replicative capacity. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:74 (abstract no. 51) Zennou V, Paulous S, Clavel F We have examined the effects of protease inhibitor resistance on HIV protease (PR) function and HIV replicative capacity. We used recombinant viruses carrying HIV PR sequences obtained from patients in which resistance developed in the course of a treatment that included either Saquinavir |
| 52 | Effect of compensatory mutations in gag on the growth of HIV-1 protease inhibitor resistant viruses. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:74 (abstract no. 52) Anton ED, Baker D, Logue K, Cordova B, Bacheler LT HIV-1 mutants carrying the protease (PR) amino acid substitutions V82F/I84V are markedly resistant to several classes of HIV-1 PR inhibitors. Such mutants have been selected in the RF background, and appear to be fully replication competent. Attempts to insert this combination of mutations into either the HXB2 or the N |
| 53 | Fitness of protease inhibitor resistant viruses. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:74 (abstract no. 53) Paul M, Logue K, Bacheler LT We have constructed a series of isogenic HIV mutant viruses with amino acid alterations in the protease gene that confer resistance to one or more inhibitors of the HIV protease. To examine the relative fitness of wild type and mutant viruses we performed growth competition experiments in the presence or absence of pot |
| 54 | HIV-1 protease does not play a critical role in the early stages of infection of HIV-1. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:74 (abstract no. 54) Uchida H, Maeda Y, Mitsuya H Whether HIV protease plays a major role in the early stages of infection yet remains to be defined. We asked whether HIV-1 protease plays a role in the early stages of infection by using various protease inhibitors ( saquinavir , |
| Session 14 — Poster HIV: Molecular Regulation and Accessory Gene Function |
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| 55 | Absolute dependence on kB responsive elements for initiation and Tat-mediated amplification of HIV transcription in blood CD4 T lymphocytes. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:75 (abstract no. 55) Alcami J, Lain T, Folgueira L, Pedraza MA, Arenzana-Seisdedos F Objectives. To analyse the role of NF-kB in HIV-LTR trancription and viral replication in normal CD4 T lymphocytes. Materials and methods. CD4 T lymphocytes were purified from peripheral blood by negative selection using monoclonal antibodies and magnetic beads. Cells were transfected with wild type or kB-deleted LTR c |
| 56 | Nuclear location of IkBalpha in T lymphocytes. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:75 (abstract no. 56) Alcami J, Lain T, Folgueira L, Alonso J, Dargemont C, Fresno M Objectives. The aim of this work is to analyse the cellular location of IkBalpha in T lymphocytes and to define the functional role of nuclear IkB in HIV replication. Materials and methods. PBMC were isolated from blood of healthy donors. T cells were purified by passing through nylon fiber column and activated with PM |
| 57 | Regulation of HIV-1 LTR in activated primary CD4+ T cells antigenically-stimulated by dendritic cells. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:75 (abstract no. 57) Tsunetsugu-Yokota Y, Yasuda S, Narita T, Sugimoto A, Suzuki Y, Koyanagi Y, Yamamoto N, Cho M, Martin MA, Akagawa K, Takemori T Most of HIV-1-infected T cells in the periphery were known to be non-productive, but they become productive upon immune activation. To study cellular factors responsible for the activation-dependent induction of HIV-1 replication in primary CD4+ T cells, we used dendritic cells (DCs)-T cells coculture system to deliver |
| 58 | Factors affecting the expression of an HIV-1 CAT-linked LTR in vitro. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:75 (abstract no. 58) Germinario RJ, Faust E, Colby-Germinario SP, Acel A, Lauzon S, Wainberg MA Control of the expression of a CAT-linked HIV LTR by Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) was investigated in several cell types in vitro. CAT metabolism was quantitated by phosphorimage analysis of thin layer chromatograms. Beta gal activity was used as an internal transfection control. We have observed that the expre |
| 59 | Casein kinase II is involved in the activation of HIV-1 from latency. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:75 (abstract no. 59) Critchfield JW, Coligan JE, Folks TM, Butera ST Certain flavonoid compounds, including chrysin, potently inhibit the activation of HIV-1 transcription in cellular models of latency without affecting the activation and function of NFkB. To identify cellular or viral factors which mediate the effects of these compounds, cell lysates were interacted with an affinity ma |
| 60 | Regulation of cooperative repression of HIV-1 transcription by host factors YY1 & LSF. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:76 (abstract no. 60) Romerio F, Margolis DM Previous reports of inhibition of HIV-1 transcription by HIV particles or alpha-CD4 antibodies suggest that HIV virions or envelope glycoproteins can mediate autoinhibition of HIV gene activity. The mechanism of this negative regulation is unknown. We find that exposure of T lymphocytes to HIV-1 upregulates the nuclear |
| 61 | Expression of CREB/ATF-1 subfamily of transcription factors in Jurkat and primary lymphocytes. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:76 (abstract no. 61) Newbound G, O'Rourke J, Andrews J, DeWille J, Collins N, Lairmore M The Jurkat cell line is often used to study transcriptional regulation in lymphocytes. Lymphocyte cell line models are not flawless because they may contain altered profiles of transcription factors and regulate transcription differently than primary blood lymphocytes (PBL). Promoter sequences responsive to cAMP, cAMP |
| 62 | Novel c-AMP responsive elements in the HIV-1 long terminal repeat bind multiple AP-1 and CREB/ATF proteins and cooperates with TNFalpha and PMA to increase viral transcription. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:76 (abstract no. 62) Rabbi MF, Roebuck KA We previously identified that downstream sequence elements or DSE in the U5 region of HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) bind AP-1 and cooperate with phorbol ester-protein kinase C (PKC) activation signals to increase viral expression. HIV-1 replication has been shown to depend on the cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. |
| 63 | Nef-induced MHC-I endocytosis. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:76 (abstract no. 63) Le Gall S, Heard JM, Schwartz O We have recently observed that Nef down-regulates cell surface expression of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules (Nature Medicine, 1996, 2:338). The stimulation of MHC-I endocytosis by Nef represents a previously undocumented viral mechanism for evading the immune response. We have analyzed the r |
| 64 | A peptide signal in HIV-1 Rev which inhibits nuclear diffusion. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:76 (abstract no. 64) Kubota S, Pomerantz RJ A new peptide signal which controls nucleocytoplasmic protein trafficking was identified in human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) Rev, a posttranscriptional transactivator. The sequence in the aminoterminal portion of Rev, keeps a Rev mutant, with a dysfunctional nuclear/nucleolar targeting signal, out of the nuc |
| 65 | Functional analysis of the HIV-1 Vif protein. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:76 (abstract no. 65) Aberham C, Karczewski M, Maldarelli F, Strebel K The HIV-1 Vif protein is an important regulator of viral infectivity. How exactly Vif exhibits this cell type specific function is still an open question. Vif is incorporated into virions in small amounts and stably associates with the viral core. Intracellularly, a large portion of Vif is found in the cytoskeletal fra |
| 66 | Destroying HIV from within. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:77 (abstract no. 66) Wakefield JK, Wu X, Boeke JD, Kappes JC, Hahn BH Foreign proteins (including deleterious enzymes) can be packaged into the HIV/SIV particle via fusion with virion associated accessory proteins Vpr and Vpx. To further investigate this concept as an antiviral strategy, we have fused vpr and vpx open reading frames of various HIV and SIV strains with genes encoding the |
| 67 | Identification of functional domains of the HIV-2 envelope glycoprotein involved in its Vpu-like activity on viral particle release. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:77 (abstract no. 67) Bour S, Aberham C, Strebel K We have recently shown that the envelope glycoprotein of the ROD 10 isolate of HIV-2 has the ability to positively regulate HIV-2 viral particle release. The activity provided by the ROD 10 Env was remarkably similar to that of the HIV-1 Vpu protein, thus raising the possibility that the two proteins act in a related f |
| 68 | Cytopathic effect and cellular dysfunction induced by HIV-1 Vpr in fission yeast. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:77 (abstract no. 68) Zhao Y, Yu M, Chen M, Yogev R We have reported that HIV-1 Vpr induces various changes in cell morphology in fission yeast. These morphogenetic changes were evaluated by the formation and organization of the cytoskeletal apparatus such as actin localization and cell wall chitin deposition. We used conventional fluorescence microscopy to observe acti |
| Session 15 — Poster Immunopathogenesis |
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| 69 | Enhanced neutralization activity of sera derived from rabbits immunized with an oligomeric form of HIV-1 envelope protein. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:77 (abstract no. 69) Sugiura W, Earl PL, Broder CC, Moss B Sera from HIV-1 infected individuals has been shown to have broad neutralizing activity--a feature that has not been mimicked by immunization with monomeric gp120. We previously constructed an oligomeric form of the HIV-1 IIIB envelope protein, gp140, which contains gp120 and the ectodomain of gp41 and showed that immu |
| 70 | A human monoclonal antibody directed to the V3 loop of clade E cross-reacts with other HIV-1 subtypes. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:77 (abstract no. 70) Gorny MK, Mascola JR, Israel ZR, Williams C, Balfe P, Vancott TC, Hioe C, Brodine S, Burda S, Zollapazner S To ascertain the antigenic relationship between HIV-1 viruses belonging to various genetically defined subgroups (clades), shared epitopes need to be defined. Human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are particularly useful for this purpose because they can detect complex regions of viral proteins which may be missed by sequ |
| 71 | Episodic neutralizing antibody (NA) responses in HIV-1 infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:78 (abstract no. 71) Dong M, Gao J, Saah AJ, Quinnan GV We reasoned that, if significant mutations in neutralization epitopes of HIV envelope proteins occurred periodically in patients with HIV infection, these may be reflected in changes in NA titers against selected virus strains. To test this hypothesis, sera from 10 participants in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study whic |
| 72 | A comparison of gp160 and p24 antibody titers of HIV+ index partners in HIV-concordant and discordant heterosexual couples. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:78 (abstract no. 72) Skurnick JH, Palumbo P, Stephens R, Denny TN, Louria DB To compare gp160 and p24 antibody titers of HIV-infected partners in HIV-concordant and discordant couples, as cofactors of heterosexual transmission. Methods: The index partners of 187 HIV-serodiscordant couples with one member at risk of infection only through sexual contact was compared to a cohort of 62 |
| 73 | Antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in HIV+ children. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:78 (abstract no. 73) Battle-Miller K, Baum L, Wright-Anto D, Krieger P, Rosenfeld E, Havalad S The major cause of HIV infection in children is vertical transmission. In adults, antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) plays a crucial role in killing HIV infected cells and low serum ADCC titers have been correlated with rapid disease progression in HIV+ men. Perinatally, maternal anti-HIV IgG1 antibodies capab |
| 74 | Lymphocyte proliferative response to HGP-30 among Thai patients infected with different HIV-1 subtypes. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:78 (abstract no. 74) Ubolyam S, Kosana O, Phanuphak P, Ruxrungtham K, Sarin PS Background: HGP-30, a 30 amino-acid residue of the gag protein p17 is one of the candidate HIV vaccines being tested in both infected and non-infected individuals from North America. For the vaccine to be applicable worldwide, it must also be recognized by individuals infected with other HIV-1 subtypes. To e |
| 75 | Immunological and virological study of persons exposed to HIV through sexual contact with infected patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:78 (abstract no. 75) Zerhouni B, Livrozet JM, Touraine JL To study 8 discordant couples in which individuals have been exposed to HIV during one year or more but neither seroconvert nor show any signs of HIV infection. Methods: We analyzed HIV-specific cytotoxicity in seven heterosexual and one homosexual discordant couples. Among HIV-seropositive partners, 2 patie |
| 76 | Effect of beta-carotene (BC) on HIV RNA (R) and CD4 (C) counts. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:78 (abstract no. 76) Nimmagadda AP, Burri BJ, Neidlinger T, O'Brien WA, Goetz MB Vitamin A (A) deficiency has been associated with increased risk of HIV disease progression. Since a previous study found that short-term BC (an A precursor) administration may improve (C) counts in HIV+ patients (P), we sought to confirm this finding and assess changes in R after BC use in HIV+ P. Methods: |
| 77 | Association of low serum p24 antibody (Ab) with mortality risk in HIV-1 infected children. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:79 (abstract no. 77) Mofenson L, Harris R, Meyer W, Moye J, Read J, Nugent R, Rich K, Pahwa S, Korelitz J, Bethel J To evaluate the association of p24 Ab, HIV-1 RNA, CD4% & mortality in HIV-infected children followed prospectively in the NICHD IVIG Clinical Trial. Methods: CD4% was measured & sera collected & stored (-70 degrees C) at entry & every 3 mos on study. Stored samples were assayed for p24 Ab end |
| 78 | Function of the innate immune system in infants born to HIV-infected mothers. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:79 (abstract no. 78) Harmon C, Palumbo P, Fitzgerald-Bocarsly P The innate immune system is hypothesized to provide a first-line defense in viral infections. In adult patients with HIV infection, both in vitro interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) production in response to viral stimulation (as measured both as frequency of IFN producing cells (IPC) and total IFN), as well as NK activity ag |
| 79 | Serum soluble CD30 as a predictor of prognosis in HIV-infected gay men. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:79 (abstract no. 79) Hanekom WA, Check IJ, Yogev R, Wu S, Phair JP Interaction of T cell surface CD30, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family, with its ligand results in either activation with enhanced HIV expression or apoptosis. Soluble CD30 (sCD30) is the product of proteolytic splicing from the cell surface. We postulated that sCD30 would be an immunologic indicator |
| 80 | Cytokine response to endotoxin in-vivo in HIV-infected patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:79 (abstract no. 80) Fong IW, da Silva D, Singer W, Ottaway CA The immune defects in HIV infection have been proposed to be due to a shift in immunoregulatory cytokines from Type I to dominant Type 2 profile. It has been proposed that IL-12 (NK-cell stimulator) production is impaired in HIV-infected patients, and IL-10 hyperproduction may account for IL-12 dysregulation. 29 HIV-in |
| 81 | Activation of leukemia inhibitory factor by HIV-1 Tat. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:79 (abstract no. 81) Knuchel MC, Lal RB Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in the maturation and differentiation of lymphocytes, as well as monocytes. Since these cells also represent the target cells of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), we sought to investigate whether HIV-1 would be able to modulate LIF expression. |
| 82 | Anti-CD3/2-chloro-5-nitrobenzoic acid costimulation enhances T-cell growth. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:79 (abstract no. 82) Kinchington D, Ng T, Mathews N, Tisdale M, Devine D, Ayuko W A number of analogues of benzoic acid disubstituted in the 2-5 positions were potent costimulators of anti-CD3-induced proliferation of PBMC. In particular, the sodium salt of 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzoic acid (CNBA-Na) costimulated donor PBMC (p = 0.001) in a dose-dependent manner. Further, CNBA-Na did not enhance HIV repl |
| 83 | CD40 antigen augments HIV-rgp 120-induced B lymphocyte activation and differentiation in seronegative donors. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:80 (abstract no. 83) Patke CL, Green CG, Shearer WT Previously we have shown evidence of a direct effect of recombinant HIV-gp120 on augmentation of B cell proliferation and differentiation by TNF-[proportional to] and IL-4. We present evidence here to show that a member of the TNF-[proportional to] receptor family, CD40, constitutively expressed on B cells, interacts w |
| 84 | Immune activation and HIV infection: relationship to treatment and viral load. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:80 (abstract no. 84) Calabrese LH, Mawhorter SD, Podlipsky K, Bacon A, Yen-Lieberman B, Edinger M, Tubbs R Previous investigations have demonstrated that HIV infection is characterized by a state of persistent immune activation and that several markers of such a state correlate with stage of disease as well as progression. Little data exists regarding how such markers are affected by therapy. The study consists of two parts |
| 85 | CD8+/CD38+ peripheral lymphocytes in HIV infection. Correlation with CD4+ levels. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:80 (abstract no. 85) Amiel C, Elhilai Z, Schuhmacher H, Baty V, Faure G, May T, Canton P, Bene MC It has been suggested that the co-expression of CD38 on CD8+ peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) could be of predictive value for a pejorative evolution of HIV infection. We performed a prospective study in 56 consecutive HIV+ patients (46 men, 10 women, mean age 38 plus or minus 9.5 years old), analysing the proportion |
| 86 | Quantitative correlations of cytokine (IL-2, IL-4, and gamma-IFN) synthesis-defined T cell subsets with opportunistic infections and eosinophilia in patients with HIV disease. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:80 (abstract no. 86) Peterson DM, Huynh C, Horton H, Pitcher CJ, Maino VC, Picker LJ We recently reported dysregulation of cytokine production associated with progressive HIV disease using a new flow cytometric technique that allows the rapid quantitation of cytokine synthesis-defined T cell subsets on a single cell basis, effectively determining what fraction of the overall T cell population has the c |
| 87 | Immunophenotypic characterization of idiopathic CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia (ICL). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:80 (abstract no. 87) Spira TJ, Jones BM, Hubbard MR, Green TA ICL is characterized by persistently low CD4+ T-cell numbers (less than 300/uL) and/or percentage (less than 20%) without a known cause. Patients may have opportunistic infections or may be asymptomatic. We have compared 20 persons with ICL to age-, race-, and CD4+ T-cell-matched persons with human immunodeficiency vir |
| 88 | Alloantigen-stimulated anti-HIV-1 factor. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:80 (abstract no. 88) Pinto LA, Sharpe S, Bethke FR, Shearer GM Several lines of evidence suggest that allo-specific immune responses might contribute to protection against HIV infection. Bruhl et al. recently demonstrated that allo-stimulated lymphocytes inhibit viral replication of HIV-1 in vitro. In the present study, we reproduced those observations and further investigated the |
| 89 | Cytokine and acute phase reactants protein variability in HIV infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:81 (abstract no. 89) Georges DL, Dorazio DA, Purvis SF, Dezube B, Lederman MM To better study and understand the role of proinflammatory cytokines in HIV-1 infection, we report here the variability in cytokine and acute phase protein measurement in persons with HIV disease. Plasma and serum markers were obtained five times in 28 patients (CD4 range 0 to 500) and inducible markers obtained three |
| 90 | Identification of a replication competent SIV variant lacking five sites for N-linked glycosylation in its envelope protein. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:81 (abstract no. 90) Reitter J, Czajak S, Desrosiers RC Carbohydrates comprise about 50 percent of the mass of gp120, the external envelope glycoprotein of SIV and HIV. The role of these carbohydrates in the life cycle of the virus is not known. While it has been speculated that carbohydrates may form a shield or haze to protect virus from antibody recognition, specific exp |
| 91 | HIV/AIDS is accelerated ageing of the immune system with spill over to the whole organism. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:81 (abstract no. 91) Hotschkiss G, Britton S Telomers from HIV/AIDS patients are reduced in length compared to age matched controls and the reduction correlates to stage of infection. At least 1 kilobase difference in length compared with uninfected age matched controls is noticeable in patients before AIDS. Once AIDS is established the difference is greater. Our |
| Session 16 — Poster Mucosal and Cellular Immunity |
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| 92 | Antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against HIV gp120 in cervical fluids of HIV positive women. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:81 (abstract no. 92) Baum LL, Eby CA, Battle-Miller K, Sum BM, Ramos MS, Weber K, Landay A In previous studies of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, low antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) serum titers correlated with rapid disease progression in HIV+ men. Although HIV+ women have serum ADCC activity, ADCC in mucosal secretions has not been reported. IgG and sIgA are present in cervical secr |
| 93 | Mucosal immune responses in four distinct compartments of women infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1: a comparison by site and correlation with clinical information. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:81 (abstract no. 93) Artenstein AW, VanCott TC, Sitz KV, Robb ML, Wagner KF, Veit SC, Rogers AF, Garner RP, Byron JW, Burnett PR, Birx DL Mucosal immune responses may be important in protection against the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and in vaccine design. Evaluation of these responses in natural infection may provide a basis for understanding vaccineinduced mucosal responses. Total antibody concentrations and HIV-1 specific binding antib |
| 94 | Upregulation of HIV-1 infection by cervico-vaginal lavage fluid. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:82 (abstract no. 94) Spear G, Saarloos MN, Landay A, Sha B, Benson C, Massad L, Al-Harthi L, Roebuck K This study was undertaken to determine whether factors which affect HIV infection of cells were present in cervico-vaginal lavage (CVL) fluid. Samples of CVL were collected in saline from participants in the Women s Interagency HIV Study (WIHS). The CVL was filtered and added at 1-10% to microtiter well cultures of H9 |
| 95 | Generation of dendritic cells from progenitors in rhesus macaque blood. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:82 (abstract no. 95) O'Doherty U, Ignatius R, Bhardwaj N, Pope M While the dendritic cells (DCs) of mouse and man have been extensively studied, those of the rhesus macaque remain poorly characterized. We present a method for generating large numbers of DCs from progenitors in rhesus macaque blood, based on techniques developed for human blood. For 6 days, a T-depleted population of |
| 96 | HIV-1 specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses stimulated by dendritic cells (DCs). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:82 (abstract no. 96) Fan Z, Huang X, Zheng L, Borowski L, Wilson C, Rinaldo C We characterized stimulation of anti-HIV-1 CTL precursors by blood-derived, cultured DCs during HIV-1 infection. Cultured DCs from HIV-1 nonprogressors and progressors were phenotypically comparable to healthy control DCs, expressing co-stimulatory molecules such as CD80 and CD86. There was no detectable p24 in the sup |
| 97 | Abstract Not Available Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:82 (abstract no. 97) |
| 98 | Enhanced interferon-gamma production in CD8+ but not in CD4+ T cells from HIV+ patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:82 (abstract no. 98) Eylar EH, Baez I, Yamamura Y, Rodriguez N, Colon SL, Lefranc C It has been reported that CD8+ T cells of lymph nodes produce INF-gamma and are 6 times more abundant than in controls. We find by FACS analysis of peripheral blood T cells activated by anti-CD3 and PMA, that the percent of CD8+ T cells (HIV+) is approximately 42-45%, compared to normal CD8+ cells of 13-14%. Cells were |
| 99 | Loss of T cell homeostasis in HIV-1 infection is associated with changes in viral load, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and T cell subsets. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:82 (abstract no. 99) Rinaldo C, Gupta P, Huang X, Fan Z, Mullins J, Gange S, Shankarappa R, Munoz A, Farzadegan B, Margolick J To understand the failure of T-cell homeostasis that precedes AIDS, we measured plasma viremia, T-cell subsets, and HIV-1-specific memory cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTLm) responses in 14 men with incident HIV-1 infection. There was no set point for viral load, as plasma viremia increased exponentially during the 5 years p |
| 100 | Nature of putative soluble HIV-1 suppressive factors. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:82 (abstract no. 100) Amjad M, Pomerantz RJ, Bagasra O There has been controversy regarding identity of the HIV-1 suppressive factor to be either beta-chemokines or the Levy factor as reported by Cocchi, et al. and Levy, et al. 1986. This report is an attempt to resolve this issue. We generated anti-HIV-1 factors from a well-characterized long-term non-progressor (LTNP). T |
| 101 | Correlation between the percentage of CD8+/CD38+ cells and viral load in HIV infected individuals. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:83 (abstract no. 101) Albarracin C, Hernandez JE Several recent studies have documented the value of plasma HIV-1 RNA levels as independent predictors of HIV disease progression. Plasma RNA levels directly measure viral replication, correlate inversely with CD4 counts and decrease with effective antiretroviral therapy. We previously reported an inverse correlation be |
| 102 | Analysis of HIV-1 suppressor activity mediated by CD8+ lymphocytes of humans and chimpanzees. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:83 (abstract no. 102) Pal R, Brown M, Nair BC, Markham P HTLV-I transformed CD8+ lymphocytes from HIV-1-infected humans and chimpanzees were cloned and analyzed for suppressor activity against HIV-1 isolates of different biological phenotypes. In cell free infection assays, supernatants from both human and chimpanzee CD8+ lymphocyte cultures inhibited infection of CD4+ human |
| 103 | Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) specificity relates to clinical progression in HIV-infected children. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:83 (abstract no. 103) Aldhous MC, Mok JY, Leigh Brown AJ, Froebel KS CTL activity is thought to be one of the major mechanisms by which primary viraemia is cleared and clinical stability maintained. In this study 13 HIV-infected children were studied for CTL activity prospectively for periods up to 4 years. Effector cells were PBMCs co-cultured with autologous PHA-blasts. Target cells w |
| 104 | Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) immunity to simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in sooty mangabeys with natural SIV infection and following experimental infection with SIVmac239. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:83 (abstract no. 104) Kaur A, Grant RM, McClure H, Feinberg MB, Johnson RP Sooty mangabeys with natural SIV infection have high plasma viral loads and yet do not progress to AIDS. To understand the immune basis of this protected state, SIV-specific CTL activity was analysed in 12 naturally infected sooty mangabeys. SIV-specific CTL were not detectable in fresh PBMC from 7 of 7 animals, even w |
| 105 | Identification of type-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to homologous viral proteins in laboratory workers accidentally infected with HIV-1. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:83 (abstract no. 105) Sipsas NV, Kalams SA, Trocha A, He S, Blattner WA, Walker BD, Johnson RP Characterization of the HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses has been limited by the use of target cells expressing viral proteins from laboratory isolates of HIV-1. This approach has favored identification of group-specific CTL responses and precluded assessment of the extent of type-specific CTL resp |
| 106 | Diminished HIV-specific CTL activity is associated with lower type 1 and enhanced type 2 responses to HIV-specific peptides during perinatal HIV infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:83 (abstract no. 106) Wasik TJ, Jagodzinski P, Kmieciak D, Lischner H, Kozbor D The early development of symptoms and the rapid progression of disease in some vertically infected infants are thought to reflect, in part, the immaturity of their immune systems. We examined the relationship between HIV-specific CTL activity and the profile of cytokine production induced by mAb to CD3 and HIV envelope |
| 107 | CD8 T-cell anti-HIV activity, but not C-C chemokine levels, is associated with plasma viremia levels in donors of endogenously infected CD4 cells. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:84 (abstract no. 107) Leno M, Carter AL, Steinmeyer AL, Goedert JJ, Robert-Guroff M To evaluate the relationship between the plasma viral load, the CD8+ T lymphocyte-mediated suppression of HIV replication, and the levels of C-C chemokines (RANTES, MIP-1a, MIP-1b) in plasma and CD8+ cell supernatants from HIV infected patients and long term non-progressors (LTNP). Methods: Levels of C-C che |
| 108 | Comparison of MHC restriction elements of HIV-specific CTL activity in HIV-seropositive subjects. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:84 (abstract no. 108) Anderson CG, Lynn A, McDonald D, Alfonso J, Haubrich R, McCutchan JA, Jolly DJ, Warner JF Nineteen HIV-seropositive subjects were followed for one year monitoring CD4 counts every two months and viral RNA levels and CTL activity on a monthly basis. Overall no correlation was seen between viral load and CTL activity. HIV-specific CTL activity was measured from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) on het |
| 109 | CD8+ T lymphocytes in the blood of HIV-infected individuals may have impaired function because they lack CD3zeta, the signaling chain of the T cell receptor complex. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:84 (abstract no. 109) Trimble LA, Lieberman J Freshly isolated PBMC from HIV-infected donors frequently lack detectable HIV-specific cytotoxicity, which becomes readily apparent after short-term culture. To investigate possible reasons for this disparity, we analyzed by flow cytometry the relative expression of CD3epsilon and CD3zeta, the signaling component of th |
| 110 | TCR-beta repertoire complexity and evolution of HIV infection; influence of anti-retroviral regimens including protease inhibitors. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:84 (abstract no. 110) Gorochov G, Kereveur A, Parizot C, Karmochkine M, Raguin G, Autran B, Debre P, Neumann A In order to study at a global level the complexity of the TCR repertoire in HIV patients, we made use of a technique based on quantitative and semiautomated analysis of TCR CDR3 lengths following Vbeta-Cbeta RT-PCR. In a first set of experiments, the CD4 and CD8 repertoires of 4 long term non-progressors and 3 typical |
| 111 | Competitive interference between a widely employed Calpha primer and Vbeta gene sequences in the RT-PCR-based semiquantitative analysis of the T-cell receptor repertoire. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:84 (abstract no. 111) Yin CQ, Nerurkar VR, Kellogg DE, Dashwood WM, Yanagihara R In developing a non-radioactive RT-PCR-based technique for the semiquantitative analysis of the T-cell receptor repertoire in HIV-infected, tuberculin skin test-reactive individuals, we employed oligonucleotide primers for the amplification of all 24 Vbeta genes, as well as a Calpha forward primer widely used by many i |
| 112 | Evidence for B cell-mediated activation of Vdelta1+ T lymphocytes during progression of HIV infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:84 (abstract no. 112) Kozbor D, Wasik TJ, Jasinski M, Lischner H Progression of HIV-induced immunodeficiency is associated with both B cell activation and an increased proportion of Vdelta1+ T cells in PBL. To examine whether the peripheral expansion of V1+ cells is driven by activated B cells, we isolated CD19+ PBL from HIV+ individuals at different stages of infection and used the |
| 113 | No evidence for a shift from a TH1 to a TH2-type response in HIV infection: analysis of IL-2,IL-4 and IFN-g production at cellular level in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:85 (abstract no. 113) Lemaitre F, Giangrande I, Michelet C, Dejour R, Cornillet B, Cartier F, Genetet B, Genetet N To address the question of whether a switch from a Th1 to a Th2-type cytokine profile may occur and could be a critical step in the progression of HIV infection, we performed analysis of cytokine expression at cellular level, after in vitro stimulation (PMA + ionomycin) of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from HIV-in |
| Session 17 — Poster HIV-1: Regulation of Expression |
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| 114 | Effect of splenectomy on plasma HIV-1 viral load. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:85 (abstract no. 114) Bernard NF, Chernoff DN, Tsoukas CM To determine whether spenectomy had an effect on HIV plasma viral titres. RATIONALE: If the spleen is an important reservoir for HIV and an important site for virus replication during the asymptomatic phase of disease, its removal may have an effect on the course of infection. We have observed that splenecto |
| 115 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan can induce NF-kappaB-dependent transcriptional activation of the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat in T-cells. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:85 (abstract no. 115) Bernier R, Olivier M, Tremblay M Tuberculosis has emerged as an epidemic extended by the large number of individuals infected with HIV-1, especially those who are injecting drug users. Recently, Zhang et al. have reported that Mycobacterium tuberculosis enhances HIV-1 replication in monocytoid cell lines by inducing nuclear translocation of the transc |
| 116 | HIV-1 RNA levels and expression of immune activation markers among adults during common acute infections and convalescence. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:86 (abstract no. 116) Greenblatt R, Wieder E, Karliner L, Inkina N, Ameli N, Lindquist C, Chernoff D, Staprans S Immune activation caused by infections or vaccinations may induce HIV replication. In order to study the effects of acute infections on viral replication and expression of activation markers, 40 adults (20 men and 20 women)(30 HIV + with absolute CD-4 cell counts 200-500 and 10 HIV-) were enrolled in a prospective stud |
| 117 | Chlamydia trachomatis and associated inflammatory neutrophils upregulate HIV-1 expression in vitro. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:86 (abstract no. 117) Landers DV, Mills JP, Moncado J, Gupta P, Schachter J Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infection is a risk factor for HIV acquisition. We studied the effects of Ct and inflammatory leukocytes on HIV-1 replication in vitro. Chronically HIV-1 infected monocytic cells (U1) were incubated with Ct elementary bodies (L2 or D serovar, MOI less than 1), PMN, or PBMC. HIV replication wa |
| 118 | Examination of HIV-1 viral quasispecies after tetanus immunization. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:86 (abstract no. 118) Ostrowski M, Li Y, Learn G, Justement J, Stanley S, Fauci AS We have previously demonstrated that immunization of HIV-1 infected individuals with the common recall antigen, tetanus toxoid, induces transient increases in plasma viremia. We sampled tissue from multiple compartments [plasma,peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), lymph node MCs (LNMCs)] in an asymptomatic HIV-1 |
| 119 | The effect of bacterial pneumonia on HIV viral load and T-cell phenotypes. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:86 (abstract no. 119) Schoenbaum EE, Farzadegan H, Gourevitch MN, Alpert P, Margolick J To study the effect of acute bacterial pneumonia on HIV viral load and immune activation among HIV infected persons. METHOD: HIV+ patients presenting with bacterial pneumonia had assessments of viral load (bDNA, Chiron), T-cell phenotypes with immune activation markers: less than 24 hours after start of anti |
| 120 | Effect of Trypanosoma cruzi infection on activation of HIV-1 in U1 cells. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:86 (abstract no. 120) Novak R, Engman D, Ghassemi M In the countries of Latin America where the HIV epidemic continues to increase, T.cruzi is endemic as a latent parasitic infection. There have been numerous reported cases of coinfection with HIV and T.cruzi in Brazil , where CNS tumor-like lesions were the main manifestation of infection. As with other coinfections, T |
| 121 | Exogenous and endogenous anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-beta inhibit tuberculosis-induced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication in CD8-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-infected individuals. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:86 (abstract no. 121) Goletti D, Weissman D, Jackson RW, Collins FM, Cauda R, Ortona L, Fauci AS It has been previously demonstrated that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication is the result of a balance between the effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines that increase viral replication, and those of anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that inhibit viral replication. Tuberculosis (TB) infection is the |
| Session 18 — Poster Viral Pathogenesis |
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| 122 | Effect of transmission route on window period estimates. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:87 (abstract no. 122) Satten GA, Busch MP Objectives: To determine the effect of route of transmission (sexual, parenteral) on time between detectability of p24 antigen (p24Ag), HIV-1 RNA or HIV-1 DNA and detectability of anti-HIV (IgG or IgM). Methods: We obtained data on the last anti-HIV negative sample from 347 homosexual men (HM) and 48 injection drug use |
| 123 | HIV-1-induced thymus depletion is associated with cell cycle dysregulation in vivo. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:87 (abstract no. 123) Duus KM, Wang L, Xiong Y, Su L The SCID-hu (Thy/Liv) model has been used to study the mechanisms of HIV-1 induced T cell death. HIV-1 infection of the human thymus in SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice leads to masive human T cell depletion, especially of CD4+ T cells, via induction of an active cell death program (apoptosis) in the T cells. Since the majority of |
| 124 | PET/FDG imaging of the lymphatic tissues in patients with HIV infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:87 (abstract no. 124) Graziano FM, Perlman SB, Hanson JM, Pyzalski RW, Scharko AM, Sosman JM, Pauza CD Background: Previous work by our group demonstrated the feasibility of using Positron Emission Tomography (PET) with 18 F-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) to evaluate the metabolic activity in the lymphoid system of rhesus macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus infection. The current report demonstrates that this |
| 125 | Viral and tissue factors determining the course of HIV infection in human lymphoid tissue in vitro. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:87 (abstract no. 125) Glushakova S, Margolis L, Baibakov B, Fitzgerald W, Hatfill S, Zimmerberg J The pathogenesis of HIV was studied in human immune tissue in vitro. Dissected blocks of human tonsils (tonsillar histocultures) from 112 donors were productively infected in vitro with either laboratory strains or primary isolates of HIV-1. The resulting CD4+ T cell depletion depended on both viral and tissue factors. |
| 126 | The majority of HIV Gag antigen in lymph node occurs as the mature form. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:87 (abstract no. 126) Weston C, Donovan RM, Markowitz NP, Baxa DM, Bush CE Mature HIV Gag protein (p24) is processed from a larger precursor protein (p55 Gag) during or shortly after virion assembly at the cell surface. Precursor HIV p55 antigen is released from lysing HIV infected cells. The objective of this experiment was to determine the presence and relative abundance of p24 and p55 in l |
| 127 | A comparison of Gag-pol precursor cleavage in naturally arising HIV-1 variants. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:88 (abstract no. 127) Bloom G, Perez E, Parikh S, Kay J, Mills J, Goodenow M, Dunn B All mammalian retroviruses have three genetic domains; 5 -gag-pol-env-3 . Gag encodes the structural genes, MA (matrix), CA (capsid), and NC (nucleocapsid). Pol codes for the enzymatic functions, PR (protease, RT (reverse transcriptase), and IN (integrase), and the env region for the envelope protein. The gag-pol gene |
| 128 | HTLV-I/II mRNA and antigen expression is increased in HIV and HTLV-I/II dual infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:88 (abstract no. 128) Beilke MA, Japa S, Vinson DG HIV and HTLV-I/II dual infections occur in at least 5% of HIV infected patients in many urban areas. There is evidence that dual infection may be associated with unique immune phenotypes and altered progression to AIDS. Also, HTLV-I-associated neurological diseases are becoming recognized in dually infected patients. I |
| Session 19 — Poster Neuropathogenesis |
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| 129 | Regulation of excitatory amino acid transport by HIV in human U251 astroglioma cells. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:88 (abstract no. 129) Kort JJ, Lawrence K Impairment of excitatory amino acid (EAA) uptake by astrocytes leading to excessive extracellular accumulation of EAAs may be one of the mechanisms contributing to death of neurons in HIV infection of the central nervous system. EAA transport in uninfected and HIV-infected human U251 astroglioma cells was characterized |
| 130 | Enhanced neurotoxicity by the macrophage-astroglia interaction is unique to CSF-derived HIV-1 isolates. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:88 (abstract no. 130) Nguyen G, Sei Y, Sei S It has been suggested that the neuron death occurring in HIV-encephalopathy may be caused by neurotoxic factors released from HIV-1-infected macrophages and/or microglia within central nervous system. We investigated whether macrophages (M/M) infected with HIV-1 strains that were isolated from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
| 131 | Disruption of astrocytic cultures by supernatants of HIV-infected macrophages requires active virus replication. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:89 (abstract no. 131) Perno CF, Aquaro S, Panti S, Balestra E, Mastino A, Cenci A, McCaroleo MC, Villani N, Calio R Objectives of the study: Assess whether the in vitro infection of macrophages (M/M) by HIV affects viability and functions of astrocytes. Methods: Astrocytic cells (from astrocytoma cell lines) were cultured for 24 hours either with supernatants (sups) of M/M infected by HIV-BaL treated/not treated with |
| 132 | Rapid progression of HIV-associated dementia is associated with CNS iNOS and gp41 expression. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 1997 Jan 22-26; 4th:89 (abstract no. 132) Adamson CD, McArthur JC, Dawson T, Dawson V To identify predictive markers of rapid progression for HIV-associated dementia (HAD) by measuring markers of immune activation and HIV expression within the CNS. Methods: A prospective consecutive series was drawn from 71 patients with HAD (1984-1994) diagnosed through the Johns Hopkins University HIV Neuro |
| 133 | HIV-RNA in CSF and permeability of the |