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9th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic InfectionsSeattle, Washington - February 24 -February 28, 2002 |
Cite as: Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2002 Feb 24-28;9th:Abstract No. xx
Plenary Lectures |
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| L1 | SIV Reservoirs and Human Zoonotic Risk. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. L1 Hahn B. To assess this risk, my group has begun to characterize the prevalence, geographic distribution, and genetic diversity of naturally occurring SIV infections, investigated to what extent humans are exposed to SIV through hunting and handling of primate bushmeat, developed non-invasive methods of SIV detection in endangered primate species, and conducted the first prevalence study and molecular characterization of SIVcpz in wild-living chimpanzees. The implications of our findings for the origins of HIV-1 and SIVcpz, and for assessing human zoonotic risk, will be discussed. |
| L2 | Dendritic Cell Responses and Host Interactions Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. L2 Melissa Pope Clarifying these issues will define the exact role of DCs in the transmission and dissemination of HIV infection and disease progression. This will facilitate the development of methods to improve the immune-activating capacity of DCs that will advance vaccine and therapeutic approaches as well as the design of strategies to prevent DC-driven infection that may be incorporated in microbicide development. |
| L3 | Immune Reconstitution and Immunologic Responses to Antiretroviral Therapies: Implications for Therapeutic Strategies Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. L3 Brigitte Autran Such a phenomenon does not reflect definitive alterations of the immune responses to HIV but rather reflects the insufficient production of HIV antigens during HAART. Such an hypothesis is supported by the rapid rebounds of HIV-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells during virus relapses following treatment discontinuation. This latter strategy is only partially helpful in chronic infection since the rare virus-specific CD4 T cells rapidly disappear in the face of pathogenic virus particles while only preexisting CD8 clones specific for HIV reappear and the immune repertoire does not broaden. Alternative promising strategies are opened by the association of anti-HIV vaccines to HAART in order to restimulate HIV-specific immunity before treatment is stopped, protect the host, and prolong time off therapy. Several programs of therapeutic immunization are in progress using recombinant attenuated pox-viruses or other vaccines. |
| L4 | Analysis of HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins and Neutralizing Antibodies Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. L4 P. Kwong1,4, S. Majeed1,4, S.-H. Xiang2, R. Gupta2, L. Wang2, M. Doyle3, D. Casper3, W. Hendrickson1, J. Sodroski2 and R. Wyatt*2,4 The identification of conformationally-fixed glycoproteins may provide unique molecules useful for the design of gp120-based vaccines and may provide insights for gp120-directed drug development. |
| L5 | A Potential HIV-1 Vaccine Using a Replication-Defective Adenoviral Vaccine Vector. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. L5 Emilio Emini for the Merck HIV-1 Vaccine Research Team BACKGROUND: The importance of the host cellular immune response for control of HIV-1 infection in seropositive humans is well-established. Although a prophylactic vaccine to prevent HIV-1 infection should preferably elicit both antiviral cellular and humoral immune responses, an immunogen that consistently induces broa |
| L6 | New Insights into Mechanisms of HIV-1 Resistance to Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. L6 John Mellors Further insights into the mechanisms of resistance, cross-resistance, resistance reversal and hypersusceptibility will undoubtedly lead to the more rationale use and design of RT inhibitors. |
| L7 | Treatment of Patients with Drug Resistant Virus. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. L7 Ann Collier Individualizing the approach for patients with drug resistant virus will ensure therapy minimizes the downsides and maximizes the benefits. This difficult management dilemma challenges all HIV laboratory scientists, clinical researchers, treatment advocates, and care providers to continue the quest to improve therapy and access to therapy for all persons with HIV. |
| L8 | HIV-1 Virion Morphogenesis. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. L8 Hans-Georg Kraeusslich This issue is of particular importance for understanding PR-inhibitor resistance, which appears to involve a mixture of alterations conferring resistance and those restoring viral fitness. Furthermore, virus assembly and reorganisation may also provide attractive targets for novel antiretrovirals, since capsid stability is maintained by multiple, weak, non-covalent interactions. |
| L9 | Transmission and Propagation of SIV and HIV Infection in vivo. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. L9 Ashley Haase This presentation will focus on how access, substrate availability, and spatial proximity affect transmission and propagation of SIV and HIV infection in vivo. A description of the first in rhesus macaque SIV model of heterosexual transmission, the role of preexisting inflammation in creating a "leaky" mucosal barrier, the different roles of resting and activated CD4+ T cells in transmission, virus production, and the dynamics of infection, based on evidence derived from new amplification technologies to visualize virus production. The presentation will conclude with a discussion of how virus-specific CD8, CTLs, and other factors profoundly alter levels of virus gene expression in vivo vis-a-vis infection of cell cultures. |
Oral Abstracts |
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| 1 | SCH C: Safety and Antiviral Effects of a CCR5 Receptor Antagonist in HIV-1- Infected Subjects Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 1 J. Reynes1, R. Rouzier2, T. Kanouni2, V. Baillat2, B. Baroudy3, A. Keung3, C. Hogan4, M. Markowitz4, and M. Laughlin3 Preliminary data with SCH C supports the CCR5 receptor as a viable target for antiretroviral therapy. |
| 2 | AMD-3100, a CXCR4 Antagonist, Reduced HIV Viral Load and X4 Virus Levels in Humans Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 2 Schols D1, S. Claes1, E. De Clercq1, C. Hendrix2, G. Bridger3, G. Calandra3, G. Henson3, S. Fransen4, W. Huang4, J. M. Whitcomb4, and C. J. Petropoulos4 for the AMD-3100 HIV study group 1 patient with pure X4 virus, receiving AMD-3100, exhibited a viral load reduction that was virologically and phenotypically consistent with an antiviral effect. Also in 8 patients with dual or mixed virus at baseline, X4 viruses were no longer detected at day 11 at a dose as low as 5 mcg/kg/h. The PhenoSense assay accurately determined the co-receptor tropism of HIV from patient samples and may be used to predict drug susceptibility and virologic response. |
| 3 | Determining the Relative Efficacy of Tenofovir DF Using Frequent Measurements of HIV-1 RNA During a Short Course of Monotherapy in Antiretroviral Drug Naive Individuals. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 3 M. Louie*1, C. Hogan1, A. Hurley1, B. Captan1, J. Flaherty2, P. Lamy2, A. Balagtas2, D. F. Coakley2, C. Chung1, D. Ho1, and M. Markowitz1 Based on determinations of relative efficacy, tenofovir DF has robust antiretroviral activity with potency comparable to ritonavir monotherapy. |
| 4 | TMC125, A Next-Generation NNRTI, Demonstrates High Potency After 7 Days Therapy in Treatment-Experienced HIV-1-Infected Individuals with Phenotypic NNRTI Resistance. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 4 B. Gazzard*1, A. Pozniak1, K. Arasteh2, S. Staszewski3, W. Rozenbaum4, P. Yeni5, G. van't Klooster6, K. De Dier6, M. Peeters6, M. P. de Béthune6, N. Graham7, and R. Pauwels6 TMC125, a next-generation NNRTI, administered at 900 mg BID for 7 days in treatment-experienced patients with highly NNRTI-resistant virus and currently failing on an NNRTI-containing regimen demonstrates significant antiviral potency and is well tolerated. |
| 5 | TMC125 Monotherapy for 1 Week Results in a Similar Initial Rate of Decline of HIV-1 RNA as Therapy with a 5-Drug Regimen Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 5 S. Sankatsing1, G. Weverling1, G. van't Klooster2, J. Prins1, and J. Lange*1 Monotherapy with the TMC125 in ART-naïve, HIV-1-infected individuals results in a similar initial rate of decline of plasma HIV-1 during the first week of therapy as a 5-drug regimen. These results demonstrate that TMC125 is a highly potent NNRTI. |
| 6 | Study DPC 083-203, a Phase II Comparison of 100 and 200 mg Once-Daily DPC 083 and 2 NRTIs in Patients Failing a NNRTI-Containing Regimen Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 6 N. Ruiz*1, R. Nusrat1, E. Lauenroth-Mai2, D. Berger3, C. Walworth4, L. T. Bacheler1, L. Ploughman1, P. Tsang1, D. Labriola1, R. Echols1, R. Levy1, and the DPC 083-203 Study Team Responses at week 8 suggest that DPC 083 is active in patients who have failed marketed NNRTIs and harbor NNRTI-resistant mutations. Response rates appear to be higher when DPC 083 is used in combination with at least 1 new NRTI. DPC 083 was generally well tolerated. |
| 7 | Study DPC 083-201: A Phase II Double-Blind (DB) Comparison of 3 Once Daily Doses of the NNRTI DPC 083 vs 600 mg Efavirenz (EFV) in Combination with 2 NRTIs in HIV Anti-Retroviral (ARV) Treatment-Naive Patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 7 N. Ruiz*1, R. Nusrat1, A. Lazzarin2, K. Arasteh3, F-D. Goebel4, S. Audagnotto5, A. Rachlis6, J. R. Arribas7, L. Ploughman1, W. Fiske1, D. Labriola1, R. Levy1, and R. Echols1 for the DPC 083-201 Study Team DPC 083 was highly effective and well tolerated in ARV-naïve patients. Compared with EFV, occurrence of dizziness was lower and of rash, dose-related. DPC 083 provides free trough plasma levels that exceed the IC90 for virus containing key NNRTI-resistant mutations. |
| 8 | S-1360: in Vitro Activity of a New HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitor in Clinical Development. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 8 T. Yoshinaga1, A. Sato1, T. Fujishita1, and T. Fujiwara*2 S-1360 represents a new class of potent anti-HIV agents. These results coupled with acceptable pre-clinical safety and animal PK profiles support the currently ongoing clinical investigations. |
| 9 | Identification and Characterization of a Novel Inhibitor of HIV-1 Entry - I: Virology and Resistance. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 9 P-F. Lin, B. Robinson, Y-F. Gong, K. Ricarrdi, Q. Guo, C. Deminie, R. Rose, T. Wang, N. Meanwell, Z. Yang, H. Wang, T. Zhang, and R. Colonno* The entry inhibitors described here are distinct from the CCR-5 and fusion inhibitors described by others. The encouraging preclinical profile of this novel inhibitor and its potential utility in all patient populations warrants further evaluation. |
| 10 | Identification and Characterization of a Novel Inhibitor of HIV-1 Entry - II: Mechanism of Action. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 10 P-F. Lin, K. Guo, R. Fridell, H-T. Ho, G. Yamanaka, and R. Colonno* Therefore, this novel class of HIV entry inhibitors block HIV-1 access into cells by binding to gp120 and inhibiting gp120/CD4 interactions. This novel class of entry inhibitors has the potential to expand current treatment options and address many of the needs for improved antiretroviral therapy. |
| 11 | HIV Prevalence in the United States, 2000 Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 11 P. L. Fleming*, R. H. Byers, P. A. Sweeney, D. Daniels, J. M. Karon, and R. S. Janssen HIV prevalence is likely to increase < 3% per year if current trends continue. The proportion of infected persons who know their status is increasing; three-quarters have been diagnosed, but a large proportion may not be in ongoing care. |
| 12 | HIV Infection among Men with Infectious Syphilis in Chicago, 1998-2000 Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 12 C. A . Ciesielski*1,2, and S. Boghani1 MSM with infectious syphilis were 1.6 times more likely to have been tested for HIV infection and 10 times more likely to be HIV+ than heterosexual men. The high proportion of HIV infection among these men is concerning, suggesting a high level of unsafe sexual activity among persons with known HIV infection. As about a third of these men have not been tested for HIV infection, these data also demonstrate that a significant proportion of very high-risk men are not being tested for HIV and highlight the critical need to increase HIV testing and educational efforts among both MSM and high-risk heterosexual men. |
| 13 | Lower Mortality in Ambulatory HIV-Infected Patients who Initiate Antiretroviral Therapy at Higher CD4+ Cell Counts Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 13 F. Palella*1, M. Knoll1, J. Chmiel1, A. Moorman2, K. Wood3, A. Greenberg2, and S. Holmberg2 for the HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS) Investigators These preliminary data suggest that initiation of ART for patients with CD4 201-350 cells/mm3, and possibly those with CD4 351-500, is associated with reduction in mortality in comparison with those for whom such therapy is delayed. Such survival benefits should be considered when evaluating the optimal timing of ART initiation. |
| 14 | Deaths from Non-AIDS-Related Diseases Have Increased as a Proportion of Deaths of HIV-Infected Persons since the Advent of HAART. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 14 M. I. Wolfe*, D. L. Hanson, R. Selik, and D. L. Swerdlow This study demonstrates that since the advent of HAART there have been declines in proportions of deaths from some AIDS-related causes, likely due to both improved treatment and prophylaxis. However, this study shows that there have been increasing proportions of some deaths from non-AIDS-related causes including liver and kidney disease, and possibly ischemic heart disease. While these results may be partially explained simply by the declines in AIDS-related causes, data from this analysis should be used to guide research into the question of whether some of these increases may be due to adverse outcomes from HAART or due to the aging population of persons infected with HIV. |
| 15 | Acceptability, Behavioral Impact, and Possible Efficacy of Post-Sexual-Exposure Chemoprophylaxis (PEP) for HIV Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 15 M. Schechter*1 , R. F. Lago1 , R. Ismerio1 , A. B. Mendelsohn2, and L. H. Harrison2 Although reported subjective side-effects were relatively common, > 90% of PEP courses were completed. The reported behaviors on average improved in this cohort with access to PEP. PEP failure occurred only once and it was associated with resistance to one of the antiretrovirals used. |
| 16 | Outbreak of HIV-1 and HCV Infection among Illegal Blood Donors in China Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 16 L. Zhang*1, Y. Cao2, J. Yu1, T. He1, W. Yu1, Z. Chen1, N. Yin2, S. Mei2, Z. Zhou2, Y. He2, W. Lu2, Z. Chen1, and D. Ho1 In conclusion, our findings show that the epidemics of HIV-1 and HCV infection in China are the consequences of multiple introductions. The distinct distribution patterns of HIV-1 and HCV genotypes in different high-risk groups are tightly linked to the mode of transmission rather than geographic proximity. Our findings should compel health care workers and government officials to implement necessary preventive measures to prevent the further dissemination of these viruses in the world's most populous nation. |
| 17 | Spreading of a Non-B Recombinant Form in Seroconverting IVDUs. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 17 S. Jost1, S. Yerly*1, D. Kaufmann2, M. Monnat2, A. Telenti2, J. P. Chave2, L. Kaiser1, P. Burgisser2, M. Flepp3, and L. Perrin1 Unlike the recombinant A/B epidemic in Leningrad IVDUs, the spread of the recently introduced recombinant J/A in IVDUs remains restricted to a relatively small area in Switzerland and almost exclusively in IVDUs. This study also indicates that, even in a small population, recombination events can be detected (A and B C2V3 within the context of a novel recombinant virus). |
| 18 | Tracking the Worldwide Subtype C Epidemic Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 18 C. Kuiken*, U. R. Smith, D. Lang, and T. Bhattacharya While in Africa the overall pattern in the subtype C epidemic appears to be chaotic, there are regions where distinct sub-epidemics can be identified. It is possible that patterns will emerge when the sampling density increases. The Asian epidemic is probably much younger (dating from the mid-1980s) and tracing the spread of the virus here appears to be very feasible. While the number of well-annotated sequences is small, increased awareness and interest in designing an appropriate vaccine should lead to a rapid accumulation of data. |
| 19 | Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type 1 and Type 2 RNA and DNA in Vaginal Secretions among Women in Senegal, West Africa Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 19 C. W. Critchlow*1 , S. Hawes1, M. Redman1, P. Sow2, and N. Kiviat1 Frequency of detection and vaginal HIV RNA levels were higher among women with HIV-1 than HIV-2. Increased rates of vaginal HIV shedding, and most likely, of transmission, seen among women with HIV-1 appears to be attributable to higher viral burden at a given CD4 count among women with HIV-1. |
| 20 | Factors Associated with Clinical Progression in HIV-2-Infected Patients Included in the French ANRS Cohort Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 20 Matheron S, Pueyo S, Damond F, Campa P, Simon F, Chene G, Brun-Vezinet F, The French HIV-2 Cohort Study Group; Bichat-Claude Bernard Hosp., Paris BACKGROUND: Our purpose was to identify factors associated with clinical progression (new B or C event or death) in the French HIV-2 national cohort. METHODS: A prospective, multicenter cohort of adult HIV-2-infected patients was initiated in 1994. Epidemiological, clinical, biological, and therapeutic data were collec |
| 21 | Equal Plasma Viral Loads Predict a Similar Rate of CD4+ T-Cell Decline in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type-1 and HIV Type-2-Infected Individuals from Senegal, West Africa Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 21 Gottlieb GS, Sow P, Hawes S, Ndoye I, Redman M, Coll-Seck AM, Faye M, Diop A, Kuypers JM, Critchlow CW, Respess R, Mullins J, Kiviat N; Univ. of Washington, Seattle BACKGROUND: In comparison to HIV-1, HIV-2 infection is characterized by slower disease progression and lower rates of transmission. Gaining insights into the relationship between plasma HIV RNA viral load, PBMC HIV DNA levels, and the rate of CD4+ cell decline associated with HIV-2 as compared to HIV-1 infection is ess |
| 22 | Dynamics of T-Lymphocyte Turnover in Sooty Mangabeys, a Nonpathogenic Host of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 22 Kaur A, Barabasz AF, Rosenzweig M, McClure H, Feinberg MB, Johnson RP; New England Regional Primate Res. Ctr., Harvard Med. Sch., Southborough, MA BACKGROUND: Although several studies have demonstrated the presence of increased T- lymphocyte turnover in pathogenic HIV/SIV infection, there is little data in nonpathogenic lentiviral infection. Sooty mangabeys, a natural host of SIV, do not develop AIDS despite high viral loads and viral turnover rates that are comp |
| 23 | Down-Regulation of CCR5 on CD4+ T Cells of SIVsm-Infected Sooty Mangabeys. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 23 Veazey R, Ling B, Lackner A, Marx P; Tulane Regional Primate Res. Ctr., Covington, LA BACKGROUND: Sooty mangabey monkeys are the natural host species for simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVsm). Despite high levels of viral replication and persistence, sooty mangabeys infected with SIVsm do not develop AIDS, maintain relatively stable CD4+ T-cell counts, and live an apparently normal lifespan. In contrast |
| 24 | Blockade of T-Cell Co-Stimulation during Acute SIV Infection in Rhesus Macaques Blunts SIV-Specific Cellular Immune Responses but Does not Protect Them from AIDS Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 24 Garber D, Silvestri G, Fedanov A, Kozyr N, Barry A, Ibegbu C, Carter A, Anderson D, Wang X, Mittler R, McClure H, Larsen C, Altman J, Staprans S, Feinberg MB; Emory Vaccine Res. Ctr., Atlanta, GA BACKGROUND: SIV infection of rhesus macaques results in immune system activation and in progression to simian AIDS. In contrast, sooty mangabey monkeys, a natural reservoir of SIV, exhibit little immune activation or CTL responses to SIV, despite high levels of cytopathic viral replication. Further, sooty mangabeys do |
| 25 | Innate Immune Defense Mechanisms Involved in the Control of HIV Replication: Inverse Correlation of HIV Viremia with NK Cell Function. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 25 Kottilil S, Chun TW, Moir S, Liu S, McLaughlin M, Maldarelli F, Fauci AS; NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD BACKGROUND: CD8+ T-cell-mediated viral suppression has been described in HIV-infected individuals. However, the role of the innate immune system in the control of HIV replication is unclear. We examined both cell and soluble factor-mediated suppression of endogenous HIV replication in CD4+ T cells from infected individ |
| 26 | CD63: A Potential Co-Factor for HIV Infection of Macrophages. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 26 Von Lindern J, Grovit-Ferbas K, Yeramian C, Pappas TC, Deng C, Herbein G, Ferguson M, O'Brien WA; Univ. of Texas Med. Branch, Galveston BACKGROUND: Macrophages are important target cells for HIV infection and contribute to pathogenesis by serving as a long-lived viral reservoir. Culture or cytokine activated macrophages are more susceptible to HIV infection, as compared with monocytes. Identification of cellular factors that are involved in efficient H |
| 27 | Intestinal Mucosal Macrophages Are a Principle Reservoir of HIV Replication and Sustain High Levels of Infectious Virus in Persons with Chronic Progressive HIV Infection Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 27 Brodie S, Tabet S, Krieger J, Haggitt R, Nickle D, Johnson A, Coombs RW, Mullins J, Corey L, Celum C; Univ. of Washington, Seattle BACKGROUND: The gastrointestinal tract is both an early site of HIV infection and immune dysregulation, where mucosal leukocytes are the initial targets of virus replication. METHODS: We measured cell-associated HIV proviral DNA and replicative HIV RNA in rectal mucosal lymphocytes, macrophages (Mj), and dendritic cell |
| 28 | Expression of DC-SIGN by Intestinal and Genital Mucosal Dendritic Cells in Humans and Rhesus Macaques Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 28 Jameson B, Baribaud F, Pohlmann S, Ghavimi D, Mortari F, Doms R, Iwasaki A; Yale Univ., New Haven, CT BACKGROUND: Dendritic cells (DCs) are proposed to play a key role in HIV transmission and pathogenesis. To better understand the mechanism of HIV interaction with DCs at mucosal surfaces, we examined the expression of the HIV adhesion molecule, dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3 grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN), its closely |
| 29 | Apoptosis of Uninfected Bystander T Cells Induced by HIV-1 Viruses with Enhanced Affinity for CD4 and Increased Exposure of the Co-Receptor Binding Site Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 29 Holm G, Zhang C, Gabuzda D; Dana-Farber Cancer Inst., Boston, MA BACKGROUND: During HIV-1 infection, both infected and uninfected CD4+ T cells undergo apoptosis, contributing to T-cell depletion. We investigated the ability of HIV-1 to induce apoptosis in uninfected bystander CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and determinants of the viral envelope that influence indirect cytopathic effects. |
| 30 | The CCR5 Promoter Polymorphism P1 is Associated with Enhanced Expression of HIV-1 Entry Co-Receptors CCR5, CXCR4, and CCR3 on Primary T Cells Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 30 Carrington M, Perfetto S, Lamoreaux L, Wang C, Larrimore K, Ehrenberg P, Michael N; NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD BACKGROUND: Subjects homozygous for haplotype P1 in the promoter region of CCR5, a major co-receptor for cellular entry of HIV-1, have previously been shown to progress more rapidly to AIDS. No association between cell surface expression of HIV entry co-receptors on primary CD4+ T cells and CCR5 promoter genotype has b |
| 31 | An Objective Case Definition of HIV Lipodystrophy Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 31 A. Carr* for the HIV Lipodystrophy Case Definition Study Group This model can diagnose HIV lipodystrophy objectively and relatively simply. |
| 32 | Switching Stavudine or Zidovudine to Abacavir for HIV Lipoatrophy: A Randomised, Controlled, Open-Label, Multicentre, 24-Week Study. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 32 A. Carr*1, D. Smith2, C. Workman3, J. Hoy4, N. Doong5, J. Amin2, M. Law2, D. A. Cooper1,2, and the MITOX Study Group LA in HIV-infected adults improves, but does not normalise, and viral load remains stable, after switching to ABC from d4T or AZT for 24 weeks. |
| 33 | Prospective Study of Hyperlipidemia in ART-Naive Subjects Taking Combivir/Abacavir (COM/ABC), COM/Nelfinavir (NFV), or Stavudine (d4T)/Lamivudine (3TC)/NFV (ESS40002). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 33 P. Kumar*1, A. Rodriguez-French 2, M. Thompson3, K. Tashima4, V. Williams5, P. Wannamaker5, and M. Shaefer5 These 48-week results indicate that therapy with COM/ABC has comparable virologic and immunologic efficacy with a more favorable lipid profile as compared to PI-containing regimens. Gender differences will be presented. |
| 34 | Distinguishable Lipid Profiles between PI and NNRTI Therapy May Carry Different Risk of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 34 van Leth F, Friis-Moller N, Weber R, d'Arminio A, Kirk O, Thiebaut R, Morfeldt L, Pradier C, Calvo G, Law M, Bartsch G, De Wit S, Sabin C, Lundgren JD, Reiss P, The DAD Study Group; ATHENA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands BACKGROUND: PI-containing ART is associated with increased plasma total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG), without much change in HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c). In contrast, a rise in HDL-c leading to a reduced TC/HDL-c ratio has been shown in NNRTI-containing ART. We analysed lipid profiles in patients on different AR |
| 35 | Incidence of Symptomatic Hyperlactatemia in HIV-Infected Adults on NRTIs. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 35 Lonergan JT, Havlir D, Barber E, Mathews WC; Univ. of California, San Diego BACKGROUND: Symptomatic hyperlactatemia (SH) is associated with NRTI therapy and is characterized by abdominal complaints, liver abnormalities, and elevated lactate levels. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the incidence rate (IR) of this complication varies with the number of NRTIs or with NRTI comb |
| 36 | Incidence of Grade IV Events, AIDS, and Mortality in a Large Multicenter Cohort Receiving HAART Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 36 Reisler R, Han C, Burman W, Tedaldi E, Neaton J; NIAID,NIH, Bethesda, MD BACKGROUND: Use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for HIV has made a dramatic impact upon survival. Yet, there is a paucity of data regarding the incidence of life threatening events in the era of HAART. We therefore sought to quantify the incidence of grade IV events and mortality in a multicenter HIV co |
| 37 | Safe Interruption of Maintenance Therapy (MT) against Prior Infection with 4 Common HIV-Associated Opportunistic Pathogens during Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 37 Kirk O, Reiss P, Uberti-Foppa C, Bickel M, Gerstoft J, Pradier C, Wit F, Ledergerber B, Lundgren JD, Furrer H, 7 European HIV cohorts; EuroSIDA, Copenhagen, Denmark BACKGROUND: The safety of interrupting MT for cytomegalovirus end-organ disease ( CMV ), disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection ( MAC ), cerebral toxoplasmosi, and extrapulmonary cryptococcosis while receiving HAART is not well documented. |
| 38 | CMV and HIV Viral Burden and Development of CMV End-Organ Disease: a Prospective Study in HIV-Infected Subjects (ACTG 360). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 38 Erice A, Tierney C, Hirsch M, Caliendo A, Weinberg A, Kendall M, Polsky B, The ACTG 360 Study Team; Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis BACKGROUND: In advanced HIV infection, the relationships between CMV burden, HIV burden, and risk for developing CMV end-organ disease (EOD) are not well established. METHODS: ACTG 360 was a 3-year observational study of CMV EOD in HIV-infected subjects without prior CMV EOD and a CD4 cell count of 50 cells/mm(3) withi |
| 39 | CMV Viraemia is an Independent Predictor of Disease Progression and Death in the Era of HAART. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 39 Deayton J, Sabin C, Johnson MA, Emery V, Griffiths P; Royal Free and Univ. Coll. Sch. of Med., London, UK BACKGROUND: Studies conducted prior to the introduction of HAART associated CMV viraemia with an increased risk of both development of CMV disease and death. As the natural history of CMV has since altered, this study aims to investigate whether CMV viraemia remains independently associated with disease progression and |
| 40 | Adipocyte-Derived Hormone Levels and their Corrlates in the HIV Lipodystrophy Syndrome. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 40 L. Kosmiski, D. Kuritzkes, K. Lichtenstein, and R. Eckel Leptin and adiponectin levels are altered in the HIV-LD. Leptin levels correlate with measures of adiposity and adiponectin with measures of body fat distribution. The levels of these hormones are strongly correlated with and independent predictors of insulin sensitivity in the HIV-LD. Adiponectin deficiency may contribute to the insulin resistance of this LD syndrome. |
| 41 | A Randomized Trial Comparing 2 4-Drug Antiretroviral Regimens with a 3-Drug Regimen in Advanced HIV Disease. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 41 Fischl M, Ribaudo H, Collier AC, Erice A, Giuliano M, Dehlinger M, Eron JJ, Saag M, Hammer S, Vella S, Feinberg J, The AIDS Clinical Trials Group 388 Team; Univ. of Miami, FL BACKGROUND: Optimal treatment for advanced HIV infection is not well defined. METHODS: ACTG 388 was a phase III open-label randomized study of lamivudine ( 3TC ) and zidovudine (ZDV) with either indinavir (IDV), |
| 42 | Atazanavir Plus Saquinavir Once Daily Favorably Affects Total Cholesterol (TC), Fasting Triglyceride (TG), and Fasting LDL Cholesterol (LDL) Profiles in Patients Failing Prior Therapy (Trial AI424-009, Week 48). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 42 D. W. Haas*1, C. Zala2, S. Schrader3, A. Thiry4, R. McGovern4, and S. Schnittman4 In subjects who have failed a prior regimen, atazanavir/saquinavir once daily was safe and well tolerated, and it rapidly and durably suppressed HIV RNA and durably increased CD4. Atazanavir/saquinavir once daily lowered TC, LDL, and TG levels from baseline, whereas ritonavir/saquinavir twice daily produced prompt, marked, and sustained increases. The ability to improve serum lipid profiles in treatment-experienced subjects suggests that atazanavir may reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in this population. |
| 43 | Effect of Baseline Nucleoside-Associated Resistance on Response to Tenofovir DF (TDF) Therapy: Integrated Analyses of Studies 902 and 907 Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 43 Miller MD, Margot NA, Lu B; Gilead Sci., Foster City, CA BACKGROUND: Studies 902 and 907 were placebo-controlled, double-blind studies evaluating TDF when added to stable regimens in treatment-exp. Patients. 94% of patients had NRTI-resistance mutations at baseline (BL). TDF 300 mg therapy resulted in statistically significant mean HIV RNA reductions from BL to week 24 (DAVG |
| 44 | Crystal Structure of HIV-1 RT with Template-Primer Terminated with the Acyclic Nucleotide RT Inhibitor Tenofovir Suggests Mechanisms of Evading Resistance. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 44 Tuske S, Sarafianos S, Clark AD Jr, Ding J, Naeger LK, Miller MD, Gibbs C, Jerina DM, Hughes S, Arnold E; Ctr. for Advanced Biotechnology and Med., Piscataway, NJ BACKGROUND: The nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor tenofovir retains potency against NRTI-resistant mutants of HIV-1 RT. We have employed structural studies to investigate the relationship between the acyclic nature of tenofovir and the mechanism of sensitivity to HIV-1 RT mutants. METHODS: A modified oligonucl |
| 45 | Efavirenz Hypersusceptibility Improves Virologic Response to Multidrug Salvage Regimens in ACTG 398. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 45 Mellors J, Vaida F, Bennett K, Hellmann NS, DeGruttola V, Hammer S, The ACTG 398 Study Team; Univ. of Pittsburgh, PA BACKGROUND AND METHODS: ACTG 398 assessed whether a second protease inhibitor (PI), combined with amprenavir (APV 1200 mg BID), abacavir (ABC 300 mg BID), efavirenz (EFV 600 qd), and adefovi |
| 46 | Different Pathways to Nelfinavir Genotypic Resistance in HIV-1 Subtypes B and G. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 46 Gomes P, Diogo I, Goncalves MF, Carvalho P, Cabanas J, Lobo MC, Camacho R; Hosp. Egas Moniz, Lisbon, Portugal BACKGROUND: Subtype G is the commonest non-B subtype in HIV-1-infected patients in Portugal (12% of the total number of infections). Although genotypic resistance to antiretroviral drugs has been extensively studied for HIV-1 subtype B, less is known about genotypic correlates for resistance on non-B subtypes. |
| 47 | Drug Resistant Replication Competent HIV-1 Occurs Initially in the CD45RO Subset of CD4 T Cells and Subsequently in CD45RA CD4 Lymphocytes Following Antiretroviral Therapy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 47 Rose S, Perez E, Lamers S, Sleasman J, Goodenow M; Univ. of Florida Coll. of Med., Gainesville BACKGROUND: CD4 T cells are classified based on expression of CD45RA or CD45RO. Cell phenotypes reflect differences in cell half-lives, activation, and HIV-1 susceptibility. HIV-1 is found predominantly in the CD45RO CD4 subset of T cells that have a short life-span. CD4 lymphocytes and macrophages that are long-lived |
| 48 | Interruption/Stopping Antiretroviral Therapy and the Risk of Clinical Disease: Results from the EuroSIDA Study Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 48 Lundgren JD, Vella S, Paddam L, Blaxhult A, Vetter N, Clumeck N, Panos G, Fisher M, Katlama C, Phillips AN; EuroSIDA Coord Office, Hvidovre, Denmark BACKGROUND: Reports suggest that it has been relatively common for people to interrupt (or stop altogether) antiretroviral therapy. METHODS: We studied 3610 people within the EuroSIDA study who started a HAART regimen (3 drugs taken simultaneously). We assessed the tendency for therapy interruption and evaluated the re |
| 49 | Dynamics of HIV Rebound in Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) after Interruption of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 49 Ellis RJ, Letendre S, Frost SD, Leigh Brown AJ, Childers ME, McCutchan JA, HIV Neurobehavioral Res. Ctr; Univ. of California, San Diego BACKGROUND: Previously presented findings suggest that HIV in CSF represents a mixed viral population derived from at least 2 sources: extraneural trafficking, and local replication in neural tissues. Among patients with CD4 counts > 200, pleocytosis (elevated CSF leukocytes) typically accompanies CSF HIV RNA levels > |
| 50 | Viral Populations Emerging in Plasma during Sequential Structured Treatment Interruptions in Chronically HIV-Infected Individuals Are Genetically Distinct between Time-Points and Tissues Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 50 Martinez-Picado J, Frost SD, Marfil S, Puig T, Clotet B, Ruiz L; irsiCaixa Fndn., Badalona, Spain BACKGROUND: The sources of re-emerging HIV-1 in plasma during sequential structured treatment interruptions (SSTI) in asymptomatic infected patients have not been completely elucidated yet. Our goal was to determine whether viral populations from plasma RNA and PBMC DNA following STI are genetically distinct between ti |
| 51 | Recruitment of Tsg101 to Sites of Particle Assembly, Mediated by Short Peptide Motifs Is Required for Efficient HIV-1 and Ebola Virus Particle Budding Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 51 Martin-Serrano J, Zang T, Bieniasz PD; Aaron Diamond AIDS Res. Ctr., Rockefeller Univ., New York, NY BACKGROUND: Retroviral Gag proteins encode sequences, termed late or L-domains, that facilitate the final stages of particle budding from the plasma membrane. In HIV-1, L-domain function is provided by sequences in the p6 protein. Recently, p6 was reported to bind a cellular protein, Tsg101. The objective of this study |
| 52 | Overexpressing the E2-Like Domain of Tsg 101 Supresses HIV-1 Budding by Blocking p6 Late Domain Activity Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 52 Demirov D, Ono A, Freed E; NIH, Bethesda, MD BACKGROUND: A 6 kDa, Pro-rich protein, p6, is encoded by the C-terminus of the HIV-1 gag gene. Previously, we demonstrated that a highly conserved Pro-Thr-Ala-Pro (PTAP) sequence near the N-terminus of p6 is essential for efficient virus budding. Mutations in this motif result in a dramatic accumulation of tethered vir |
| 53 | Formation of an HIV-1 Core of Optimal Stability Is Crucial for Viral Replication Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 53 Forshey BM, von Schwedler U, Sundquist WI, Aiken C; Vanderbilt Univ. Sch. of Med., Nashville, TN BACKGROUND: Virions of HIV-1 and other lentiviruses contain conical cores comprised of an internal ribonucleoprotein complex surrounded by a protein shell composed of the viral capsid protein (CA). Although genetic studies have implicated CA in both early and late stages of the virus replication cycle, the mechanism of |
| 54 | HIV-1 Vif Is Associated with HP68, a Host Protein that Appears to Be Essential for Immature Capsid Formation. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 54 Klein K, Lingappa J; Univ. of Washington, Seattle BACKGROUND: Using a system that reconstitutes immature HIV-1 capsid formation, we identified a cellular factor (HP68) that selectively associates with HIV-1 Gag polypeptides in a variety of systems including HIV-1-infected T cells. Studies using dominant negative mutants of HP68 in cells as well as depletion-reconstitu |
| 55 | The Identification of Cellular Host Factors Important for the HIV-1 Vif Phenotype Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 55 Sheehy AM, Malim MH; Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia BACKGROUND: The Vif protein of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) is absolutely required for the productive and sustained infection of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and certain transformed lymphocytic T-cell lines, but is not required in other T-cell lines. This requirement for Vif in different cell lines |
| 56 | A C-Terminal Nuclear Localization Signal in HIV-1 Integrase Mediates Viral Nuclear Import Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 56 D. R. Kaufman, B. Chai, J. Chang, N. Genoud, A. Steed, and M. Muesing* These results indicate that the integrase NLS plays a significant role in the nuclear import of the HIV-1 genome. |
| 57 | Interaction of HIV-1 Vpr with Cdc25C: Implications for G2 Arrest Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 57 Goh WC, Manel N, Emerman M; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Res. Ctr., Seattle, WA BACKGROUND: The Vpr gene of HIV-1 encodes a 14-kD protein that prevents cells from passing through mitosis by arresting them in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. This property is highly conserved among all known primate vpr alleles and likely serves an important function in viral pathogenesis. Vpr increases viral express |
| 58 | HIV Infection Results in G2 Cell Cycle Arrest In Vivo Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 58 Sherman MP, Neidleman JA, Williams S, de Noronha C, Eckstein D, Kahn J, Hecht R, Warmerdam M, Greene WC; Gladstone Inst. of Virology and Immunology BACKGROUND: The HIV-1 genome encodes the small, multifunctional Vpr protein that enhances HIV replication in macrophages and, when over-expressed in cultured primate cell lines, induces G2 cell cycle arrest. This arrest has been proposed to provide a favorable intracellular milieu for HIV LTR mediated transcription and |
| 59 | CD4-Bound Conformation of HIV-1 gp120 Improved by Introduced Disulfide Bonds. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 59 Xiang SH, Kwong P, Vainshtein J, Sodroski J; Dana-Farber Cancer Inst., Boston, MA BACKGROUND: We previously reported that the Phe-43 cavity-filling mutant (375 S/W) of HIV-1 YU2 gp120 was partially stabilized in a CD4-bound conformation. This mutant largely reduced the binding of all 5 tested CD4-binding-site (CD4BS) antibodies, but did not disrupt CD4 and CD4-induced (CD4i) antibody binding. Here w |
| 60 | Effects of Compartmentalization on HIV-1 Nef Evolution Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 60 Pillai S, Guatelli J, Spina C, Letendre S, Ellis RJ, Wong JK, Richman DD; Univ. of California, San Diego BACKGROUND: One of the primary functions of the HIV-1 Nef protein in vivo is evasion of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response, via down-modulation of MHC class I expression at the cell surface. Recent data suggest that the extent of MHC down-modulation by Nef varies with respect to disease stage, possibly due to fl |
| 61 | Factors Associated with AIDS Dementia Complex Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 61 Brew B, Fulham M, Garsia R; St. Vincent's Hosp., Sydney, Australia BACKGROUND: Recently, the incidence of AIDS dementia complex (ADC) has been found to have halved as a consequence of the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) but it is unknown whether this can be maintained with long-term HAART. Moreover, it is not clear what factors are important in ADC develop |
| 62 | Relationship of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) White Blood Cells (WBCs) to CSF and Systemic HIV Infection: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analysis Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 62 Price RW, Nilsson A, Deeks SG, Verotta D, Grant RM; Univ. of California, San Francisco BACKGROUND: Though common in HIV infection, CSF pleocytosis is not well characterized. This study aimed to further define the relationship among 4 salient interacting variables: CSF WBCs, CSF, and plasma HIV concentrations, and blood CD4 counts. METHODS: Prospective study of a convenience sample using 2 approaches: cro |
| 63 | Expression of DC-SIGN in Cultured Microglia and in the CNS of Individuals with and without HIV Dementia (HIV-D) Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 63 Shawver L, Baribaud F, Doms RW, Pardo-Villamizar C, McArthur J, Gonzalez-Scarano F; Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia BACKGROUND: DC-SIGN, a type II membrane protein, contains a C-type lectin domain that binds HIV strains of both X4 and R5 phenotypes, and has been implicated in the entry of HIV into dendritic cells, which can then transport the virus into lymph nodes and transfer it to other susceptible cells such as CD4+ lymphocytes. |
| 64 | Expression and Functional Analysis of CXCR4 in the Central Nervous System. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 64 J. Wang* and D. Gabuzda These results suggest that interactions between HIV-1 virions and CXCR4 expressed on a subset of neurons, astrocytes, and NSC contribute to neurodegenerative mechanisms in HIV-1 infection and raise the possibility that different CXCR4 conformations on neurons and astrocytes may underlie some cell-type-dependent functions of chemokine receptors in the CNS. |
| 65 | Soluble Fas in the Cerebrospinal Fluid is a Potential Marker for the Severity and Prognosis of HIV-Associated Dementia. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 65 A. Towfighi*, R. Skolasky, C. St. Hillaire, K. Conant, and J. McArthur The astrocyte product sFas is elevated in CSF in HIV-D and correlates with dementia severity. Levels are higher in progressive dementia, corroborating observations with autopsy tissue. CSF sFas may be a useful marker for assessing severity and prognosis of HIV-D. |
| 66 | Differences in HIV-1 V1/V2 and V3 Populations between Blood Plasma and Cerebral Spinal Fluid Suggest at Least Partial Virologic Compartmentalization. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 66 Ritola K, Nelson JA, Robertson K, Hall C, Fiscus SA, Swanstrom R; Univ. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill BACKGROUND: During HIV-1 infection, the gp120 subunit of the viral Env protein is under immune pressure resulting in sequence diversification which allows evasion of the host response. This pressure to evolve results in the appearance of multiple viral variants within a subject. The env gene variable regions 1 and 2 (V |
| 67 | Distribution of HIV env and pol Variants in CSF and Plasma of Patients with and without Antiretroviral Therapy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 67 J. K. Wong*1,2, S. Letendre1,3, T. Macaranas1, C. Ignacio1, O. A. Daly2, H. F. Guenthard4, M. C. Strain1, S. D. W. Frost1,5, S. Pillai1, B. Good1, M. Furtado7, S. Wolinsky6, I. Grant3, D. D. Richman1,2, and J. A. McCutchan1 Consistent with previous observations, these results suggest that viral populations in CSF and plasma are frequently distinct. However, failure of drug therapy and the emergence of drug resistance appears to be associated with equilibration of viral populations in CSF and blood. Because of the neurotoxic potential attributed to specific HIV envelope types, such perturbations in the population genetics of HIV may have important clinical implications. |
| 68 | A Murine Model for HIV-Associated Dementia: An Inducible Tat Transgenic Mouse Model. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 68 Kim BO, Liu Y, He JJ; Indiana Univ. Sch. of Med., Indianapolis BACKGROUND: The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat protein, a potent transactivator of viral and cellular genes, has been proposed as a key agent in the pathogenesis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related disorders, including HIV-1-associated dementia . HIV-1 Tat protein is neurotoxic both i |
| 69 | Increasing Prevalence of Neuropathy in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 69 Cherry C, McArthur J, Costello K, Woolley I, Mijch A, Wesselingh S; Monash Univ., Alfred Hosp., Melbourne, Victoria, Australia BACKGROUND: Sensory neuropathy (SN) is the most common neurological complication of HIV infection. Prevalence data for SN are predominately derived from cohorts studied before the introduction of HAART, with observed risk factors for SN including prolonged illness and advanced immunosuppression. We aimed to describe th |
| 70 | An in Vitro Model of Antiretroviral Toxic Neuropathy in Dorsal Root Ganglion Sensory Neurons Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 70 Keswani S, Hasan C, McArthur J, Griffin J, Hoke A; Johns Hopkins Univ. Sch. of Med., Baltimore, MD BACKGROUND: Nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are an essential component of HAART, substantially reducing the morbidity and mortality of HIV infection. However, the use of many of these drugs has been associated with a painful, sensory neuropathy, possibly via neuronal mitochondrial dysfuncti |
| 71 | Both Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses Confer Protection in SHIV89.6 Infected Rhesus Macaques Challenged with Pathogenic SIVmac239 Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 71 Abel K, Compton L, Rourke T, Lu D, Fritts L, Miller CJ; Ctr. for Comparative Med., Davis, CA Backround: Although attenuated lentiviral vaccines will not be used in humans, they are highly effective in animal models. There is evidence that cellular antiviral immune responses (CTL) and innate effector molecules (chemokines, CAF) can control virus replication, but their relative role in antiviral immunity is stil |
| 72 | Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of ISS ODN Adjuvanted Inactivated SIV Containing Functional Envelope Glycoprotein against IV SIVmac239 Challenge. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 72 Arthur LO, Rossio JL, Piatak M Jr, Flynn BM, Desrosiers RC, Hoxie J, Raz E, Richman DD, VanNest G, Henderson L, Lifson JD; SAIC, Frederick, MD BACKGROUND: We evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of an inactivated virus immunogen, with and without CpG motif containing immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotides (ISS ODN), in the rhesus/SIVmac239 challenge model. METHODS: Inactivated virions with high levels of functional envelope glycoprotein were |
| 73 | Vaccination with Autologous Dendritic Cells Pulsed with AT-2-Inactivated Whole Virus Provides Partial Protection from Pathogenic SIV Challenge Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 73 Y.-D. Zhu*1, K. Koo1, 2, W. Sutton1, L. Kuller3, S.-L. Hu2, 3, R. Benveniste4, E. Thomas5, J. D. Lifson6, and N. Haigwood1 Vaccination with SIV-pulsed autologous DCs is safe and can induce both T- and B-cell immunity to SIV that can protect from infection and disease in a majority of macaques. Our data suggest that both cellular and humoral immune responses are contributing to the control of virus replication after pathogenic virus challenge. Dendritic cells hold promise to deliver antigens for antiviral vaccines. |
| 74 | Viremia Containment Following Mucosal Challenge with SIVmac251 Correlates with SIV-Specific CTL and Lymphoproliferative Responses Induced by a DNA-SIV and NYVAC-SIV Prime/Boost Regimen Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 74 Hel Z, Nacsa J, Tryniszewska E, Tsai WP, Montefiori D, Felber BK, Pavlakis GN, Tartaglia J, Franchini G; NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD BACKGROUND: An important goal in the development of a vaccine for HIV-1 is the induction of cell-mediated immune responses able to contain viral replication. METHODS: A study was designed whereby vaccination of macaques with DNA expressing the Gag and Env proteins of SIV followed by immunizations with the highly attenu |
| 75 | Enhanced Protective Efficacy of Vaccinia Virus/Protein Vaccine Regimen Containing Polyvalent Envelope Against a Pathogenic SHIV in Rhesus Macaques. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 75 Kim YB, Han DP, Willey R, Plishka R, Buckler-White A, Byrum R, Martin MA, Cho MW; NIH, Bethesda, MD BACKGROUND: Due to difficulties in eliciting broadly reactive neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1, the potential benefits of immunization with the viral envelope glycoprotein have been largely unappreciated. In this study we compared the protective efficacy of 2 vaccine candidates, one that contains Gag-Pol alone and |
| 76 | Passive Neutralizing IgG Treatment During the Acute Phase Improves Host Immunity and Disease Outcome in SIV-Infected Macaques Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 76 Haigwood N, Choi P, Fischer J, Sutton W, Yaraei K, Richardson B, Kuller L, Anderson D, Hu SL, Hirsch V; Seattle BioMed. Res. Inst., WA BACKGROUND: Passive immunotherapy is a potential adjunct treatment for HIV infection, particularly in post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). We have shown that neutralizing antibodies (IgG) given passively in the acute phase delays disease in a moderately pathogenic SIV model. The goal of this study was to test this hypothes |
| 77 | Neutralizing Antibodies Applied to the Mucosal Surface, or Preincubated with Challenge Virus ex Vivo, Fail to Protect Macaques Against SHIV-Challenge. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 77 Lewis MG, Greenhouse J, Yalley-Ogunro J, Shaw N, Silvera P, VanCott TC, Stiegler G, Katinger H, Mascola JR; Southern Res. Inst. Frederick, MD BACKGROUND: The potential of passive immune-based prevention of HIV transmission in humans was studied. We have previously shown that neutralizing monoclonal antibodies 2F5 and 2G12 protect animals from lentivirus infection in vivo when administered by intravenous injection. The studies reported here were performed to |
| 78 | Novel Broadly Cross-Reactive HIV-1-Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody Selected for Binding to gp120-CD4-CCR5 Complexes. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 78 Moulard M, Phogat S, Shu Y, Xiao X, Parren PW, Binley JM, Zhang M, Robinson J, Burton DR, Dimitrov DS; Scripps Res. Inst., La Jolla, CA BACKGROUND: HIV-1 entry into cells involves formation of a complex between gp120 of the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env), a receptor (CD4), and a co-receptor (CCR5, CXCR4). Here we provide evidence that purified JR-FL gp120-CD4-CCR5 complexes exhibit an epitope recognized by a novel human antibody Fab (X5). METHODS: T |
| 79 | Construction and Characterization of HIV-1 Subtype-C-Based, Dual-Promoter DNA Vaccines. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 79 Huang Y, Chen Z, Zhang W, Song Y, Gurner D, Ho D; Aaron Diamond AIDS Res. Ctr., Rockefeller Univ., New York, NY BACKGROUND: Administration of a DNA vaccine is limited by restrictions on anatomic sites, volume of inoculum, and the number of genes that can be expressed. We therefore undertook to design, construct, and evaluate 2 DNA vaccines, each comprising 2 promoters for expression of 2 or more HIV-1 subtype-C genes. METHODS: W |
| 80 | Improved Candidate DNA Vaccines against HIV-1 Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 80 Rosati M, Eyler P, Valentin A, Trivedi H, Biragyn A, Kwak LW, Markham P, Woodward R, von Gegerfelt A, Miller N, Felber BK, Pavlakis GN NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD BACKGROUND: DNA-based immunogens promise to provide simple and cost-effective vaccines, although further development is needed in the generation of expression vectors and delivery systems. To improve the efficiency of DNA candidate vaccines, we have generated several Rev-independent vectors that express HIV and SIV str |
| 81 | Mutations in the HIV-1 gp41 Cytoplasmic Tail that Expose CD4-Induced Epitopes in gp120 Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 81 Wyss S, Edwards TG, Baribaud F, Romano J, Vance PJ, Zolla-Pazner S, Doms RW, Hoxie J; Univ. of Pennsylvania BACKGROUND: We have described a variant of HIV/IIIB, termed 8x, which could utilize CXCR4 in the absence of CD4. The 8x monomeric gp120 bound directly to CXCR4 in the absence of CD4 and exhibited stable exposure of CD4-induced (CD4i) epitopes recognized by monoclonal antibodies 17b and 48d. Requirements for CD4-indepen |
| 82 | Use of Entry Inhibitors to Probe Envelope:Receptor Interactions. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 82 Reeves J, Puffer B, Ahmad N, Derdeyn C, Sharron M, Edwards T, Carlin D, Harvey P, Pierson T, Hunter E, Doms RW; Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia BACKGROUND: The envelope protein of HIV is composed of an outer gp120 glycoprotein and a transmembrane gp41 protein that assemble as trimers on the surface of virions. gp120 interacts with CD4 and a 7-transmembrane chemokine receptor molecule (usually CCR5 or CXCR4) to initiate infection of target cells. The interactio |
| 83 | Identifying Binding Sites on CXCR4 and gp120 Using CD4-Independent HIV-2 Env Proteins Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 83 G. Lin*1, F. Baribaud1, J. Romano1, M. Alizon2, R. W. Doms1, and J. Hoxie1 CD4-independent X4-tropic HIV Env proteins appear to exhibit a high affinity for CXCR4 and will be particularly useful in identifying critical contact residues for this interaction. Current efforts are aimed at quantifying these interactions and further mapping binding sites on both CXCR4 and gp120. |
| 84 | Localization and Mobility of the HIV Receptor CD4 and Co-Receptor CCR5: Implications for HIV Fusion and Entry Events. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 84 Steffens CM, Mann D, Hope TJ; Univ. of Illinois, Chicago BACKGROUND: The complicated sequence of events leading to HIV fusion and entry into target cells involves the recruitment of receptor and co-receptor by the viral envelope. Likely, a specific complex composed of multiple copies of each protein must be formed. Recent observations by our laboratory and others suggest tha |
| 85 | HIV-1-Mediated Signal Transduction through CCR5 Allows Infection of Resting Memory T Cells. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 85 J. Vasudevan*, A. Matthews, C. O'Connor, A. Meek, and D. Camerini Our data implicate HIV-1-mediated signaling via CCR5 in the infection of normal, resting memory T cells. |
| Abstracts 86 to 90 are not available electronically | |
| 91 | The Presence of HLA-B*5701, -DRB1*0701, and -DQ3 Is Highly Predictive of Hypersensitivity to the HIV Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Abacavir Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 91 Mallal S, Nolan D, Witt C, Masel G, Martin A, Moore C, Sayer D, Castley A, Mamotte C, Maxwell D, James I, Christiansen F; Ctr. for Clin. Immunology and Biomed. Statistics, Royal Perth Hosp., Perth, Australia BACKGROUND: The use of abacavir , a potent HIV nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor, is complicated by a potentially life-threatening hypersensitivity syndrome in approximately 5% of cases. Genetic factors influencing the immune response to abacavir may confer susceptibility. METHODS: Major histocomp |
| 92 | HLA-B57 and TNF-α Variants Associated with Hypersensitivity Reactions to Abacavir among HIV-1-Positive Subjects. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 92 Hetherington S, Hughes A, Mosteller M, Shortino D, Baker K, Lai E, Stocum M, Roses A; GlaxoSmithKline, Res. Triangle Park, NC BACKGROUND: Hypersensitivity to abacavir is a well-characterized clinical syndrome occurring in 4% of patients. Features of the syndrome are consistent with an immunologic process possibly influenced by genetic factors. 90% of cases occur within the first 6 weeks of therapy. METHODS: A retrospective case-control pr |
| 93 | Are Episodes of Transient Viremia ("Blips" in HIV RNA) Predictive of Virologic Failure in Heavily Treatment-Experienced Patients? Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 93 D. Havlir*1, R. Bassett2, V. DeGruttola2, S. Hammer3, R. Gulick4, and J. Mellors5 for the ACTG 359 and 398 Teams Even in highly treatment-experienced patients on multidrug salvage regimens, transient increases in HIV RNA do not predict virologic failure (within 38 weeks) in patients who have achieved plasma HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL on at least 1 occasion. Defining virologic failure by the occurrence of 1 or more episodes of HIV RNA > 50 copies/mL, after initial suppression to < 50 copies/mL is too stringent. These observations have implications for clinical practice and endpoints in clinical trials. |
| 94 | Viral Blip Dynamics during HAART. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 94 Di Mascio M, Markowitz M, Louie M, Hurley A, Ho D, Perelson AS; Los Alamos Natl. Lab., NM BACKGROUND: Intermittent episodes of low-level viremia (blips) are often observed in well-suppressed, HAART-treated patients. It has been reported that viral blips do not correlate with the emergence of new HAART-related mutations; however, increased frequency of blips correlates with slower decay of latently infected |
| 95 | Persistence of Transmitted Drug Resistance among Subjects with Primary HIV Infection not Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 95 Little SJ, Daar ES, Holte S, Frost SD, Routy JP, Markowitz M, Collier AC, Margolick J, Koup R, Conway B, Connick E, Kilby M, Wrin T, Petropoulos CJ, Hellmann NS, Richman DD; Univ. California, San Diego Purpose: To evaluate the persistence and altered replication capacity (fitness) of transmitted antiretroviral (ARV) resistant variants among untreated subjects with primary HIV infection. METHODS: ARV drug susceptibility and replication capacity were measured using a single replication cycle assay (ViroLogic). ABI sequ |
| 96 | Mixed Infection with Multidrug Resistant (MDR) and Wild Type HIV Strains in Primary HIV Infection (PHI): Early Viral Rebound Suggests Loss of Immune Control. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 96 Daar ES, Frost SD, Wong JK, Hellmann NS, Wrin T, Petropoulos CJ, Richman DD, Pitt JA, Little SJ, Leigh Brown AJ; Cedars-Sinai Med. Ctr., Univ. of California, Los Angeles BACKGROUND: We described a patient with PHI with an MDR virus, who without receiving therapy precipitously lost all evidence of resistance in conjunction with an increase in viral load. Initial sequence analysis revealed many changes between resistant (strain 1) and susceptible (strain 2) variants raising the possibili |
| 97 | Initiation of Treatment before Seroconversion Increases the Rate of Clearance of the Latent Reservoir. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 97 Strain MC, Little SJ, Daar ES, Gunthard H, Spina C, Lam RY, Daly OA, Ignacio C, Macaranas T, Kwok S, Christopherson C, Santangelo J, Pitt J, Richman DD, Wong JK; Univ. of California San Diego BACKGROUND: The slow clearance of infected, resting CD4+ T cells in chronically-infected patients poses a major obstacle to viral eradication. This cellular reservoir of HIV is established even prior to seroconversion. Its decay has not been previously quantified in patients initiating treatment in primary infection. W |
| 98 | Acute Phase CTL Escape Is a Hallmark of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 98 D. H. O’Connor*1, T. M. Allen1, T. U. Vogel1, P. Jing1, I. P. DeSouza1, E. Dodds1, E. J. Dunphy1, C. Melsaether1, B. Mothé1, H. Horton1, A. L. Hughes2, and D. I. Watkins1 Previous studies have demonstrated that CTL that only require low peptide concentrations for stimulation (high functional avidity) are particularly effective at controlling viral infections. Our results suggest that acute viral escape from CTL is a hallmark of SIV infection and that CTL with high functional avidity rapidly select for these escape variants. These findings may have implications for the choice of epitopes that should be included in candidate HIV vaccines. |
| 99 | Accumulation of DC-SIGN+ CD40+ Dendritic Cells with Reduced CD80 and CD86 Expression in Lymphoid Tissue during Acute HIV-1 Infection Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 99 Lore K, Sonnerborg A, Brostrom C, Goh L, Perrin L, McDade H, Stellbrink HJ, Gazzard B, Weber R, Napolitano LA, van Kooyk Y, Andersson J; NIAID Vaccine Res. Ctr., NIH, Bethesda, MD BACKGROUND: The dendritic cells (DCs) may serve as a target cell for mucosal HIV-1 transmission in addition to their key role in antigen presentation and activation of naive T cells. The interdigitating DCs in vivo in lymphoid tissue were assessed in HIV-1-infected patients with regard to maturation, expression of cyto |
| 100 | Correlates of Viral Diversity in Primary HIV-1 Infection in Women Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 100 Sagar M, Lavreys L, Baeten J, Richardson B, Mandaliya K, Kreiss J, Overbaugh J; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Res. Ctr., Seattle BACKGROUND: The majority of women are infected by multiple viral variants while the remainder harbor a homogeneous virus population early in their infection. It is unknown what factors predict whether multiple HIV-1 variants will be transmitted and what impact the genetic complexity of the infecting virus has on diseas |
| 101 | Impact of Thymectomy on the Peripheral T-Cell Pool in Rhesus Macaques before and after Infection with SIV Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 101 Arron ST, Gettie A, Blanchard J, Ho D, Zhang L; Aaron Diamond AIDS Res. Ctr., Rockefeller Univ., New York, NY BACKGROUND: The goal of this study is to define the role of the thymus in peripheral T-cell homeostasis and to assess the significance of thymic output in SIV infection by surgical removal of the thymus in juvenile rhesus macaques. METHODS: 9 juvenile rhesus macaques were thymectomized and 8 underwent sham surgery. Blo |
| 102 | Kinetic Subpopulations of T Cells in Humans: Effects of HIV-1 Infection Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 102 Hellerstein M, Hoh R, Hanley M, Cesar D, Lee D, Neese R, McCune JM; Univ. of California, San Francisco BACKGROUND: Following an antigen-driven proliferative response, some daughter T cells differentiate into effector-type cells while others differentiate into long-lived, true memory cells. Functional subpopulations of short-lived (effector) and long-lived (true memory) T cells have been proposed to exist within the phen |
| 103 | Prolonged and Preferential Survival of CD4+ T Lymphocytes in HIV-Infected Patients Receiving IL-2 Therapy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 103 Kovacs J, Lempicki RA, Sidorov IA, Adelsberger JW, Kelly G, Metcalf JA, Davey RT, Falloon J, Polis MA, Tavel J, Stevens R, Lambert L, Hosack D, Issaq HJ, Fox S, Leitman S, Baseler MW, Masur H, Dimitrov DS, Lane HC; Clin. Ctr., NIH, Bethesda, MD BACKGROUND: Intermittent interleukin-2 ( IL-2 ) therapy can lead to substantial and sustained increases in CD4+ T-cell numbers in HIV-infected patients without increasing CD8+ T-cell numbers. While increased proliferation has been identified as one possible mechanism leading to the increase in CD4+ cells, the effects o |
| 104 | Intermittent IL-2 in HIV-Infected Patients Leads to Peripheral Expansion of a Novel Subset of Naive CD4+ T Cells. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 104 I. Sereti*1, V. Natarajan2, J. W. Adelsberger2, J. A. Metcalf1, H. Martinez-Wilson1, K. Anthony1, J. Kovacs3, and H. C. Lane1 Intermittent IL-2 in HIV-infected patients leads to expansion of a unique population of naïve CD4+ T cells expressing CD25 that have a distinct phenotype and a significantly lower TREC content compared to naïve CD4+/CD25- cells. These data suggest that these cells do not represent recent thymic emigrants but rather the product of peripheral T-cell expansion. |
| 105 | HIV-1 Core Envelope Glycoproteins Deficient in T-Cell Helper Epitopes. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 105 Grundner C, Kang J, Koch M, Sodroski J, Wyatt R; Dana-Farber Cancer Inst., Boston, MA BACKGROUND: The development of an effective HIV-1 vaccine will likely need to efficiently elicit broadly-neutralizing antibodies directed against conserved receptor-binding regions of the HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein (Env). The generation of mature antibody responses requires the assistance of T-cell help from act |
| 106 | A Novel Approach to the Analysis of Specificity, Clonality, and Frequency of HIV-Specific T-Cell Responses Reveals a Mechanism for Lack of Escape within an Immunodominant Epitope. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 106 Douek D, Betts M, Brenchley J, Hill B, Ambrozak D, Ngai KL, Casazza J, Koup R; NIAID Vaccine Res. Ctr., NIH, Bethesda, MD BACKGROUND: Escape from the CD8+ T-cell response through mutations within encoded epitopes can lead to loss of immune control of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication. Theoretically, escape from CD8+ T cell recognition is less likely when multiple T-cell receptors (TCR) target individual MHC/peptide complexes, |
| 107 | Enhancement of HIV-1-Specific CTL Responses in the Peripheral Blood during STI is Largely Due to Redistribution of Pre-Existing Virus-Specific CD8+ T Cells from the Lymph Nodes Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 107 Altfeld M, Lunzen JV, Frahm N, Yu X, Eldridge RL, Stellbrink HJ, Walker B; Partners AIDS Res. Ctr., Boston, MA BACKGROUND: To date, most studies have focused on the characterization of HIV-1-specific immune responses in the peripheral blood (PB) of infected individuals. This study compared CTL responses in PB and lymph nodes (LN) and assessed the dynamics of these responses during antiretroviral treatment and supervised treatme |
| 108 | HIV-Specific Cellular Immunity and Partial Control of Drug-Resistant vs Wild-Type Viremia Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 108 Deeks SG, Sinclair E, Harris JM, Maecker HT, Bredt B, Hagos E, Martin J, McCune JM; Univ. of California, San Francisco BACKGROUND: HIV-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells are key determinants of the virologic set-point in untreated patients. It is not known if HIV-specific cellular immunity plays a role in determining steady-state viral load in treated patients, particularly those who maintain partial virologic suppression despite the emergen |
| 109 | Constitutive and Induced Expression of DC-SIGN on Dendritic Cell and Macrophage Subpopulations in Situ and in Vitro Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 109 Soilleux EJ, Morris LS, Leslie G, Chehimi J, Luo Q, Levroney E, Trowsdale J, Montaner LJ, Doms RW, Weissman D, Coleman N, Lee B; Univ. of Cambridge, UK BACKGROUND: DC-SIGN is a C-type lectin highly expressed on the surface of immature dendritic cells (DCs) that mediates efficient infection of T cells in trans by its ability to bind HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIIn addition, the ability of DC-SIGN to bind adhesion molecules on surfaces of naive T cells and endothelium also sugge |
| 110 | Cholesterol is Essential for Chemokine Binding to Receptors, CCR5 and CXCR4: Implications for HIV Infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 110 D. H. Nguyen* and D. D. Taub Together, these data demonstrate that cholesterol and lipid rafts are important for the maintenance of chemokine receptor conformation and are necessary for both the binding and function of chemokine receptors, CCR5 and CXCR4. We propose that the inhibition of HIV infection by BCD treatment of T cells may be due to a loss in binding and fusion of HIV env mediated by chemokine receptors. |
| 111 | Combination Antiretroviral Therapy Corrects the Disruptions in the TCR Vbeta Repertoire within CD45RA CD8 T Cells of HIV-Infected Children. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 111 Kou ZC, Puhr JS, Goodenow M, Sleasman J; Univ. of Florida, Gainesville BACKGROUND: HIV-1 infection disrupts thymic output and skews normal maturation of CD8 T cells in infected children. Infection also results in alterations within the TCR repertoire. Control of viral replication through HAART should reverse these virus-induced abnormalities and restore TCR diversity. METHODS: Using TCR s |
| 112 | Characterization of HIV-1 Specific Cellular Immune Responses in Stably Suppressed or Viremic Pediatric Patients Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 112 Papasavvas E, Rutstein R, Moore EC, Thiel B, Pistilli M, Mackiewicz A, Jordan KA, Sandberg JK, Ortiz GM, Nixon DF, Montaner LJ; Wistar Inst., Philadelphia, PA BACKGROUND: This study aimed at the characterization of cellular immune responses in HIV-infected children and adolescents. METHODS: 3 populations of HIV-infected children and adolescents were studied: Patients with viral suppression on medications (undetectable) for >6 months (n=24, median HIV-1 RNA=40); patients with |
| 113 | Lactic Acidemia in Infants Exposed to Perinatal Antiretroviral Therapy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 113 Alimenti A, Ogilvie G, Burdge D, Money D, Forbes J; Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada This is one of the first prospective observational studies describing lactic acidemia in HIV uninfected infants exposed to HAART during the perinatal period. The hyperlactatemia was noted in 92% of the infants, and was above 5 mmol/L in one third. We hypothesize that the persistent hyperlactatemia is a consequence of mitochondrial toxicity from the transplacental and neonatal exposure to antiretroviral agents, as well as of impaired hepatic lactate clearance. Further study is required to determine the factors impacting on the hyperlactatemia and its clinical significance. Clinical follow-up and monitoring of lactate levels is recommended during the first 6 months of life in all infants exposed to perinatal HAART. |
| 114 | Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission Rates According to Antiretroviral Therapy, Mode of Delivery, and Viral Load (PACTG 367). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 114 D. Shapiro*1, R. Tuomala2, R. Samelson3, S. Burchett4, G. Ciupak5, J. McNamara6, H. Pollack7, and J. Read8 Over time, transmission rates decreased and multi-agent ART use and ECS increased. TR were significantly lower with more intensive ART and lower plasma HIV RNA level, but did not differ according to delivery mode. Among women with last antenatal RNA <1000 copies/mL, TR were low across ART types and delivery modes. |
| 115 | Response to Primary Immunization to Tetanus, Diphtheria, H. influenzae Type B and Measles in HIV-Infected Children on HAART. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 115 Pracanica A, Russo P, Zaccarelli-Filho CA, Succi R, Santos A, Weckx L, de Moraes-Pinto MI; Fed. Univ. of Sao Paulo, Brazil BACKGROUND: Studies in the pre-HAART era have shown that HIV-infected children had a poor response to immunization. Children on HAART may have a different response to vaccination. METHODS: 15 HIV-infected children (HIV) were compared to 32 seroreverters (SR) and to 27 healthy children born to HIV-negative mothers (CNT) |
| 116 | Association between Mother and Infant Class I and Class II HLA and of Their Concordance with the Risk of Perinatal HIV-1 Transmission Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 116 A. Polycarpou*1, C. Ntais1, B. T. Korber2, H. A. Elrich3, R. Winchester4, P. Krogstad5, S. Wolinsky6, T. Rostron7, S. L. Rowland-Jones7, A. J. Ammann8, and J. P. A. Ioannidis1 for the Ariel Project HLA alleles, and in particular the class I concordance between maternal and neonatal HLA, may regulate the risk of perinatal HIV-1 transmission. |
| 117 | HIV-Specific CD8+ T Cells Are Present at a High Frequency in Breast Milk from HIV-Infected Women Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 117 Sabbaj S, Edwards B, Ghosh M, Semrau K, Mulligan M, Goepfert P, Aldrovandi G; Univ. of Alabama, Birmingham BACKGROUND: It is estimated that a third to half of infants in the developing world contract HIV via breast milk. However, most breast-fed infants avoid infection despite daily ingestion of massive amounts of HIV. Factors controlling HIV in breast milk are poorly understood. Since CTL responses have been shown to play |
| 118 | CCR5 Genotype and Susceptibility to Transmission of HIV-1 in Women Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 118 S. Philpott1, B. Weiser1,2, P. Tarwater3, S. Vermund4, C. Kleeberger3, S. Gange3, K. Anastos5, M. Cohen6, R. Greenblatt7, A. Kovacs8, H. Minkoff9, M. Young10, M. Miotti11, M. Dupuis1, C. Chen1, and H. Burger*1 The CCR5 Δ32 heterozygous genotype may confer partial protection from HIV-1 infection in women. Such protection may reflect differences in routes and mechanisms of transmission to women as compared to men. In addition, among our multiethnic, multiracial, geographically dispersed U.S. cohort, the Δ32 deletion was much more common in Caucasians than in other groups. Because the protective Δ32 deletion is rare in Africans and Asians, it seems plausible that differential genetic susceptibility contributes to the rapid heterosexual spread of HIV-1 in Africa and Asia. |
| 119 | Lack of Effect of HAART on HPV DNA Levels in the Female Genital Tract. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 119 Conley LJ, Bush TJ, Ellerbrock TV, Lennox J, Wu F, Evans-Strickfaden T, Hart CE, Wright TC; CDC, Atlanta, GA BACKGROUND: HIV-infected women are at increased risk for HPV-associated cervical carcinoma. This study was done to assess the effect of HAART on HPV load in vaginal secretions. METHODS: Plasma HIV-1 RNA and vaginal lavage HPV DNA specimens were obtained at 345 visits (range 3-17) from 44 HIV-infected women. At each vis |
| 120 | Effect of Nevirapine (NVP) for Perinatal HIV Prevention Appears Greatest Among Women with Most Advanced Disease: Subgroup Analyses of HIVNET 012. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 120 M. G. Fowler*1, A. Mwatha2, L. Guay3, P. Musoke4, F. Mmiro4, T. Fleming5, and J.B. Jackson3 for the HIVNET 012 Study Team Transmission was significantly lower among Ugandan women receiving NVP compared to ZDV overall and for those with the most severe immune suppression and highest viral burden. These data support the efficacy of the simple NVP two dose peripartum regimen even among women with the most advanced HIV disease. |
| 121 | Early HCV Viral Dynamics in HIV/HCV-Infected Patients on HCV Treatment. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 121 Torriani FJ, Ribeiro RM, Gilbert TL, Schrenk UM, Clauson M, Pacheco DM, Perelson AS; Univ. of California, San Diego BACKGROUND: On daily interferon (5-15 mIU), plasma HCV RNA follows a biphasic viral decay curve, with a HCV viral half-life of 2.7 hours. If HCV clearance is slower in HIV/HCV patients, longer treatment may be required to ensure sustained response rates similar to those seen in HCV monoinfection. We characterized the e |
| 122 | HCV RNA Kinetic Response to PEG-Interferon and Ribavirin in HIV Co-Infected Patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 122 K. E. Sherman*1, P. Horn1, S. Rouster1, M. Peters2, M. Koziel3, and R. Chung 4 for the ACTG 5071/5091 Study Group PEG-IFN + ribavirin, compared to standard interferon + ribavirin, appears to increase phase 1 HCV viral clearance, which has been attributed to direct inhibition of viral replication and/or release. This may contribute to more rapid time to estimated complete viral clearance predicted by phase II kinetics. A slightly delayed onset of action is observed in the PEG-IFN treatment group, which may reflect altered absorption or release from pro-drug, but this does not appear to be detrimental to antiviral efficacy at 48 hours. |
| 123 | Adefovir Dipivoxil 10 mg Suppresses HBV Viral Replication in HIV/HBV Co-Infected Patients with Lamivudine Resistant HBV. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 123 Benhamou Y, Bochet M, Thibault V, Calvez V, Fievet MH, Sullivan M, Brosgart C, Namini H, Poynard T, Katlama C; GH Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France BACKGROUND: Lamivudine resistance (LAM(R)) has been associated with progressive liver disease and hepatic decompensation. The incidence of LAM(R) increases with increasing duration of treatment: after 4 years, approximately 90% of HIV/HBV co-infected patients are LAM(R). Adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) has potent activity aga |
| 124 | Anti-HBV Activity of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF) in Lamivudine (LAM) Experienced HIV/HBV Co-Infected. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 124 Cooper D, Cheng A, Coakley D, Sayre J, Zhong L, Chen SS, Westland C, Miller M, Brosgart C, The 907 Study Team; NCHECR, Univ. of New South Wales, Australia BACKGROUND: LAM resistance to HBV occurs in approximately 15-32% of both HBV and HIV/HBV co-infected patients after 1 year of LAM therapy. TDF has potent in vivo and in vitro activity against both wild-type and LAM resistant HBV. To evaluate the safety and efficacy of TDF 300 mg in the treatment of patients with HIV/HB |
| 125 | Antiretroviral Therapy and Mortality among HIV-Positive Liver Transplant Recipients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 125 Ragni M, Neff G, Heaton N, Roland M, Stock P, Humar A, Fung J; Univ. of Pittsburgh, PA BACKGROUND: Despite growing evidence that highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) enhances survival among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive subjects with end-stage liver disease (ESLD) who undergo liver transplantation (OLTX), some subjects experience early mortality. Because past OLTX mortality was asso |
| 126 | Pharmacokinetics of Once-Daily vs Twice-Daily Kaletra (Lopinavir/Ritonavir) in HIV+ Subjects Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 126 Bertz R, Foit C, Ye X, Manning L, Bernstein B, Renz C, Hsu A, King M, Granneman GR, Sun E; Abbott Labs., Abbott Park, IL BACKGROUND: Kaletra is a coformulation of lopinavir (LPV), an HIV protease inhibitor, and ritonavir (r), which provides enhanced LPV plasma conc. A LPV/r dose of 400/100 mg BID yields a LPV mean inhibitory quotient (I |
| 127 | Reduced Accumulation of Ritonavir and Saquinavir in PBMCs in Vivo is Associated with Increased P-gp and MRP1 Expression in HIV-Infected Individuals Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 127 Meaden E, Hoggard P, Newton P, Tjia JF, Aldam D, Cornforth D, Lloyd J, Smith A, Williams I, Beeching N, Stockwell E, Wilkins E, Carey P, Back D, Khoo S; Univ. of Liverpool BACKGROUND: Increased expression of multidrug efflux transporters has been implicated as a potential mechanism for decreased drug availability at intracellular sites that provide sanctuary for HIV. As HIV protease inhibitors are substrates for the efflux transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and MRP1, we investigated whet |
| 128 | The Normalized Inhibitory Quotient (NIQ) of Lopinavir Is Predictive of Viral Load Response over 48 Weeks in a Cohort of Highly Experienced HIV-1-Infected Individuals Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 128 Castagna A, Danise A, Hasson H, Boeri E, Lazzarin A, Peeters M, Piscitelli S, Hoetelmans R; Hosp. San Raffaele, Milan, Italy BACKGROUND: Resistance testing provides information on the susceptibility of a patient s HIV-1 to antiretrovirals. However, it does not incorporate exposure to drugs needed to suppress replication. In this study we examined the relationship between viral susceptibility, drug exposure, and the combination of these, the |
| 129 | The Inhibitory Quotient (IQ) for Saquinavir (SQV) Predicts Virologic Response to Salvage Therapy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 129 Fletcher CV, Cheng H, Fiscus SA, Swanstrom R, Hellmann NS, Haubrich R, Katzenstein D, Gulick R, The ACTG 359 Team; Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis BACKGROUND: ACTG 359 was a controlled study of SQV (soft gel) with ritonavir (RTV) or nelfinavir (NFV), and delavirdine (DLV), adefovir (ADV), or both. In this report, relationships between SQV IQ and virologic response were investigated in a pharmacology substudy. |
| 130 | The Use of Virtual Inhibitory Quotient (VIQ) in Antiretroviral (ART)-Experienced Patients Taking Amprenavir/Lopinavir Combinations Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 130 Phillips E, Tseng A, Walker S, Loutfy M, Walmsley S, Tailor S, Harrigan PR; Sunnybrook & Women's Coll. Hlth. Sci. Ctr. BACKGROUND: There is increasing evidence to suggest that drug levels of protease inhibitors (Pis) correlate with virologic outcome. The appropriate application of VIQ (C min/(virtual phenotype [VP] fold change x protein corrected EC (50) for wildtype) has not been defined. VIQ may be a more useful measurement than drug |
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| 131-M | SIVcpz Infection in Wild Chimpanzees Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 131-M Santiago M, Rodenburg C, Kamenya S, Bibollet-Ruche F, Gao F, Bailes E, Fahey B, Muller M, McClure H, Heeney J, Pusey A, Collins D, Boesch C, Wrangham R, Goodall J, Sharp P, Shaw G, Hahn B; Univ. of Alabama, Birmingham BACKGROUND: West-central African chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) are known to harbor strains of SIVcpz that are closely related to all 3 groups of HIV-1 (M, N, and O) and have thus been implicated as a reservoir for human infection. Yet, because all SIVcpz strains identified to date have been derived from cap |
| 132-M | Molecular and Biological Characterization of SIVcpzGab2. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 132-M Bibollet-Ruche F, Santiago ML, Decker J, Bailes E, Gao F, Saragosti S, McClure H, Delaporte E, Peeters M, Sharp P, Shaw G, Hahn B; Univ. of Alabama, Birmingham BACKGROUND: SIVcpzGab2 was originally detected in a wild-born chimpanzee from Gabon by serological analyses, but repeated culture attempts failed to yield a replicating virus isolate. To characterize this potentially interesting SIVcpz strain, we amplified full-length SIVcpzGAB2 genomes using an approach that produced |
| 133-M | New Divergent Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses from Captive Sooty Mangabeys -- Their Non-Invasive Detection Is Dependent on Plasma Viral Loads Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 133-M Ling B, Santiago M, Gormus B, Hahn B, Marx P; Aaron Diamond AIDS Res. Ctr., Rockefeller Univ., New York, NY BACKGROUND: Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is found as a natural infection of sooty mangabeys. SIVsm is of interest because it is the ancestral virus of HIV-2 that emerged in West Africa through cross-species transmission. To investigate the diversity and evolution of SIVsm in this endangered species, it would be |
| 134-M | Simian Retrovirus Infections in Persons Occupationally Exposed to Non-Human Primates. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 134-M Switzer WM, Shanmugam V, Bhullar V, Yee JA, Lerche N, Boneva RS, Chapman LE, Folks TM, Heneine W; CDC, Atlanta, GA BACKGROUND: Current evidence suggests that HIV-1 and HIV-2 have originated from cross species infections of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) from non-human primates. Humans remain at risk of zoonotic infections with SIV or other simian retroviruses endemic among non-human primates. To better assess these risks we st |
| 135-M | Comparing Inter-Subtype HIV-1 Recombinants Generated in Vitro to Those Found in Vivo Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 135-M Baird H, Quinones-Mateu M, Arts E; Case Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland, OH BACKGROUND: Increased prevalence of inter-subtype HIV-1 recombinants (ISRs) is shaping HIV-1 evolution throughout the world and will have an impact on both therapeutic and vaccine strategies. This study was designed to generate and compare ISRs in vitro to those isolated from HIV-infected individuals throughout the wor |
| 136-M | Evolution of HIV-1 Infection and Co-Receptor Usage in Central African Republic Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 136-M Begaud E, Feindirongai G, Versmisse P, Ipero J, Leal J, Germani Y, Morvan J, Muller-Trutwin M, Pancino G, Barre-Sinoussi F; Pasteur Inst., Bangui, Central African Republic BACKGROUND: A switch from R5 to X4 tropic HIV-1 has been associated with progression to AIDS in Caucasian individuals infected mainly by HIV-1 subtype B. It has been also suggested that in Africa the progression to AIDS in HIV-1-infected individuals is more rapid than in Europe and the United States . We report here |
| 137-M | Presence of CXCR4-Tropic Viruses among Subtype C HIV-Infected Individuals. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2002 Feb 24-28;9:abstract no. 137-M |