|
11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic InfectionsSan Francisco, Califonria - February 8 - 11, 2004 |
Cite as: Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11;11th: (abstract No. xx)
| 2 | Multinational Business Responding to AIDS in South Africa Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11;11th: (abstract No. 2) Gavin Churchyard1, S Charalambous1, A D Grant2, L Pemba1, D Martin3, R Wood4, J Sim3, R Chaisson4, and B A Brink5 The availability of ART has not stimulated a large increase in demand for VCT. In centers where capacity for rapid enrolment into the ART program exists, enrolment has been slower than anticipated. Obstacles to enrolment for ART need to be identified and addressed. This program provides a model for ART delivery in industrial settings in Africa. |
| 3 | Scaling up HIV Testing for a Global Response to HIV/AIDS Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11;11th: (abstract No. 3) David Miller This presentation will provide field-based data and experiences informing the scaling up of T&C on a global scale, address some of the key challenges to these processes, and describe the WHO approach to increasing access to T&C services. |
| 4 | The Ugandan Experience in Scaling up HIV/AIDS Treatment and Care Conf Retrovir Opportunistic Infect 2004 Feb 8-11;11: (abstract No. 4) Alex Coutinho1, P Mugyenyi2, and P Solberg3 There are particular challenges in scaling up ARV use in a resource-challenged setting, and this presentation explores those challenges while highlighting the successes of current efforts. The presentation will also discuss the role of the partnership between government, NGO, and the private sector in this scale up. |
| 5 | HIV/AIDS in Thailand: Factors that Make Differences Conf Retrovir Opportunistic Infect 2004 Feb 8-11;11: (abstract No. 5) Anupong Chitwarakorn Despite the substantial progress Thailand has made in its HIV/AIDS program, it still needs to improve the prevention effort to further reduce the incidence and alleviate the burden of people living with HIV/AIDS. Some challenges are to maintain and strengthen national sexually transmitted diseases (STD) prevention and control program, focusing on 100% condom use, behavior intervention and effective diagnosis and treatment; to initiate and strengthen effective prevention program among injecting drug users; to ensure increase the access to medical care for HIV/AIDS patients including ARV drugs; to expand, mutisectoral partnership in the design, implementation, and evaluation of HIV/AIDS-related policies and program; and to promote research which will provide valuable information on the factors influencing the epidemic and its effective counter measure. |
| 6 | Cellular Factors and HIV Budding Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11;11th: (abstract No. 6) Wesley I Sundquist Thus, HIV release and MVB biogenesis appear to be analogous processes. I will discuss our ongoing biochemical and structural studies of protein complexes along the MVB pathway and the generality of this pathway for virus release. |
| 8 | Molecular Virology and Pathogenesis of Hepatitis C Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11;11th: (abstract No. 8) Charles M Rice Although these are powerful systems, concern remains that they may not truly represent replication in vivo. For example, replication of HCV RNA in cell culture often requires adaptive mutations in the replicase that are deleterious for replication in vivo. Nonetheless, proof-of-concept data are emerging for compounds with potent replicon inhibition in cell culture that are also highly effective in vivo. While these results are encouraging, continued efforts are needed to develop replicons for other HCV genotypes, complete infection systems, and animal models to assess in vivo efficacy and emergence of resistance. On the vaccine front, despite early pessimism, evidence is emerging for protective immunity in resolved natural infections and in experimental prophylactic vaccines tested in chimpanzees. |
| 9 | How Close Are We to an Effective Microbicide? Conf Retrovir Opportunistic Infect 2004 Feb 8-11;11: (abstract No. 9) Robin J Shattock This presentation will discuss how our increasing knowledge of the ways in which HIV-1 is transmitted is shaping the development of new, more sophisticated intervention strategies based on the application of vaginal or rectal microbicides, the major hurdles in the development of different biologic approaches and likely timescales for providing an effective microbicide to protect those most at risk of infection. |
| 10 | Gag-specific T Helper and CTL Responses Are Associated with Effective Control of HIV C Clade Infection in Durban, South Africa Conf Retrovir Opportunistic Infect 2004 Feb 8-11;11: (abstract No. 10) D Ramduth1, P Chetty1, N Ntumba1, S Gappoo1, J Harlow1, C Henry1, I Honeyborne1, P Jeena1, M M Addo2, M Altfeld2, C Brander2, P Kiepiela1, B D Walker2,3, and P J R Goulder4 These data demonstrate a strong and consistent association between the magnitude of the CD4+ IFN-γ response and the CD8+ response. The T helper response is dominated by the Gag specificity. The Gag-specific CD8+ T-cell response showed a strong negative association with viral load. The opposite trends were observed for CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses to HIV proteins other than Gag. These results suggest that overall Gag-specific CTL epitopes are valuable for control of HIV C-clade infection and underline the importance of Gag-specific T-helper responses in the maintenance of the CTL response. |
| 11 | Immunological and Genetic Determinants in HIV-1 Controllers and Long-term Non-progressors. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 11) M M Addo1, A Rathod1, R Draenert1, D Kaufmann1, M R Perkins1, C Verrill1, M N Johnston1, A G Wurcel1, C Corcoran1, J Braun2, M Altfeld1, S K Kalams3, S Buchbinder4, E S Rosenberg1, B D Walker1, and The HIV-1 controller study group Robust CD8 T-cell responses can be detected in both HIV-1 controllers and progressors. Our data suggest that HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells of mature phenotype may be more easily detectable HIV controllers. A high proportion of individuals expressed HLA class I alleles associated with slow disease progression, indicating that control of viral replication may be at least partially CD8+ T-cell mediated, but others had weak to undetectable responses. These data indicate that viral controllers are a heterogeneous group, and that multiple factors may influence long-term containment of viremia. |
| 12 | Comparison of CD8 T-Cell Responses and Viral Escape in HIV-infected Monozygotic Twins. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 12) R Draenert1, T M Allen1, G Sirera2, C L Verrill1, R Eldridge1, L Ruiz2, B D Walker1, and J Martinez-Picado2 This setting shows that although the majority of CD8 T-cell responses are similar, with viral escape developing in parallel, responses and viral evolution differ. This implies that the genetic background is a major determinate for CD8 T-cell responses, but other factors play a role as well. These results are important for understanding HIV pathogenesis and for vaccine development. |
| 13 | Selection, Transmission, and Reversion of an Antigen Processing CTL Escape Mutation in HIV-1. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 13) T M Allen*1, M Altfeld1, X G Yu1, K M O'Sullivan1, M Lichterfeld1, P K Lee1, S Le Gall1, B R Mothe2, D E Cohen3, K A Freedberg1, A Sette4, E S Rosenberg1, P J R Goulder5, C Brander1, and B D Walker1 These data reveal an additional mechanism for HIV-1 to evade host immune responses and the effect of transmission of CD8 escape mutations on mounting of acute-phase responses. Reversion of a transmitted CD8 escape mutation suggests that some frequently occurring CD8 epitopes are not destined to be lost within the population, and implies a potential fitness cost to the virus from the mutation. A better understanding of these selective forces will be important for design of intracellularly processed HIV-1 vaccines. |
| 14 | CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T-like Cells Suppress HIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T Cell Immune Responses in vitro. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 14) A Kinter*1, M Hennessey1, A Bell1, Y Lin1, R Jackson1, M Planta1, M McLaughlin1, S Zeigler2, and A S Fauci1 These data demonstrate that a subset of CD25+CD4+ T cells isolated from HIV-infected donors exhibit a CD25+CD4+ Treg-like phenotype and suppress HIV-specific immune responses in vitro. These findings suggest that CD25+CD4+ Treg-mediated immunosuppression may restrict the ability of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to effectively control HIV replication in vivo. |
| 15 | Functional and Phenotypic Heterogeneity of Memory CD4 T Cells Are Dictated by Antigen Persistence and Load. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 15) A Harari, F Vallelian, S C Zimmerli, and G Pantaleo Antigen persistence and antigen load appear to influence substantially the composition of functional and phenotypically distinct CD4 cell populations in different models of immune response. |
| 16 | Substantial discrepancies between cytotoxic activity and interferon-gamma secretion of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 16) M Lichterfeld*, X G Yu, D Kaufmann, S Mui, N Johnston, D Cohen, M M Addo, D Strick, E S Rosenberg, B D Walker, and M Altfeld These results suggest that the direct cytolytic effects of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells are preferentially mediated by the subset of cells capable of producing both interferon-γ and TNF-α in response to viral stimulation. The characterization of this CD8+ T cell subset will be thus relevant for a more precise evaluation of CD8+ T cell mediated HIV-specific immune responses generated naturally or following immunization with HIV vaccine candidates. |
| 17 | Infection with HIV-1 Leads to Up-regulation of HLA-E Expression Resulting in Impaired Cytotoxic Function of Natural Killer Cells. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 17) J Nattermann1, H D Nischalke1, V Hofmeister2, B Kupfer1, G Ahlenstiel1, G Feldmann1, J Rockstroh1, E Weiß2, T Sauerbruch1, U Spengler1, and BMBF, Kompetenznetz HIV/AIDS In conclusion, these results propose HIV-mediated up-regulation of HLA-E expression as an efficient evasion strategy targeting the antiviral activities of NK cells and allowing the virus to establish itself as a chronic infection. |
| 18 | Stoichiometry of neutralization of HIV-1 primary isolate JR-CSF by anti-gp120 antibodies. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 18) M Franti1, S Frost2, M Guyader1, K Delgado1, D R Burton1, and P Poignard1 Results suggest that the stoichiometry of neutralization of HIV-1 primary isolates follows a multiple hit kinetic, is incremental, and may result not only directly from monoclonal antibody-mediated blocking of bound envelope trimers, but also indirectly, from decreasing the rate of productive interaction with the target cell. Different stoichiometries may arise from different modifications by the monoclonal antibody to the rate of productive virus-cell interaction. |
| 19 | Neutralizing Antibody Responses Often Persist at High Titers in Chronic HIV Infection but Do Not Exert an Antiviral Effect Against Autologous Virus. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 19) S Deeks1, T Wrin2, J Galovich2, J Martin1, and C Petropoulos2 Chronic HIV infection is associated with high levels of neutralizing antibody responses that appears not to be directed at autologous virus, and is therefore unlikely to be contributing to virologic control. In contrast to observations made during acute HIV infection, there was only limited evidence that HIV continued to develop novel escape mutations. These data indicate that HIV replication in chronic disease drives the production of high amounts of ineffective HIV-specific antibodies and that the capacity of the immune system to continuously generate antibodies directed at emerging epitopes within HIV envelope is eventually exhausted. |
| 20 | The "Screening and Tracing Active Transmission" Program: Real-time Detection and Monitoring of HIV Incidence Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11;11th: (abstract No. 20) C Pilcher1, E Foust2, J McPherson2, R Ashby2, J Owen-O'Dowd2, T Nguyen1, R Lee2, S Fiscus1, and P Leone1 With HIV VCT enhanced by NAT, public helath programs can actively monitor HIV transmission in populations by identifying incident infections in real-time. The additional cases identified by NAT are those with maximm potential for secondary spread. The Screening and Tracing Active Transmission (STAT) program is a new model for increasing effectiveness of VCT-based HIV surveillance and prevention programs. |
| 21 | Incidence of HIV Superinfection Following Primary Infection Conf Retrovir Opportunistic Infect 2004 Feb 8-11;11: (abstract No. 21) D Smith1, J Wong1, G Hightower1, K Kolesch1, C Ignacio1, E Daar2, D Richman1,3, and S Little1 While initial co-infection cannot be ruled out, 4 independent lines of molecular investigation provide compelling evidence that these are cases of HIV-1 clade-B superinfection. Since population-based pol sequencing is a conservative screening method, this may underestimate the true superinfection rate. Other cases may have been missed if the superinfecting strain was a minor variant below the level of detection, or if the superinfecting strain replaced its original pol gene with the initial HIV strain's pol gene through recombination. Harm reduction counseling with patients is essential even if their risk exposures are with other HIV-infected people, as superinfection could have detrimental clinical consequences by accelerating disease progression and limiting future treatment options. |
| 22 | Autologous Neutralizing Antibody Responses Drive the Evolution of HIV-1 env in Recently Infected Patients Conf Retrovir Opportunistic Infect 2004 Feb 8-11;11: (abstract No. 22) S D W Frost1, T Wrin2, E Paxinos2, C Chappey2, J Galovich2, J Beauchaine2, C J Petropoulos2, S J Little1, and D D Richman1,3 Our data suggest that the evolution of env is driven by neutralizing antibody responses. Viral escape may account for the plateauing of neutralizing antibody responses to baseline virus. Heterologous neutralizing antibody responses may be mediated differently than autologous neutralizing antibody responses, as shown by the lack of correlation between genetic distance and heterologous neutralization, and the continued increase of heterologous responses over time since infection. |
| 23 | Effect of Treatment during versus after Acute Retroviral Syndrome (ARS) on HIV Viral Load and CD4 Cell Counts within 3 Years of Infection Conf Retrovir Opportunistic Infect 2004 Feb 8-11;11: (abstract No. 23) N Voirin1, D Smith2, J P Routy3, M Legault3, D Baratin4, C Trepo1,5, L Cotte5, J M Livrozet4, J L Touraine4, D A Cooper2, A Gayet-Ageron4, J Ritter4, J Fabry4, and P Vanhems1,4 We observed no beneficial effect of early initiation of therapy on HIV viral load and CD4 cells count over the next 3 years. This suggests that any delay in starting therapy may have only minor effect at 3 years on CD4 cells count and HIV RNA, after taking HAART effectiveness into account. These observational data do not support the urgent initiation of ART in patients with ARS, but randomized clinical trials are needed to conclude. |
| 24 | Limited Durability of Immune Control following Treated Acute HIV Infection Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11;11th: (abstract No. 24) D Kaufmann1, M Lichterfeld1, M Altfeld1, T Allen1, M Johnston1, P Lee1, B Wagner1, E Kalife1, D Strick1, E Rosenberg 1 and B D Walker1,2 These data indicate that despite initial control of viremia, durable immune control in persons following treated acute infection occurs infrequently, and that larger trials will be needed to determine the potential clinical and virologic benefit of this approach. Loss of viremia control occurred in some individuals despite increase of the magnitude of HIV-specific CD8 T-cell responses during the first supervised treatment interruption. These data are relevant to current efforts to develop an AIDS vaccine designed to retard disease progression rather than prevent infection, and indicate that durable maintenance of low level viremia may be difficult to achieve. |
| 25 | Selection of Breakthrough HIV-1 Infection in Long-term Exposed Seronegative Individuals Conf Retrovir Opportunistic Infect 2004 Feb 8-11;11: (abstract No. 25) T Zhu1, R Zinoi1, H Zhu1, Y Xu1, J Lee2, P Nelson2, T Andrus1, N Llwellyn1, H Liu1, D Nickle1, Y Hwangbo1, J Mullins1, L Corey1, and J McElrath2 These findings indicate that breakthrough HIV-1 strains in exposed seronegatives/late seroconverters tends to be divergent from those of their long-term sexual partners, suggesting that continued virus exposures might protect partner-like HIV-1, but allow distinct viral strains to infect. Pre-infection CTL responses might play an important role in the positive selection of breakthrough HIV-1 infection in late seroconverters. |
| 26 | Hepatitis C and Neuropsychological Function In Treatment Naïve HIV-1-infected Subjects - A5097s Baseline Analysis Conf Retrovir Opportunistic Infect 2004 Feb 8-11;11: (abstract No. 26) Y Yang1, S Evans1, R Gulick2, D Clifford*3, and AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5097s Team Our findings suggest that HCV/HIV co-infection adversely affected neuropsychological performance, particularly in the Digit Symbol task. HCV may also be associated with depressed mood particularly with somatic complaint. Despite a limited sample size and the difficulty of excluding all possible confounding factors, our results control for many potential confounds while still demonstrating a probable effect of hepatitis C on neuropsychological performance. |
| 27 | Risk Factors and Determinants for HIV-associated Sensory Neuropathies: Is Hepatitis C a Modifier? Conf Retrovir Opportunistic Infect 2004 Feb 8-11;11: (abstract No. 27) J C McArthur1, J Creighton1, R Skolasky1, L Lal2, R Moore1, K Carter1, S Wesselingh2,4, K Cherry2,4, and Johns Hopkins Neuroscience Group The frequency of asymptomatic and symptomatic sensory neuropathies was remarkably high at both sites, with only 32% of subjects neuropathy-free at baseline. Hepatitis C serostatus did not appear to influence the prevalence of SN at baseline, however, longitudinal study will disclose its modifier role. Morphological abnormalities were noted in a high proportion of neuropathy-free subjects, and longitudinal follow-up may disclose a high transition rate to confirmed neuropathy. |
| 28 | CCR2 Polymorphisms Affect Neuropsychological Impairment in HIV-1-infected Adults. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 28) K Singh1, R Ellis2, J Marquie-Beck2, S Letendre2, R Heaton2, I Grant2, and S A Spector1 A genetic variant of CCR2 (V64I), the principal receptor for the chemokine MCP-1, was associated with more rapid progression to neuropsychological impairment in this cohort of HIV-infected adults. The CCR2 polymorphism was not associated with increases in plasma or CSF viral load, suggesting that the impact of CCR2 on neuropathogenesis may involve alterations in host immune responses within the CNS rather than a direct impact on viral entry and replication. |
| 29 | Chemokines Correlate with Cerebral Metabolites on Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Substudy of ACTG 301 and 700. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 29) S Letendre1, J Zheng2, C Yiannoutsos3, A Lopez2, R Ellis1, J Marquie-Beck1, J Zimmerman1, H Gendelman2, B Navia4, and The ACTG 301 and 700 Study Teams Chemokines predict changes in neuropsychological performance and reflect cerebral metabolites, further implicating them in HIV neuropathogenesis. In this study, chemokines were associated with NAA, a marker of neuronal integrity, and choline, a marker of gliosis, in parietal cortex. |
| 30 | Changes in the Quantitative Neurological Performance Z Score on 4 Tests n an HIV-1-infected Cohort: Association with CSF HIV Concentration and Changes in Blood T Cells. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 30) A Nilsson, K Onstott, S Spudich, D Verotta, S Deeks, and R Price Overall, neurological function in the cohort, as assessed by the QNPZ-4 score, improved slightly over 1 year without a clear difference among the 3 groups. However, the course of HIV infection (as indicated by CSF HIV concentrations at 1 year and changes in T-cell counts) was associated with changes in neurological performance across the entire cohort. |
| 31 | Evidence for HIV-1 Infection of Neural Progenitor Cells. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 31) Lawrence D, Schwartz L, Durham L, Major E; NINDS, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA Periventricular colocalization of HIV-1 and nestin in archival pediatric brain, combined with infection of human neural progenitor cells in culture, support the idea that neural progenitor cells may harbor HIV-1. Differentiation into an astrocytic phenotype is associated with higher viral titer, as is stimulation with TNFα. Progenitor cells might be an additional reservoir of HIV-1 in the pediatric brain. |
| 32 | HIV-1-mediated Apoptosis of Neurons: The Proximal Mechanisms of HIV-1-Induced Encephalopathy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 32) R Pomerantz, Y Xu, J Sullivan, and J Kulkosky These data suggest that the exposure of neurons to viral products may be more critical for the induction of apoptosis relative to putative host factors released from the virally infected cells, and denote direct molecular mechanisms for the induction of apoptosis in neurons relating to the exposure of viral and host cell factors. As such, relevant rationally designed targets can now begin to be designed for interdicting in HIV-1-induced neuronal cell loss. |
| 33LB | Progressive White Matter Loss Suggests Ongoing Brain Injury in ART-treated HIV+ Patients Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11;11th: (abstract No. 33LB) M W Weiner1, D J Meyerhoff1, V Cardenas-Nicolson1, J Kornak1, C Studholme1, D Truran1, J Rothlind1, L Chao1, H Lampiris1, R Grant4, and J Lindgren1 Prior to ART, the CNS was a major target of HIV, often producing dementia. Since introduction of ART, CNS complications of HIV have been much less severe. Nevertheless, there has been concern that CNS injury may occur despite ART treatment. Therefore, the goal of this longitudinal study was to test the hypothesis of ongoing CNS injury in both light drinking (LD) and heavy drinking (HD) ART-treated HIV+ subjects compared with HIV- controls. |
| 34 | Peripheral Neuropathy Associated with HIV and ARV: Update on Diagnosis and Management Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11;11th: (abstract No. 34) David M Simpson*1 and J C McArthur 2 1 Mount Sinai Med Ctr, New York, NY, USA and 2 Johns Hopkins Sch of Med, Baltimore, MD, USA BACKGROUND: More than one third of patients with HIV/AIDS have peripheral neuropathy . However, peripheral neuropathy is frequently misdiagnosed, particularly by non-neurological clinicians. Recent cohort studies have provided data on the reliability of brief screening batteries in the diagnosis of neuropathy, in compa |
| 35LB | Continuing High-risk Sexual Behavior and Increasing Antiretroviral Resistance among HIV+ Patients in Care Helps Explain the Rising Prevalence of Resistance among New HIV Infections Conf Retrovir Opportunistic Infect 2004 Feb 8-11;11: (abstract No. 35LB) Kozal M, Amico R, Chiarella J, Schreibman T, Cornman D, Fisher W, Fisher J, Friedland G; Yale Univ. Sch. of Med., New Haven, CT, USA BACKGROUND: The prevalence of drug resistance among new HIV infections is increasing. The presumed source of new resistant infections is HIV+ patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) who engage in behaviors that transmit HIV. Little is known about the risk behaviors of these patients, potential partners exposed |
| 36LB | Persistence of Transmitted Drug-resistant Virus among Subjects with Primary HIV Infection Deferring Antiretroviral Therapy Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11;11th: (abstract No. 36LB) S J Little*1, K K Koelsch1, C C Ignacio1, J K Wong1,2, Y Lie3, S D W Frost1, and D D Richman1,2 1Univ. of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA; 2San Diego VA Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA; and 3ViroLogic, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA BACKGROUND: We wanted to assess the persistence of transmitted drug resistant variants in the absence of antiretroviral drug (ARV) treatment among subjects with primary HIV infection. METHODS: Baseline nucleotide sequence analysis of pol was used to identify major drug-resistance mutations among 11 subjects with primar |
| 37 | Emergence and Long-term Persistence of NNRTI-resistant Variants in Patients Starting and Stopping NNRTI-containing Regimens Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11;11th: (abstract No. 37) S Palmer*1, V Boltz1, F Maldarelli1, E Halvas2, J Mican3, J Mellors2, and J Coffin1 1HIV Drug Resistance Prgm., NCI, NIH, DHHS, Frederick, MD, USA; 2Univ. of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; and 3Lab. of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA BACKGROUND: Understanding the emergence and decay of drug-resistant HIV-1 variants is important for designing optimal antiretroviral treatment strategies. Standard genotyping methods do not reliably detect minor variants comprising less than 25% of the virus population and are not quantitative. We have therefore develo |
| 38 | HIV Resistance and Transmission following Single-dose Nevirapine in a PMTCT Cohort Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11;11th: (abstract No. 38) N Martinson*1,2,3, L Morris1,2,3, G Gray1,2, D Moodley4, P Lupondwana1,2, C Chezzi1,2, S Cohen1, C Pillay1,2, A Puren1, M Ntsala1, J Sullivan5, J Steyn2, and J McIntyre2 1Natl. Inst. for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa; 2Perinatal HIV Res. Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa; 3Sch. of Med., Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD, USA; 4King Edward Hosp., Durban, South Africa; and 5Univ. of Massachusetts Med. Sch., Worcester, USA BACKGROUND: Nevirapine (NVP), given to mothers in labor and to neonates within 72 hours of delivery, is an effective, simple PMTCT regimen. Previous studies have shown that transient resistance develops in those exposed to this regimen. This study was designed to assess genotypic resistance induced by NVP (NVPR). |
| 39 | Low-frequency NNRTI-resistant Variants Contribute to Failure of Efavirenz-containing Regimens Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11;11th: (abstract No. 39) J Mellors*1, S Palmer2, D Nissley2, M Kearney2, E Halvas1, C Bixby1, L Demeter3, S Eshleman4, K Bennett5, S Hart6, F Vaida5, M Wantman5, J Coffin2, and S Hammer for the ACTG 398 Study Group7 1Univ. of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; 2Drug Resistance Prgm., NCI, NIH, DHHS, Frederick, MD, USA; 3Univ. of Rochester, NY, USA; 4Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD, USA; 5Harvard Sch. of Publ. Hlth., Boston, MA, USA; 6Frontier Sci. and Technology Res. Fndn., Amherst, NY, USA; and 7Columbia Univ., New York, NY, USA BACKGROUND: The role of minor (low-frequency) drug-resistant variants in failure of antiretroviral therapy is not defined. In ACTG 398, 212 NNRTI-experienced and 269 NNRTI-naïve patients were randomized to efavirenz (EFV), abacavir , adefovir, and |
| 40LB | A Randomized, Double-blind Trial Assessing the Efficacy of Single-dose Perinatal Nevirapine Added to a Standard Zidovudine Regimen for the Prevention of Mother-to-child Transmission of HIV-1 In Thailand Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11;11th: (abstract No. 40LB) M Lallemant*1, G Jourdain2, S Le Coeur3, J Y Mary4, N Ngo-Giang-Huong2, S Koetsawang5, S Kanshana6, K McIntosh7,8, V Thaineua6, and the Perinatal HIV Prevention Trial (Thailand) 1PHPT- Inst. de Recherche pour le Développement, France and Thailand; 2Harvard Sch. of Publ. Hlth., Boston, MA, USA; 3Inst. Natl. d’Etudes Démographiques, Paris, France; 4INSERM Erm 0321, Paris, France; 5Family Hlth. Res. Ctr., Mahidol Univ., Bangkok, Thailand; 6Ministry of Publ. Hlth., Bangkok, Thailand; 7Children’s Hosp., Boston, MA, USA; and 8Harvard Med. Sch., Boston, MA, USA BACKGROUND: Although zidovudine prophylaxis initiated at 28 weeks decreases in utero transmission of HIV to 1 to 2%, significant peripartum transmission still occurs. We hypothesized that, without additional toxicity, logistical complications, or significant cost, perinatal NVP added to ZDV could further reduce intrapa |
| 41LB | Exposure to Intrapartum Single-dose Nevirapine and Subsequent Maternal 6-Month Response to NNRTI-based Regimens Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11;11th: (abstract No. 41LB) G Jourdain*1, N Ngo-Giang-Huong1, P Tungyai2, A Kummee2, C Bowonwatanuwong3, P Kantipong3, P Lechanachai4, S Hammer5, M Lallemant2, and Perinatal HIV Prevention Trial Group 1Harvard Sch. of Publ. Hlth., Boston, MA, USA; 2PHPT-Inst. de Recherche pour le Développement, France and Thailand; 3Ministry of Publ. Hlth., Bangkok, Thailand; 4Chiang Mai Univ., Faculty of Associated Med. Sci., Thailand; and 5Columbia Univ. Med. Ctr., New York, NY, USA BACKGROUND: Single-dose nevirapine (SD-NVP) is efficacious in preventing HIV mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) but resistance mutations to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) are detectable in the postpartum period in a substantial proportion of mothers. Their clinical significance is unknown. |
| 42 | Peripheral Neuropathy Associated with HIV and ARV: Update on Diagnosis and Management Conf Retrovir Opportunistic Infect 2004 Feb 8-11;11: (abstract No. 42) Abrams E; Harlem Hosp Ctr, Columbia Univ, New York, NY, USA Enormous strides in care and treatment have led to dramatic reductions in mother-to-child- transmission (MTCT) in high resource settings. Widespread use of potent combination therapies during pregnancy coupled with intrapartum and postpartum treatment to the newborn has resulted in MTCT rates of 1-2%.Similarly, the eff |
| 43 | HIV Capture and Transmission by Dendritic Cells Conf Retrovir Opportunistic Infect 2004 Feb 8-11;11: (abstract No. 43) Cunningham AL, Turville SG, Wilkinson J, Santos J, Frank I, Cameron P, Dable J, Hart D, Romani N, Lifson JD, Pope M; Ctr for Virus Res, Westmead, Australia BACKGROUND: Dendritic cells play a major role in HIV pathogenesis. Epithelial dendritic cells appear to be one of the first cells infected after sexual transmission and transfer of the virus to CD4 lymphocytes, simultaneously activating these cells to produce high levels of HIV replication. Such transfer may occur loca |
| 44 | Enhancement of HIV Infection by Activated Dendritic Cells Occurs via Trafficking through a CD81 Enriched Compartment Conf Retrovir Opportunistic Infect 2004 Feb 8-11;11: (abstract No. 44) McDonald D, Hope TJ; Univ of Illinois, Chicago, USA BACKGROUND: Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC) efficiently bind and internalize HIV but are not easily infected by the virus despite adequate expression of entry receptors. Instead, DC can transmit infectious HIV to target cells, effectively completing an intracellular phase of the virus life cycle in the absence of |
| 45 | HIV-1 Spread between T Cells via a Virological Synapse Conf Retrovir Opportunistic Infect 2004 Feb 8-11;11: (abstract No. 45) Sattentau QJ, Jolly C; The Sir William Dunn Sch of Pathology, Univ of Oxford, UK BACKGROUND: HIV-1 can spread both by release of cell-free virions and by direct cell-cell spread. Cell-cell spread has advantages for the virus including production of new viral RNA and proteins that is more rapid than that observed after cell-free virus infection, and potential escape from elements of humoral immunity |
| 46 | HIV Assembly in, and Release from, Primary Macrophages Conf Retrovir Opportunistic Infect 2004 Feb 8-11;11: (abstract No. 46) Marsh M, Pelchen-Matthews A, Kramer B, Byland R, Deneka M, Fraile-Ramos A; Univ Coll, London, UK BACKGROUND: HIV types 1 and 2, and SIV, are generally thought to assemble at the plasma membrane of infected cells. METHODS: We investigated virus assembly by immunolabeling cryosections of HIV-1-infected primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). Using fluorescence and electron microscopy we found virus particl |
| 47 | Disorders of Bone Mass and Bone Metabolism Conf Retrovir Opportunistic Infect 2004 Feb 8-11;11: (abstract No. 47) Mora S, Zamproni I, Sciannamblo M, Giacomet V, Vigano A; Sci Inst H S Raffaele, Milan, Italy BACKGROUND: The development of precise non-invasive methods for measuring bone mineral content has significantly improved our ability to study the changes in bone mass occurring during growth. The most commonly employed method for the assessment of bone mineral content is dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Bone mi |
| 48 | Mitochondrial Toxicity Resulting from the Treatment of Pregnant Women and Infants Conf Retrovir Opportunistic Infect 2004 Feb 8-11;11: (abstract No. 48) Blanche S;;; Hosp Necker, Paris, France BACKGROUND: Mitochondrial toxicity of some nucleoside analogues, when used alone or in association, is now well established. These molecules can cross the placenta, such that the foetus is often exposed for several months. There is no reason to believe that the fetus or the infant is not subject to this phenomenon. Ult |
| 49 | Psychiatric Co-morbidity in HIV Infected Youth Conf Retrovir Opportunistic Infect 2004 Feb 8-11;11: (abstract No. 49) Nachman S;;; Stony Brook Univ, NY, USA BACKGROUND: As the HIV epidemic enters its third decade, advances in treatment have transformed the disease from a rapidly fatal infection to a chronic illness. Newer complications, such as psychiatric comorbidity, possibly related to both HIV and its treatments, are emerging. Psychological manifestations in children w |
| 50 | Dyslipidemia, Osteopenia and Changes in Body Habitus in HIV-Infected Women Conf Retrovir Opportunistic Infect 2004 Feb 8-11;11: (abstract No. 50) Schoenbaum EE;;; Montefiore Med Ctr, Albert Einstein Sch of Med, Bronx, NY, USA BACKGROUND: Since the advent of HAART, dyslipidemia, osteopenia, and changes in body habitus have been observed in HIV-infected women and men. Studies have linked these findings to anti-retroviral medications, HIV itself, and classic risk factors seen in an aging population. For women with HIV, menopause increases the |
| 51 | Poor Virologic Responses and Early Emergence of Resistance in Treatment Naïve, HIV-infected Patients Receiving a Once Daily Triple Nucleoside Regimen of Didanosine, Lamivudine, and Tenofovir DF Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11;11th: (abstract No. 51) J Jemsek*, P Hutcherson, and E Harper; Jemsek Clin., Huntersville, NC, USA BACKGROUND: The role of triple nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) regimens remains uncertain for patients at various stages of HIV infection. We recently undertook a 24-week pilot study to evaluate the potency and safety of a once-daily regimen of didanosine EC ( |
| 52 | Low Genetic Barrier to Resistance Is a Possible Cause of Early Virologic Failures in Once-Daily Regimen of Abacavir, Lamivudine, and Tenofovir: The Tonus Study Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11;11th: (abstract No. 52) R Landman*1, G Peytavin1, D Descamps1, F Brun Vezinet1, H Benech1,8, A Benalisherif1,2, A Trylesinski2,3, C Katlama3,4, P M Girard4,5, F Raffi1, P Yeni6, M Bentata6, B Jarrousse6,7, C Michelet7,8, P Flandre9, Tonus Study Group, and Tonus study group; 1Bichat Claude Bernard Hosp., Paris, France; 2Gilead Sci., Paris, France; 3Pitié-Salpêtrière Hosp., Paris, France; 4Saint Antoine Hosp., Paris, France; 5CHU Nantes, Hosp. Nantes, France; 6Avicennes Hosp., Bobigny, France; 7CHU Rennes, France; 8CEA Lab., Orsay, France; and 9Inserm U472. Villejuif, France BACKGROUND: High rates of early virological failure have been reported in naïve patients who received the triple nucleoside/nucleotide once daily regimen of abacavir (ABC), lamivudine ( 3TC |
| 53 | COL40263: Resistance and Efficacy of Once-daily Trizivir and Tenofovir DF in Antiretroviral Naïve Subjects Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11;11th: (abstract No. 53) R Elion*1, C Cohen2, E DeJesus3, R Redfield4, J Gathe5, R Hsu6, L Yau7, L Ross7, B Ha7, R Lanier7, T Scott7, and COL40263 study team 1George Washington Sch. of Med., Washington DC, USA; 2Community Res. Initiative of New England, Boston, MA, USA; 3IDC Res. Initiative, Altamonte Springs, FL, USA; 4Inst. of Human Virology, Baltimore, MD, USA; 5Therapeutic Concepts, P.A., Houston, TX, USA; 6St. Vincent's Hosp., New York, NY, USA; and 7GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA BACKGROUND: This is a pilot, open-label, multicenter study evaluating the efficacy and safety of once-daily trizivir (TZV) + Tenofovir DF (TDF) in antiretroviral naïve subjects with entry HIV-1 RNA >30,000 copies/mL. |
| 54 | K65R: A Multinucleoside Resistance Mutation of Increasing Prevalence Exhibits Bi-directional Phenotypic Antagonism with TAM Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11;11th: (abstract No. 54) U Parikh*1, D Koontz1, N Sluis-Cremer1, J Hammond2, L Bacheler3, R Schinazi4, and J Mellors1 1Univ. of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; 2Agouron Pharm., La Jolla, CA, USA; 3VircoLab Inc., Durham, NC, USA; and 4Emory Univ., Atlanta, GA, USA BACKGROUND: The 65R mutation in HIV-1 RT is selected in vitro by many D-nucleosides but has been paradoxically rare in vivo until recently. In the GS903 and ES30009 trials, 65R emerged in 24 to 54% of patients experiencing virologic failure on regimens containing tenofovir (without |
| 55 | The HIV-1 K65R RT Mutant Utilizes a Combination of Decreased Incorporation and Decreased Excision to Evade NRTI Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11;11th: (abstract No. 55) K L White*1, N A Margot1, J M Chen1, R Wang1, M Pavelko1, T Wrin2, C J Petropoulos2, M McDermott1, S Swaminathan1, and M D Miller1 1Gilead Sci., Inc., Foster City, CA, USA and 2ViroLogic Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA BACKGROUND: The HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) mutation K65R is selected by the nucleoside and nucleotide RT inhibitors (NRTI) ddI , abacavir, tenofovir , and d4T . |
| 56 | Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Abacavir Intensification in HIV-1-infected Adults with Plasma HIV RNA <500 Copies/mL Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11;11th: (abstract No. 56) S Hammer*1, R Bassett2, M Fischl3, K Squires4, L Demeter5, J Currier6, G Morse7, V DeGruttola2, C Lalama2, S Snyder8, J Mellors9, ACTG 372A Study Team10, and Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group 1Columbia Univ., New York, NY, USA; 2Harvard Sch. of Publ. Hlth., Boston, MA, USA; 3Univ. of Miami, FL, USA; 4Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA; 5Univ. of Rochester, NY, USA; 6Univ. of California, Los Angeles, USA; 7State Univ. of New York, Buffalo, NY; 8AACTG Operations Ctr., Rockville, MD, USA; 9Univ. of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; and 10NIAID-sponsored AACTG, Bethesda, MD, USA BACKGROUND: Maximizing durability of viral suppression is an important goal of antiretroviral therapy. The objective of ACTG 372A was to determine if the intensification strategy of adding abacavir (ABC) to an effective indinavir (IDV)-dual NRTI regimen would delay |
| 57 | Detection of Pre-existing Minority Viral Populations Contributing to the Evolution of Resistance to Protease Inhibitors. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 57) Charpentier C, Morand-Joubert L, Chene G, Girard PM, Clavel F, Hance AJ; INSERM U552, Paris, France BACKGROUND: In patients harboring PI-resistant HIV-1, the virologic response to treatment changes introducing new PI is often transient, due to the emergence of variants with additional protease mutations and extended cross-resistance. We have investigated the role of preexisting minority virus populations in this evol |
| 58 | A 16-week Treatment Interruption Does Not Improve the Virologic Response to Multidrug Salvage Therapy in Treatment-experienced Patients: 48-week Results from ACTG A5086 Conf Retrovir Opportunistic Infect 2004 Febr 8 11;11: (abstract No. 58) Benson C, Downey G, Havlir DV, Vaida F, Lederman M, Gulick R, Glesby M, Patel S, Wantman M, Bixby C, Pettinelli C, Rinehart A, Snyder S, Mellors J, and the ACTG A5086 Study Team; Univ. of Colorado Hlth. Sci. Ctr., Denver, USA BACKGROUND: Data are conflicting on the clinical and virologic response to antiretroviral therapy (ART) following structured treatment interruption (STI) in patients with multidrug resistant HIV-1. METHODS: A5086 was a phase 3, open-label, prospective, randomized, multicenter trial evaluating the efficacy of STI in hea |
| 59 | HIV-1 Subtype-related Differences in Genotypic Evolution: Analysis of Subtypes B and C Reverse Transcriptase and Protease Sequences. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 59) Kantor R, Shafer RW, Efron B, Camacho R, Harrigan PR, Tanuri A, Pillay D, Weber J, Vandamme AM, Phanuphak P, Sugiura W, Soriano V, Morris L, Schapiro JM, Katzenstein D; Stanford Univ., CA, USA BACKGROUND: Subtype C is the most prevalent HIV-1 subtype worldwide. With increased treatment access, differences between B and C in the reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease genes may influence virus susceptibility, selection of mutations and genotypic interpretation of resistance. The impact of subtype on the evolu |
| 60 | HLA Imprinting: Implications for Selection of Vaccine Immunogens. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 60) Mallal S; Ctr for Clin Immunology and Biomed Statistics, Royal Perth Hosp, Australia BACKGROUND: Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) are the most polymorphic human proteins, with over 1300 distinct alleles defined to date. At the individual level, the inheritance of specific HLA alleles shape the immune response in a manner that is analogous to antiretroviral drugs, in that each allele provides a specific s |
| 61 | DNA Editing and Host Resistance Factors. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 61) Neuberger M; Med Res Council, Cambridge, UK BACKGROUND: Many pathways in living organisms are devoted to repairing any modifications that occur to the bases in DNA or changes to its sequence since such changes usually lead to mutations that are deleterious and can predispose to cancer. Recent work, however, has revealed physiological programs of directed attack |
| 62 | HIV-1 Vif Overcomes the Innate Antiviral Activity of APOBEC3G by Promoting its Degradation in the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 62) Mehle A, Strack B, Ancuta P, Gabuzda D; Dana-Farber Cancer Inst., Boston, MA, USA and 2Harvard Med. Sch., Boston, MA, USA BACKGROUND: The HIV Vif protein is essential for production of infectious virus. Vif counteracts the innate antiviral activity of APOBEC3G, a cytidine deaminase that induces massive G to A hypermutation in the viral genome. In the absence of Vif, APOBEC3G incorporation into virions renders HIV non-infectious. Here, we |
| 63 | Characterization of Mutations Generated by APOBEC3G on HIV-1 DNA. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 63) Yu Q, Konig R, Pillai S, Kearney M, Palmer S, Richman D, Coffin J, Landau NR; Salk Inst. for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA BACKGROUND: HIV-1 vif blocks the antiviral activity of human APOBEC3G, a cellular cytosine deaminase. APOBEC3G encapsidated into the vif-deleted virions deaminates cytosines of the viral reverse transcripts to uracil on the next round of infection. HIV-1 vif does not block the antiviral activity of primate and mouse AP |
| 64 | AIP1 and ESCRT-III Are Components of the HIV-1 Budding Machinery. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 64) Strack B, Calistri A, Popova E, Craig S, Gottlinger H; Dana-Farber Cancer Inst., Boston, MA, USA BACKGROUND: HIV-1 budding requires a membrane fission event to release the nascent virion. This membrane fission event is promoted by the p6 domain of Gag, which recruits Tsg101, a component of the class E vacuolar protein sorting (Vps) machinery. We find that HIV-1 p6 contains a second region involved in budding that |
| 65 | Cell-type-specific Targeting of HIV-1 Gag: Evidence of a Role for PIP2. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 65) Ono A, Freed EO; NCI-FCRDC, NIH, DHHS, Frederick, MD, USA BACKGROUND: HIV-1 particle formation begins with the targeting of the viral structural protein Gag to the site of virus assembly. In most cell types, including HeLa and T cells, virus assembly takes place largely on the plasma membrane, whereas in macrophages virus particles are mainly formed in intracellular vesicles. |
| 66 | Visualization of HIV-1 P55-GFP In Living Cells. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 66) Gomez CY, Hope TJ; Univ. of Illinois at Chicago, USA BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that several cellular factors play key roles in the assembly and budding processes in HIV. In addition, the assembly of viral proteins varies among different cell types. We have shown that the HIV matrix protein accumulates in actin-dependent structures and we hypothesize that this may re |
| 67 | Capsid Determines the Infectivity of Retroviruses in Nondividing Cells by Mediating Nuclear Transport of Incoming Virions. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 67) Yamashita M, Emerman M; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Res. Ctr., Seattle, WA, USA BACKGROUND: A major difference between lentiviruses such as HIV and most other retroviruses (such as the murine leukemia virus, MLV) is their ability to productively infect nondividing cells. Previous studies demonstrated that it is possible to make infectious chimeric viruses in which MA of MLV was replaced by HIV MA |
| 68 | Characterization of the Role of LEDGF during HIV Replication. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 68) Debyser Z, Emiliani S, Maele BV, Vercammen J, Maroun M, Busschots K, Cherepanov P, De Clercq E, Rain JC, Benarous R; The European TRIoH Consortium, Rega Inst. for Med. Res., Katholieke Univ. Leuven, Belgium BACKGROUND: LEDGF (lens epithelium-derived growth factor, p75) interacts tightly with HIV-1 integrase and is essential for nuclear targeting of this protein in human cells. A large-scale yeast 2-hybrid screen independently revealed LEDGF as a binding partner of HIV-1 integrase. METHODS: We have now mapped the molecular |
| 69 | HIV-1 Nef Mediates Vascular Endothelial Cell Signals Greatly Enhancing HIV-1 Replication in Extra-nodal CD4+ Memory T cells. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 69) Walker J, Choi J, Boichuk S, Kirkiles-Smith N, Pober JS, Alexander L; Yale Univ., New Haven, CT, USA BACKGROUND: Late in the course of infection, in the absence of intact lymphoid tissue, HIV-1 replicates efficiently in extra-nodal, peripheral tissues. We hypothesized that in this microenvironment, as in lymph node, local factors can enhance viral replication. METHODS and RESULTS: We have discovered that a likely cons |
| 70 | Replication-competent Variants of HIV-2 with Deletions of the V3 Hypervariable Loop. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 70) Bertolotti-Ciarlet A, Lin G, Biscone M, Haggarty B, Romano J, Doms RW, Hoxie JA; Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA BACKGROUND: Hypervariable loops V1/V2 and V3 on the HIV gp120 envelope protein (Env) facilitate interactions with chemokine receptors and contain neutralizing epitopes. They also may protect conserved domains on the gp120 core from humoral immune responses. The V3 loop determines tropism and participates directly in ch |
| 71 | Mimicking an Integrin Receptor Signal, HIV-1 Nef Recruits the PcG Protein Eed to Activate HIV Transcription. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 71) Witte V, Laffert B, Blume K, Sixt M, Rosorius O, Lischka P, Baur AS; Univ. of Erlangen, Germany and 2Inst. of Clin. and Molecular Virology, Univ. of Erlangen, Germany BACKGROUND: It has been shown that Nef increases the viral load in the infected host by enhancing viral infectivity and particle release. Whether Nef-mediated signalling in T cells directly targets viral transcription is not clear. METHODS: A yeast 2-hybrid system was used to screen for a novel Nef-interacting protein. |
| 72 | Population Prevalence of Hepatic Steatosis among Antiretroviral-experienced HCV/HIV Co-infected Adults with and without Stavudine Exposure. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 72) Sulkowski M, Mehta S, Moore R, Torbenson M, Chaisson R, Astemborski J, Thomas D; Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD, USA BACKGROUND: Hepatic steatosis has been associated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) and, among those with HCV, with increased fibrosis progression and decreased response to HCV therapy. The study objective was to determine the prevalence and correlates of steatosis in HCV/HIV co-infected patients. METHODS: We randomly |
| 73 | Prevalence and Incidence of Pre-diabetes and Diabetes in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11;11th: (abstract No. 73) T T Brown*1, S R Cole1, X Li1, L A Kingsley2, F J Palella Jr3, S A Riddler2, B R Visscher4, J B Margolick1, and A S Dobs1; 1Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD, USA; 2Univ. of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; 3Northwestern Univ., Chicago, IL, USA; and 4Univ. of California, Los Angeles, USA BACKGROUND: Abnormalities in glucose metabolism have been described with increasing frequency in patients with HIV and may result from both direct and indirect effects of highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART). The incidence and prevalence of pre-diabetes and diabetes (DM) and their relationship to antiretrovir |
| 74 | Prospective Study of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Antiretroviral-Naïve Subjects Randomized to Receive Nelfinavir, Efavirenz, or Both Combined with Zidovudine+Lamivudine (ZDV+3TC) or Didanosine+Stavudine: A5005s, a Substudy of ACTG 384 Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11;11th: (abstract No. 74) M Dubé*1, R Zackin2,3, R Parker2,3, Y Yang2,3, S Grinspoon3, P Tebas4, G Robbins3, R Shafer5, S Snyder6, K Mulligan7, and Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group 1Indiana Univ, Indianapolis, IN, USA; 2Statistical and Data Analysis Ctr., Boston, MA, USA; 3Harvard Univ., Boston, MA, USA; 4Washington Univ., St. Louis, MO, USA; 5Stanford Univ., Palo Alto, CA, USA; 6ACTG Operations Ctr., Silver Spring, MD, USA; and 7Univ. of California, San Francisco, USA BACKGROUND: The primary objective of A5005s was to determine whether nelfinavir (NFV)- and efavirenz (EFV)-based therapies differ with respect to changes in fasting lipids and insulin resistance. Secondary objectives included comparisons among NRTI regimens. |
| 75 | Predictors of Hypertension and Changes in Blood Pressure in HIV-infected Patients in the D:A:D Study Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11;11th: (abstract No. 75) R Thiébaut*1, W El-Sadr2, G Chenuc1, N Friis-Moller3, M Rickenbach4, P Reiss5, A D’Arminio Monforte6, L Morfeldt7, C Pradier8, O Kirk9, S De Wit10, G Calvo11, M Law12, C Sabin13,14, J D Lundgren3, and D:A:D Study group; 1Aquitaine Cohort, C.H.U. Bordeaux, INSERM U593, Bordeaux, France; 2CPCRA, Columbia Univ./Harlem Hosp., New York, NY, USA; 3Copenhagen HIV Prgm., Hvidovre Univ. Hosp., Denmark; 4SHCS, Ctr. Hosp. Univ. Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; 5ATHENA, HIV Monitoring Fndn., Academic Med. Ctr., Amsterdam, The Netherlands; 6ICONA, L Sacco Hosp., Univ. of Milan, Milan, Italy; 7HivBivus, Karolinska Hosp., Stockholm, Sweden; 8Nice Cohort, CHU Nice Hosp. de l'Archet, France; 9EuroSIDA, CHIP, Hvidovre Univ. Hosp., Copenhagen, Denmark; 10Saint-Pierre Cohort, CHU Saint-Pierre Hosp., Brussels, Belgium; 11BASS, Autonomous Univ. of Barcelona, Spain; 12AHOD, Natl. Ctr. in HIV Epidemiology and Clin. Res., Sydney, Australia; 13Royal Free Ctr. for HIV Med., Royal Free and Univ. Coll., London, UK; and 14Univ. Coll. London, UK BACKGROUND: Hypertension is a well-known cardiovascular risk factor. Factors affecting the blood pressure of HIV-infected patients are poorly understood, although it has been hypothesised that anti-HIV drugs may lead to elevations. We assessed predictors of changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and of occurr |
| 76 | Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Decrease Mitochondrial and PPARgamma Gene Expression in Adipose Tissue after only 2 Weeks in HIV-uninfected Healthy Adults. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11;11th: (abstract No. 76) P Mallon*1,2, P Unemori1, M Bowen2, J Miller3, M Winterbotham1, A Kelleher1,2, K Williams2, D Cooper1,2, and A Carr2 1Natl. Ctr. in HIV Epidemiology and Clin. Res., Univ. of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; 2St. Vincent’s Hosp., Sydney, Australia; and 3Garvan Inst. of Med. Res., Sydney, Australia Background: Long-term NRTI therapy often leads to lipoatrophy. Although NRTI may inhibit adipocyte DNA polymerase-g, affecting mitochondrial (mt) replication and oxidative phosphorylation, published data are contradictory and it is unclear whether mtDNA depletion is the primary defect in NRTI-induced toxicity. Methods: |
| 77 | Effects of Pravastatin on Lipoproteins and Endothelial Function in Patients Receiving HIV Protease Inhibitors Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11;11th: (abstract No. 77) J Sosman*, M Merwood, J Bellehumeur, S Aeschlimann, C Korcarz, G Underbakke, M Mays, and J Stein Univ. of Wisconsin Med. Sch., Madison, USA BACKGROUND: The use of PI in HIV has been associated with dyslipidemia and vascular endothelial dysfunction, which may predispose patients to atherosclerosis. Although pravastatin is recommended as initial therapy for dyslipidemic patients taking PI, pravastatin s effects on lipoproteins and vascular endothelial functi |
| 78 | Metabolic Changes in Patients Switching from a Protease Inhibitor-Containing Regimen to Abacavir, Efavirenz,) or Nevirapine: 24-Month Results of a Randomized Study. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 78) Fisac C, Fumero E, Crespo M, Roson B, Virgili N, Ribera E, Ferrer E, Gatell JM, Podzamczer D; Hosp. Univ. de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain BACKGROUND: Switching to a PI-sparing regimen is a common therapeutic strategy for patients with metabolic and lipodystrophic changes. METHODS: NEFA was an open-label randomized study comparing 3 different PI-sparing regimens (ABC, EFV, and NVP) in HIV+ individuals who had been previously exposed to a HAART PI-containi |
| 79 | Rosiglitazone for the Treatment of HIV Lipoatrophy: A Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, 48-week Trial Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11;11th: (abstract No. 79) A Carr*1, C Workman2, G Rogers3, A Martin4, D Carey4, D Baker5, H Wand4, M Law4, K Samaras1,6, S Emery4, D Cooper4, and ROSEY study group 1St. Vincent's Hosp., Sydney, Australia; 2AIDS Res. Initiative, Sydney, Australia; 3Care and Prevention Gen. Practice, Adelaide, Australia; 4Natl. Ctr. in HIV Epidemiology and Clin. Res., Univ. of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; 5407 Doctors, Sydney, Australia; and 6Garvan Inst. of Med. Res., Sydney, Australia BACKGROUND: There is no clinically effective therapy for HIV lipodystrophy except switching from thymidine nucleoside analogue (NRTI) therapy. Thiazolidinediones such as rosiglitazone (RSG) promote subcutaneous fat growth, decrease visceral fat, and improve glycemic and lipid parameters in type 2 diabetics and in adult |
| 80 | Low-dose Maintenance Therapy with Recombinant Human Growth Hormone Sustains Effects of Previous r-hGH Treatment in HIV+ Patients with Excess Center Fat: Treatment Results at 60 Weeks Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11;11th: (abstract No. 80) D P Kotler*1, C Grunfeld2, N Muurahainen3, C Wanke4, M Thompson5, D Bock3, J Gertner3, and Serostim in the Treatment of Adipose Redistribution Syndrome (STARS) Trial Investigator Group 1Columbia Univ. and St. Lukes Hosp. Ctr., New York, NY, USA; 2Univ. of California, San Francisco, VA Med. Ctr., USA; 3Serono, Inc., Rockland, MA, USA; 4Tufts Univ. Sch. of Med., Boston, MA, USA; and 5AIDS Res. Consortium of Atlanta, GA, USA BACKGROUND: This prospective, multi-center, randomized, dose-finding extension trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of r-hGH ( Serostim ) maintenance therapy, 1 or 2 mg daily, to sustain reductions of trunk fat and cholesterol concentrations induced by prior treatment with higher-dose r-hGH. In the antecedent STARS |
| 81 | Incidence of Non-AIDS-defining Malignancies in the HIV Outpatient Study Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11;11th: (abstract No. 81) P Patel*1, R M Novak2, T Tong1, P Behari2, A Moorman1, F J Palella Jr2, S D Holmberg1, and HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS) 1Atlanta, GA, USA and 2Chicago, IL, USA BACKGROUND: Studies have shown a decline in AIDS-defining malignancies since the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). However, the incidence of non-AIDS defining cancers among HIV-infected individuals seem to be increasing. We determined the incidence of 5 cancers among HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS) pa |
| 82 | Surgical Outcomes of HIV+ Patients in the Era of HAART. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 82) Horberg M, Hurley L, Klein D, Follansbee S, Flamm J, Green G; Kaiser-Santa Clara, CA, USA BACKGROUND: The perception remains that HIV+ patients would have a worse surgical outcome than HIV- patients because of suppressed immune status and poor viral control. In a matched design we compared HIV+ patients to HIV- patients with respect to surgical outcomes in the HAART era. METHODS: All selected procedures (ap |
| 83 | Men on the 'Down Low': More Questions than Answers. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 83) Millett G; CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA BACKGROUND: Men on the down low, a subgroup of bisexually active black men has become a focal point of interest in the HIV prevention community in the past several years. One of the primary reasons for this is the question of whether men on the down low function as an HIV transmission bridge to the heterosexual populat |
| 84 | Transmission on Campus: Insights from Tracking HIV Incidence in North Carolina Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11;11th: (abstract No. 84) L B Hightow*1, P MacDonald1, C D Pilcher1, A H Kaplan1, E Foust2, T Q Nguyen1, and P A Leone1 1Univ. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA and 2North Carolina Dept. of Hlth. and Human Svcs., Raleigh, USA BACKGROUND: Surveillance for HIV has been limited to monitoring HIV seroprevalence populations. This method has limited ability to detect increasing incidence or clustering within specific risk groups or geographic areas. Beginning in November 2002, North Carolina’s Screening and Tracing Active Transmission (STAT) Prog |
| 85LB | Investigation of HIV Transmission in Black MSM College Students and Non-Students in North Carolina. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 85LB) Fitzpatrick L, Grant L, Eure C, Phillip S, Millett G, Jones K, Hightow L, Stall R, Leone P, Holmberg S, Foust E, Greenberg A; CDC, Atlanta, GA BACKGROUND: In May 2003, the North Carolina Department of Health identified 49 new cases of HIV among black men who have sex with men (MSM) (all college students) and consequently, in August 2003 invited CDC to assist with an in-depth epidemiologic and behavioral investigation. METHODS: A survey was conducted to assess |
| 86 | Recent Trends in HIV Diagnoses in the United States. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 86) Hall HI, Ling Q, Song R, McKenna MT; CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA BACKGROUND: Recent outbreaks of syphilis among men who have sex with men and increasing prevalence of unprotected sex have raised concerns of potential increases in HIV transmission. METHODS: Using data from 29 states with confidential reporting of HIV/AIDS cases diagnosed during 1999 through 2002, we determined annual |
| 87 | Descriptive Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in New York City: Incorporation of Newly Available Population-based Surveillance Data on HIV (non-AIDS), 2001. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 87) Nash D, Manning SE, Ramaswamy C; New York City Dept. of Hlth. and Mental Hygiene, HIV Surveillance and Epidemiology Prgm., NY, USA and 2CDC, Epidemic Intelligence Svc., State Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA BACKGROUND: Prior to the implementation of regulations in June 2000 requiring New York health care providers and laboratories to report newly diagnosed HIV infection (non-AIDS), the HIV epidemic in New York City was monitored primarily through AIDS-case reporting. We report on the descriptive epidemiology of HIV/AIDS i |
| 88 | Trends in Primary and Secondary Syphilis and HIV Seroincidence among Men Who Have Sex with Men in San Francisco, 1998-2002. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 88) Buchacz K, Kellogg T, McFarland W, Kohn R, Dilley J, Louie B, Kent C, Holmberg S, Klausner J; CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA BACKGROUND: Syphilis facilitates the acquisition and transmission of HIV infection. To explore whether the current syphilis epidemic has been associated with increases in HIV incidence in San Francisco, we examined trends in HIV incidence in men who have sex with men (MSM) in 2 HIV testing populations and rates of prim |
| 89 | A 15-year Retrospective in Trends in Incidence, Prevalence and Risk Factors for HIV Infection among Inner City Patients Attending the Johns Hopkins Emergency Department, 1988 to 2003. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 89) Henson C, Laeyendecker O, Kraus C, Horne BJ, Rothman RE, Shahan JB, Kelen GD, Quinn TC; Johns Hopkins Univ., Balitmore, MD, USA and 2NIAID, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA BACKGROUND: We wanted to determine the temporal trends in HIV prevalence, incidence, and associated risk behaviors in adults attending the Johns Hopkins Hospital Emergency Department (JHH ED) from 1988 to 2003. METHODS: Identity-unlinked sero-survey studies were performed in 1988, 1992, 2000, 2001, and 2003 at the JHH |
| 90 | The Effect of Various Counseling and Testing Methods on the Rate of HIV Testing among Male Prisoners. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 90) Baham J, Gavin J, Mittal S, Kuniholm M, Harriss D, Ruiz J, Bick J; California Dept. of Hlth. Svcs., Office of AIDS, Richmond, USA BACKGROUND: HIV infection is more prevalent among inmates than in the non-incarcerated. About 25% of those with HIV in the United States will be incarcerated each year, and most are unaware of their serostatus. Early diagnosis can prevent the spread of HIV and reduce the incidence of AIDS. This study evaluated the effe |
| 91 | HIV/AIDS in Jails and Prisons. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 91) McAuley J; Cook County Jail, Chicago, IL, USA BACKGROUND: The adult justice system in the United States consists of police holding-cells, pre-trial detention centers (jails), and prisons (state, federal, military). The length of stay for jails varies by jurisdiction but is typically several days to a few weeks while prisons house persons for at least one year. The |
| 92 | Partially Reverse Transcribed HIV Genome in Uninfected HIV-exposed Infants. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 92) Lee FK, Scinicariello F, Ou CY, Bulterys M, Nesheim S; Emory Univ. Sch. of Med., Atlanta, GA, USA and 2CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA BACKGROUND: HIV-1 replication is influenced by the phase of cell cycle at the time of infection. It has previously been demonstrated that only partial reverse transcripts of HIV-1 DNA could be found in resting lymphocytes (G0-G1a). We postulate that a portion of perinatal HIV transmissions may involve initial entry of |
| 93 | Characterization of Breast Milk T Cells from HIV+ and HIV- Women Reveal Compartmentalization of Antigen Specific Responses. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 93) Edwards B, Ghosh M, Sabbaj S, Rhodes A, Decker D, Goepfert P, Aldrovandi G; Univ. of Alabama at Birmingham, USA and 2Childrens' Hosp. Los Angeles, CA, USA BACKGROUND: Transmission of HIV via breast milk is a significant source of pediatric infection, yet the majority of infants do not acquire infection through this route. This latter finding may be due to the low levels of HIV RNA in breast milk compared with plasma. We therefore hypothesized that the magnitude and quali |
| 94 | Consequences of Mother-Child Sharing of HLA Alleles for Clinical Disease Progression among Vertically Infected Children. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 94) Kuhn L, Abrams EJ, Palumbo P, Bulterys M, Aga R, Louie L, Hodge T; Columbia Univ., New York, NY, USA BACKGROUND: When children acquire HIV infection from their mother (with whom they share at least 50% of their HLA alleles), they acquire virus with a history of encounter with maternal HLA-mediated immune responses. We sought to investigate whether HLA selection pressure would adversely influence clinical outcomes of H |
| 95 | Performance of Rapid HIV-1 Testing at Labor and Delivery: A Multicenter Study. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 95) Bulterys M, Jamieson DJ, O'Sullivan MJ, Cohen MH, Maupin R, Nesheim S, Webber MP, Dyke RV, Wiener J, Branson BM; CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA BACKGROUND: Accurate and timely rapid HIV testing could allow HIV-infected women with undocumented HIV status, presenting at labor and delivery immediate access to antiretroviral prophylaxis. METHODS: The multicenter Mother-Infant Rapid Intervention at Delivery (MIRIAD) study implemented 24-hour counseling and voluntar |
| 96 | Combination Short-course Zidovudine plus 2-Dose Nevirapine for Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission: Safety, Tolerance, Transmission, and Resistance Results. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 96) Chalermchokcharoenkit A, Asavapiriyanont S, Teeraratkul A, Vanprapa N, Chotpitayasunondh T, Chaowanachan T, Mock P, Wilasrusme S, Skunodom N, Simonds RJ, Tappero JW, Culnane M; Siriraj Hosp., Bangkok, Thailand BACKGROUND: Both short-course zidovudine (ZDV) and a 2-dose regimen of oral intrapartum/newborn nevirapine (NVP) significantly reduce perinatal HIV-1 transmission. We studied the safety, tolerance, development of resistance, and transmission rates of combining these |
| 97 | Association between Antiretroviral Therapy during Pregnancy and Prematurity/Low Birth Weight Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11;11th: (abstract No. 97) K Beckerman*1, D Covington2, P Garcia3, H Watts4, B Ross5, S Chavers6, S Sacks7, and H Tilson8 1New York Univ., NY, USA; 2PharmaRes. Corp., A Member of Inveresk Group, Wilmington, NC, USA; 3Northwestern Univ., Chicago, IL, USA; 4NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Rockville, MD, USA; 5Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD, USA; 6GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; 7F. Hoffman-La Roche Inc., Nutley, NJ, USA; and 8Univ. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA BACKGROUND: Evidence is conflicting on the association between prematurity and the use of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) during pregnancy. This study examines that association in a long-standing pregnancy exposure registry. METHODS: This study used data from the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry, an ongoing r |
| 98 | Pregnancy Outcome in ART-Treated HIV-Infected Women in Europe Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11;11th: (abstract No. 98) C Thorne*, M Newell, and European Collaborative Study Inst. of Child Hlth., Univ. Coll. London, UK BACKGROUND: Although highly successful in reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission, the increasing use of HAART in HIV-infected women in pregnancy may be associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. METHODS: In the European Collaborative Study, HIV-infected pregnant women and their infants are followed up prosp |
| 99 | Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission Risk According to Antiretroviral Therapy, Mode of Delivery, and Viral Load in 2895 U.S. Women (PACTG 367) Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11;11th: (abstract No. 99) D Shapiro*1, R Tuomala2,3, H Pollack4, S Burchett3,5, J Read6, M Cababasay1, J McNamara7, and G Ciupak8 1Harvard Sch. of Publ. Hlth., Boston, MA, USA; 2Brigham and Women's Hosp., Boston, MA, USA; 3Harvard Med. Sch., Boston, MA, USA; 4New York Univ. Sch. of Med., NY, USA; 5Children's Hosp.; 6NICHD, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA; 7NIAID, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA; and 8Frontier Sci. and Technology Res. Fndn., Buffalo, NY, USA BACKGROUND: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) during pregnancy and cesarean section before labor and membrane rupture (ECS) each reduce vertical HIV transmission, but their effects among women with low viral load are not well characterized. METHODS: Abstraction of medical records of HIV-infected pregnant women at 67 U.S. cl |
| 100 | Children but Not Adults Mount a Secondary Immune Response to a Variant HIV-1 Epitope following CTL Escape. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 100) Feeney M, Draenert R, Roosevelt K, Tang Y, Pfafferott K, Verrill C, Altfeld M, Walker BD, Goulder P; Massachusetts Gen. Hosp., Boston, MA BACKGROUND: Individuals expressing the HLA-B57 allele exhibit slow progression to AIDS and in the majority of such individuals the CTL response is dominated by B57-restricted epitopes. The p24 Gag epitope TSTLQEQIGW is the earliest epitope targeted during primary infection in B57+ subjects. We compared recognition of T |
| 101 | Defensive Arts: Antiviral Defense by APOBEC3G. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 101) Trono D; Univ of Geneva, Switzerland BACKGROUND: Viral replication most often requires that innate intracellular lines of defense be overcome. APOBEC-3G is a cytidine deaminase that exerts a broad antiretroviral activity by mediating the lethal editing of nascent reverse transcripts. It is countered by the Vif (virion infectivity factor) protein of HIV an |
| 102 | Regulation of APOBEC3G Function by Vif. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 102) Sheehy AM, Gaddis NC, Malim MH; King's Coll London, UK BACKGROUND: Human T cells possess a natural defense against retroviral invasion. This defense was revealed by the recent discovery of the APOBEC3G/CEM15 gene. The unique anti-viral pathway involving APOBEC3G conveys the ability to effectively resist HIV infection. This enzyme catalyzes the directed and catastrophic dea |
| 103 | HIV Vif: Deactivation of a Deadly Deaminase Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11;11th: (abstract No. 103) Nathaniel R Landau The Salk Inst for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA BACKGROUND: HIV-1 Vif blocks the antiviral activity of the cellular cytidine deaminase APOBEC3G/CEM15. The enzyme is encapsilated into Vif-deleted virions where it acts as a potent antiviral. The encapsilated enzyme blocks the virus lifecycle on the next round of infection by catalyzing the conversion of cytosines to u |
| 104 | Host Factors Controlling Species-Specific Replication of Lentiviruses. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 104) Towers GJ; Columbia Univ Coll of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA BACKGROUND: Retroviruses are not strictly species specific -- they can jump from one species to another and have done so many times throughout mammalian evolution. When a retrovirus infects a new species it can cause disease, such as HIV/AIDS. Consequently, retroviruses have driven the evolution of dominant mechanisms |
| 105 | Antiviral Protein Targeting Viral RNA Formation. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 105) Goff SP, Gao G, Guo X, Bick MJ, MacDonald M, Rice C; Inst of Microbio, Chinese Academy of Sci, Beijing, China METHODS: To identify novel antiviral activities, we screened mammalian cDNA libraries for genes that prevent infection by a genetically marked retrovirus. Virus-resistant cells were selected from pools of transduced clones, and an active antiviral cDNA was recovered. RESULTS: Expression of the gene caused a profound an |
| 106 | An Independent Analysis of the Effect of Race in VAX004. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 106) Follmann D, Gilbert P, Self S, Hudgens M, Gurwith M, Popovic V, Ackers M, Hu D, Flores J; NIAID, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA Backbround: VAX004, a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, phase 3 trial of a bivalent rgp120 HIV-1 vaccine showed an overall null result in 5403 volunteers but raised the possibility that vaccine efficacy varied by race. We explored whether the RESULTS in racial subgroups were due to chance or an underlying e |
| 107 | Efficacy of AIDSVAX B/E Vaccines in Injecting Drug Use Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11;11th: (abstract No. 107 Punnee Pitisutithum Mahidol Univ, Bangkok, Thailand and Bangkok Vaccine Evalution Group BACKGROUND: As a result of HIV/AIDS epidemic in Thailand , a National Plan for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development and Evaluation was written in 1993. Since then several vaccine studies have been conducted including the phase 3 trial of the AIDSVAX B/E vaccine that began in 1999. METHODS: Following informed consent, 2546 HIV- |
| 108 | Challenges Involved in Eliciting, Neutralizing Antibodies to HIV. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 108) Burton D; The Scripps Res Inst, La Jolla, CA, USA Background and METHODS: The challenges involved in designing immunogens capable of eliciting neutralizing antibodies to HIV will be discussed, with particular emphasis on broadly neutralizing antibodies. The feasibility of eliciting neutralizing antibodies that are potent and broad enough to have some effect upon HIV t |
| 109 | Why An Effective Vaccine for HIV-1 Is Not Currently Within Our Grasp Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11;11th: (abstract No. 109 Ronald Desrosiers; Harvard Med Sch, New England Primate Res Ctr, Southborough, MA Several lines of evidence indicate that development of an effective vaccine for HIV-1 is going to be, at best, extremely difficult. The inability to solve fundamental scientific questions is the root cause for why a successful vaccine is not currently within our grasp. A renewed, organized, focused effort is needed to |
| 110 | A Randomized, Controlled Trial of PEG-Interferon-alfa-2a plus Ribavirin vs Interferon-alfa-2a plus Ribavirin for Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection in HIV-co-infected Persons: Follow-up Results of ACTG A5071 Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11;11th: (abstract No. 110 R Chung*1, J Andersen2, P Volberding3, G Robbins1, T Liu2, K Sherman4, M Peters3, M Koziel5, B Alston6, D Colquhoun7, T Nevin8, G Harb9, C van der Horst10, and AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5071 Study Team 1Mass Gen. Hosp., Boston, MA, USA; 2Statistical and Data Analysis Ctr. (SDAC), Harvard Sch. of Publ. Hlth., Boston, MA, USA; 3Univ. of California, San Francisco, USA; 4Univ. of Cincinnati, OH, USA; 5Beth Israel Deaconess Hosp., Boston, MA, USA; 6DAIDS, NIAID, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA; 7DMC, FSTRF, Buffalo, NY, USA; 8Social and Sci. Systems, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA; 9Roche Labs., Nutley, NJ, USA; and 10Univ. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA BACKGROUND: Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major morbidity in persons infected with HIV. Treatment of HCV in HIV co-infection has been associated with poor responses and frequent intolerability. We conducted the first randomized trial of the efficacy and safety of peginterferon plus ribavirin vs interferon plus r |
| 111 | Relationships between Hepatitis C Virus-specific Immune Responses and Outcomes of Treatment with Interferon and Ribavirin in HIV/HCV Co-infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 111) Graham C, Wells A, Liu T, Sherman K, Peters M, Chung R, Andersen J, Koziel M; Beth Israel Deaconess Med. Ctr. and Harvard Med. Sch., Boston, MA, USA BACKGROUND: The relationship between HCV-specific immune responses and outcome of treatment with interferon (IFN) and ribavirin (RBV) is not well defined, but may allow us to better explain patient characteristics associated with treatment effectiveness. We hypothesized that individuals with more vigorous HCV-specific |
| 112 | Final Results of APRICOT: A Randomized, Partially Blinded, International Trial Evaluating Peginterferon-alfa-2a + Ribavirin vs Interferon-alfa-2a + Ribavirin in the Treatment of HCV in HIV/HCV Co-infection Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11;11th: (abstract No. 112 F J Torriani1, J Rockstroh2, M Rodriguez-Torres3, E Lissen4, J Gonzalez5, A Lazzarin6, G Carosi7, J Sasadeusz8, C Katlama9, J Montaner10, H Sette11, F Duff12, J DePamphilis12, U M Schrenk13, and D Dieterich*14 1Univ. of California, San Diego, USA; 2Univ. of Bonn, Germany; 3Fndn. de Investigación de Diego, Santurce, PR, USA; 4Virgen del Rocío Univ. Hosp., Seville, Spain; 5Hosp. La Paz, Madrid, Spain; 6San Raffaele Vita-Salute Univ., Milan, Italy; 7Univ. of Brescia, Italy; 8Royal Melbourne Hosp., Australia; 9Hosp. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; 10Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; 11Inst. de Infectologia Emilio Ribas, Sao Paulo, Brazil; 12Roche, Nutley, NJ, USA; 13Roche, Basel, Switzerland; and 14Mt Sinai Sch. of Med., New York, NY, USA BACKGROUND: The AIDS Pegasys Ribavirin International Co-infection Trial (APRICOT) was designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of HCV therapies approved for patients with HCV mono-infection in patients with HIV/HCV co-infection. METHODS: We randomized 868 HIV/HCV co-infected subjects in 19 countries to 48 weeks of |
| 113 | Intrahepatic T-cell Responses to Hepatitis C Virus in Patients Co-infected with HCV and HIV prior to anti-HCV Therapy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 113) Alatrakchi N, Graham CS, Sherman KE, Koziel MJ; Harvard Med. Sch. and Beth Israel Deaconess Med. Ctr., Boston, MA, USA and 2Univ. of Cincinnati, OH, USA BACKGROUND: In patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), whether co-infected or not with HIV, T-cell responses are often undetectable in peripheral blood. We analyzed the strength and specificity of HCV-specific CD8 and CD4 T-cell responses in the liver of HCV/HIV co-infected and HCV mono-infected pat |
| 114 | Frequency of Functional HCV-specific CD8+ Cells Depends on Total CD4+ Counts in HIV-1/HCV Co-infection: Implications for Immune Reconstitution. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 114) Kim AY, Ouchi K, Draenert R, Addo MM, Lucas M, Boczanowski MA, Wurcel AG, McGovern B, Casson D, Chung T, Klenerman P, Walker BD, Lauer GM; Partners AIDS Res. Ctr., Massachusetts Gen. Hosp., Charlestown, USA BACKGROUND: Virus-specific CD8+ cells play an important role in control of both SIV in macaques and HCV in chimpanzees, but no animal model has adequately studied HIV/HCV co-infection. We performed cross-sectional analysis in a large cohort of co-infected humans to determine the effects of HIV on HCV-specific functiona |
| 115 | Hemigenomic Analysis of Hepatitis C Sequence Variation in a Common-Source Outbreak in Relation to Predicted HLA Class I Epitopes. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 115) Ray S, Fanning L, Wang X, Netski D, Thomas D; Johns Hopkins Univ. Sch. of Med., Baltimore, MD, USA and 2Cork Univ. Hosp., Ireland BACKGROUND: Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an important cause of liver disease both nationally and internationally, disproportionately affecting persons with HIV and AIDS. Advancement in understanding HCV pathogenesis has been hampered by inefficient amplification of large segments of the HCV genome, heterog |
| 116 | DNA Polymorphisms Affect Severity of Disease and Response to Therapy in Subjects Co-infected with HCV and HIV Conf Retrovir Opportunistic Infect 2004 Feb 8-11;11: (abstract No. 116 Peters M, Anderson J, Chung R, Koziel M, Sherman K, Apple R, the ACTG 5071 team, and the NIAID - AIDS Clinical Trials Group, Bethesda, MD; Univ. of California, San Francisco, USA BACKGROUND: Host factors may play a role in the severity of HCV. We aimed to assess the role of DNA polymorphisms in 18 genes (coding region or promoter) involved in inflammation on the severity of HCV and on the response to treatment in HIV/HCV subjects receiving interferon (IFN) or PEG-IFN + ribavirin, in a randomize |
| 117LB | Final Results of ANRS HC02-RIBAVIC: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Pegylated-Interferon-alfa-2b plus Ribavirin vs Interferon-alfa-2b plus Ribavirin for the Initial Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C in HIV Co-infected Patients Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11;11th: (abstract No. 117 C Perronne*1, F Carrat2, F Bani-Sadr2, S Pol3, E Rosenthal4, F Lunel5, P Morand6, D Salmon7, G Pialoux8, G Raguin8, C Grillot-Courvalin9, P Cacoub10, and ANRS HC02-RIBAVIC study group; 1CHU Raymond-Poincaré, Garches, France; 2CHU Saint-Antoine, INSERM, Paris, France; 3CHU Necker, Paris, France; 4CHU de l'Archet, Nice, France; 5CHU Hotel-Dieu, Angers, France; 6CHU Michalon, Grenoble, France; 7CHU Cochin, Paris, France; 8CHU Saint-Antoine, Paris, France; 9ANRS, Paris, France; and 10CHU Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France BACKGROUND: The need to treat hepatitis C has become a significant issue in HIV-infected subjects. We compared the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of a 48-week course of the standard (IFN-alpha-2b: 3 MIU x 3/week, n = 207) (INF group) to the pegylated (PEG-IFN-alpha-2b: 1.5 -micro/kg x 1/w, n = 205) interferon (PEG |
| 118LB | HCV Resistance to Peg-Interferon/Ribavirin Therapy Is Associated with Increased Immune Activation in HIV/HCV Co-infected Patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 118LB) Lempicki RA, Yang J, Dennis G, McLaughlin M, Koratich C, Kleiner D, Kottilil S, Polis MA; SAIC-Frederick, Inc., MD, USA BACKGROUND: HIV-infected patients co-infected with HCV have modest responses to anti-HCV therapy relative HIV-uninfected individuals. The purpose of the study is to examine gene expression patterns in PBMC of HIV/HCV co-infected patients to identify biological processes that distinguish responders from non-responders f |
| 119 | HIV Vaccine Efficacy Trials: Lessons Learned and Future Directions. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 119) Buchbinder S; San Francisco Dept of Publ Hlth, CA, USA BACKGROUND: HIV vaccine efficacy must be evaluated through large clinical trials. Two such efficacy trials have been conducted to date; many lessons can be learned through analysis of these trials. A number of new products have entered clinical testing and may be ready for efficacy evaluation within the next several ye |
| 120 | Tuberculosis and HIV: Is There a Scientific Basis for Hope? Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 120) Small PM; Bill and Melinda Gates Fndn, Seattle, WA, USA BACKGROUND: The challenges in confronting tuberculosis (TB) in the context of HIV are well known to this audience. This plenary talk will address the question, Is there a scientific basis for hope in understanding why TB is so problematic and for how to improve the situation, either by preventing or treating tuberculos |
| 121 | Mutations in p6 Gag Associated with Alterations in Replication Capacity in Drug Sensitive HIV-1 Are Implicated in the Budding Process Mediated by TSG101 and AIP1. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 121) Bates M, Chappey C, Parkin N; ViroLogic Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA BACKGROUND: HIV-1 utilizes a network of host vacuolar sorting proteins to bud from the infected cell. Viral budding requires interactions between the gag protein p6 and several cellular proteins, Tsg101 and AIP1, mediated by specific amino acid motifs in p6, PT/SAP and LYP, LRSL, respectively. The Replication Capacity |
| 122 | Identification of a Gene Product, Murr1, that Restricts HIV-1 Replication in Primary Resting CD4+ T-lymphocytes. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 122) Ganesh L, Burstein E, Guha-Niyogi A, Louder MK, Mascola JR, Klomp LW, Wijmenga C, Duckett CS, Nabel G; Vaccine Res. Ctr., NIAID, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA BACKGROUND: Although HIV-1 infects quiescent and proliferating CD4+ lymphocytes, the virus replicates poorly in resting T cells. Factors that block viral replication in these cells may help to prolong the asymptomatic phase of HIV infection; however, the molecular mechanisms that control this process are not fully unde |
| 123LB | De Novo Latent Infection of Quiescent CD4+ T Cells in the Absence of Exogenous Stimuli. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 123LB) O'Doherty U, Baytop C, Yu J, Swiggard W; Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA BACKGROUND: Resting CD4+ T cells comprise the best defined reservoir of HIV-1 latent infection, but how these reservoirs are formed is unclear. One hypothesis is that latent reservoirs form when activated T cells are infected as they return to a resting state. Another hypothesis is that CD4+ T cells receive some transi |
| 124LB | HIV Infection of Naturally Occurring and Genetically Reprogrammed Human Regulatory T Cells. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 124LB) Oswald-Richter K, Grill SM, Shariat N, Leelawong M, Sundrud MS, Unutmaz D; Vanderbilt Univ. Med. Sch., Nashville, TN, USA BACKGROUND: A T-cell subset, defined as CD4+CD25+ (Treg cells), was recently shown to suppress T-cell activation. Because Treg cells express CD4, they are potential targets of HIV in vivo. However, the role of Treg cells during HIV infection remains unknown. Here we tested the susceptibility of, both naturally occurrin |
| 125 | Sequence Determinants in the gp120 V1-V4 Region Modulate Susceptibility to Neutralization by Autologous and Pooled Plasma. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 125) Derdeyn C, Decker J, Bibollet-Ruche F, Mokili J, Muldoon M, Heil M, Kasolo F, Musonda R, Allen S, Hahn BH, Shaw G, Korber BT, Hunter E; Univ. of Alabama at Birmingham, USA BACKGROUND: We recently defined the properties of viruses present in 8 heterosexual donor-recipient pairs near the time of transmission. Viruses that established infection uniformly exhibited shorter length and fewer N-linked glycosylation (N-gly) sites in the gp120 V1-V4 region; limited sequence divergence as evidence |
| 126 | Decreased Survival of B Cells of HIV-Viremic Patients Mediated by Altered Expression of Receptors of the TNF Superfamily. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 126) Moir S, Malaspina A, Donoghue E, Vasquez J, Chun TW, Planta M, Pickeral O, Birse C, Fauci AS; NIAID, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA and 2Human Genome Sci. Inc., MD, USA BACKGROUND: In previous studies we identified perturbations in B cells of HIV-viremic patients that were consistent with activation-induced terminal differentiation, including loss of CD21 expression in association with decreased proliferation, increased immunoglobulin secretion, and appearance of plasma cell-like morp |
| 127 | Mechanism(s) Responsible for the Immunodeficiency Induced by Highly Pathogenic SHIV and SIV Appear to Be Fundamentally Different. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2004 Feb 8-11; 11:(abstract No. 127) Igarashi T, Endo Y, Nishimura Y, Buckler C, Sadjadpour R, Donau O, Dumaurier MJ, Plishka R, Buckler-White A, Martin M; NIAID, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA and 2Weill Med. Coll. of Cornell Univ., New York, NY, USA BACKGROUND: In contrast to SIV, which induces immunodeficiency over a 1- to 3-year period, highly pathogenic SHIV causes an irreversible and systemic depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes in rhesus monkeys within weeks of infection. Nonetheless, the seemingly more aggressive SHIV has proven to be easier to control by the sam |
| 128 | Frequent Simian Retrovirus Infection in Persons Occupationally Exposed to Nonhuman Primates. |