Table of Contents: 3rd International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment Rio de Janeiro - July 24

3rd International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment

Rio de Janeiro - July 24-27, 2005

Cite as: IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd: Abstract No. xx
where xx is the abstract number.

PLENARY SESSION
Monday, July 24, 2005

MoPl-01 MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HIV
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPl-01)
Francine E. McCrutchan, Ph.D.
HIV in the infected individual exists as a swarm of highly related but non-identical viral genomes termed a "quasispecies"

MoPl-02 THE NEXT WAVE: THE EMERGING HIV EPIDEMICS OF EURASIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPl-02)
Chris Beyrer MD, MPH
Drug use and drug policies are driving emerging HIV epidemics across Eurasia. Drug users must be offered HIV treatment and prevention if we are to respond to this next wave.

MoPl-03 ACCESS TO TREATMENT AND PREVENTION: BRAZIL AND BEYOND
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPl-03)
Pedro Chequer, MD, PhD
Major features of Brazil's response to HIV/AIDS epidemic: • Early response by government (since 1983); • Robust participation by civil society in all decisions; • Multisectoral mobilization; • Balanced prevention and treatment approach, with human rights taken into account in all strategies and actions.

FORUM • 01

MoFo01
What will it take to control the epidemic?

MoFo0101 INTRODUCTION
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoFo0101)
Ronald Gray
This is a Power Point presentation. There is no abstract available.

MoFo0102 SYNERGY BETWEEN PREVENTION AND CARE IN AFRICA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoFo0102)
Daniel Westreich
This is a Power Point presentation. There is no abstract available.

MoFo0104 HOW TO DEAL WITH CONCENTRATED EPIDEMICS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoFo0104)
Marie Laga
This is a Power Point presentation. There is no abstract available.

MoFo0105 IMPACT OF ACCESSING METHADONE ON THE TIME OF INITIATING HIV TREATMENT AMONG ANTIRETROVIRAL NAÏVE HIV-INFECTED INJECTION DRUG USERS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoFo0105)
Carlos Caceres
This is a Power Point presentation. There is no abstract available.

FORUM • 02

MoFo02
HIV/TB Co-Infection: new visions, new directions

MoFo0201 HIV AND TB AT THE CROSSROADS: INTEGRATING THE OPERATIONAL AGENDA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoFo0201)
Paul Nunn
This is a Power Point presentation. There is no abstract available.

FORUM • 03

MoFo03
Mechanisms of drug resistance and fitness

MoFo0304 FITNESS OF HISTORICAL AND RECENT HIV-1 ISOLATES IN THE EPIDEMIC: EVIDENCE FOR ATTENUATION
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoFo0304)
Ariën K.K.¹, Troyer R.M.², Gali Y.¹, Fransen K.¹, Kestens L.¹, Heyndrickx L.¹, Colebunders R.L.¹, Arts E.J.², Vanham G.¹
These results provide the first experimental evidence of diminished replicative fitness and increased sensitivity to TAK-779 and 3-TC of present-day HIV-1 patient isolates compared with historical samples. This observation also predicts a trend for attenuation of HIV-1 replicative capacity as the epidemic progresses.

MoFo0305 LOWER RATES OF ADAPTIVE EVOLUTION IN HIV-1 DUAL INFECTIONS COMPARED TO SINGLE INFECTIONS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoFo0305)
Williamson C.¹, Grobler J.¹, Seoighe C.², Ramjee G.³, Morris L.⁴, Abdool Karim S.S.⁵
We hypothesize that the increased viral diversity in dual infection enables recombination to contribute significantly to viral adaptation to immune responses and that this results in a decrease in the rate of adaptation affecting individual point mutations. The ability to undergo major genetic shift in viral populations may help to explain rapid disease progression in individuals with dual infection.

MoFo0306 MULTIDRUG RESISTANT HIV-1 RESULTING FROM INTRAPATIENT VIRAL RECOMBINATION
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoFo0306)
Weiser B.¹, Burger H.¹, Kitchen C.², Mayers D.³, Foley B.⁴, Klimkait T.⁵, Hamy F.⁵, Anastos K.⁶, Huggins P.¹, Petrovic K.⁵, Kemal K.¹
We have documented intrapatient recombination resulting in multidrug resistance. Serial analyses of viral resistance, RC, and phylogenetic relationships in two anatomic compartments during HAART revealed the evolution of HIV-1 strains displaying multidrug resistance and high fitness in both sites.

ORAL ABSTRACT SESSION • 01

MoOa01
Dynamics of the HIV epidemic and measurement of incidence

MoOa0101 "PATIENT ZERO": THE CONNECTICUT SOURCE OF THE MULTI-DRUG RESISTANT, DUAL-TROPIC, RAPIDLY PROGRESSING HIV-1 STRAIN FOUND IN NYC
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoOa0101)
Blick G.¹, Greiger-Zanlungo P.², Heseltine P.³, Kagan R.³, Garton T.¹, Arzu Z.¹
Analyses confirm “CT”’s HIV-1 identical to the isolate from “NYC”. While acute infection resulted in rapid progression to AIDS in “NYC”, HIV-1 viremia is well-controlled, CD4 remains stable, and VRC=41% in "CT", refuting the concept of a new aggressive HIV strain, while suggesting host factors may best explain the rapid progression to AIDS in "NY".

MoOa0102 HIV SEROINCIDENCE ESTIMATES AMONG VULNERABLE POPULATIONS IN BUENOS AIRES USING A SEROLOGIC TESTING ALGORITHM FOR RECENT HIV SEROCONVERSION
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoOa0102)
Vignoles M.¹, Avila M.M.¹, Martínez Peralta L.¹, Pando M.D.L.A.¹, Sheppard H.², Maulen S.³, Radulich G.⁴, Rossi D.⁵, Muzzio E.⁶, Benetucci J.⁷, Weissenbacher M.¹
The high HIV incidence found in some vulnerable populations from Buenos Aires indicate the urgent need for planning specific prevention strategies for them, mainly for MSM, NICUs and AW. STARHS-estimated incidence among MSM was confirmed with a longitudinal cohort study during the same period of time [Incidence: 6.0% person/year (3.1-11.0)]. Some of the groups with high HIV incidence may be considered suitable for volunteer participation in HIV vaccine clinical trials.

MoOa0103 MODELLING THE IMPACT OF CASUAL AND REGULAR PARTNERSHIPS ON HIV INCIDENCE AMONG HOMOSEXUAL MEN IN AUSTRALIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoOa0103)
Razali K.¹, Mao L.², Prestage G.¹, Grulich A.¹, Van de Ven P.², Kippax S.², Law M.¹
The models suggest that since 1995, there is an increase in the contribution of casual partnerships in HIV incidence. Continued UAIC increases would result in an increased proportion of incident cases attributable to casual partnerships, and a dramatic increase in overall HIV incidence, much more than that expected from a similar UAIR increase.

MoOa0104 INCIDENCE OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS AND HIV AMONG INJECTING DRUG USERS IN NORTHERN PAKISTAN: A PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoOa0104)
Hadi D.H.M.H.¹, Shujaat P.D.M.G.S.H.², Waheed P.D.W.U.Z.³, Masood P.D.M.G.M.A.³
The incidence of HCV in Northern Pakistan is high and of HIV higher than reported in the epidemiological spread sheet of Pakistan(0.7%).

MoOa0105 PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS FOR HEPATITIS C VIRUS, AND HIV INFECTION AMONG INJECTION DRUG USERS IN GEORGIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoOa0105)
Gabelia N.¹, Nelson K.², del Rio C.³, Stvilia K.⁴, Chitale R.², Aladashvili M.⁴, Tsertsvadze T.⁴
HCV infections are common among IDUs in Georgia and are strongly associated with recognized risk behaviors, especially needle sharing and imprisonment. Nevertheless, HIV infections, though present among a small number of IDUs in Georgia have not spread significantly in this population.

MoOa0107 EARLY DETECTION OF HIV INFECTION IN DISCORDANT HETEROSEXUAL COUPLES IN AFRICA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoOa0107)
Allen S.¹, Rwanda/Zambia HIV Research Groups.¹
In a cohort with a seroconversion rate of approximately 2% per 3-month interval, one quarter of new infections can be identified during the early, p24Ag+ phase. The main obstacle to detection is the short duration of the antigen positive window, rather than the sensitivity of the antigen test. Because increasing the frequency of study visits would result in decreased retention, the best strategy for obtaining study samples in early infection is more frequent batching of p24Ag testing and same-day invitations for re-draw.

MoOa0108 HIGH PREVALENCE OF UNDETECTED, ACUTE HIV INFECTION IN A SOUTH AFRICAN PRIMARY CARE CLINIC
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoOa0108)
Stevens W.¹, Akkers E.², Myers M.³, Motloung T.³, Pilcher C.⁴, Venter F.³
A significant number of individuals were identified in this study as having acute primary HIV infection (0.99%), translating into an incidence rate per year of 12.9%. (C.I.: 11.01 to 14.12%). The feasibility of using pooling nucleic acid amplification testing strategies for high risk populations locally was confirmed.

MoOa0109 ECONOMIC RISK FACTORS FOR HIV INFECTION AMONG WOMEN IN RURAL HAITI: IMPLICATIONS FOR ACCESS TO HIV CARE AND RELATED SERVICES
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoOa0109)
Smith Fawzi M.C.¹, Lambert W.², Singler J.³, Boehm F.⁴, Leandre F.², Nevil P.², Bertrand D.², Claude M.S.², Bertrand J.², Louissaint M.², Jeannis L.², Salazar J.J.¹, Farmer P.⁵, Mukherjee J.⁵
This is a Power Point presentation. There is no abstract available.

ORAL ABSTRACT SESSION • 02

MoOa02
ART scale up

MoOa0201 THE CHILEAN AIDS COHORT (CHIAC): IMPACT OF AN EXPANDED ACCESS PROGRAM TO HAART IN SURVIVAL AND RISK FACTORS FOR MORTALITY IN A TREATMENT NAÏVE POPULATION
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoOa0201)
Beltrán C.¹, Wolff M.¹, Vásquez P.¹, Berna L.¹, Carreño J.¹, Toro C.¹, Chahín C.¹
EAP to HAART in a middle-income country has been successful in terms of survival in an advanced-disease population. Significant higher mortality was observed only in clinically severe disease (AIDS) or severe immunodepression. A national cohort model may contribute both, to EAP evaluation and its overall success.

MoOa0202 IMPLEMENTING AN ANTIRETROVIRAL TREATMENT PROGRAM IN A NAIROBI SLUM, KENYA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoOa0202)
Macharia D.¹, Ngan'ga L.W.¹, Wangai M.², Isavwa A.¹, Ilako F.³, Marston B.¹, DeCock K.¹, Weidle P.J.⁴
Response to ARV therapy in this slum population was comparable to industrialized settings. With government commitment, donor support and community involvement, it is feasible to implement a successful ARV program in extremely challenging social and environmental conditions.

MoOa0203 6-MONTH IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSE WITH HAART CONTAINING NEVIRAPINE IN HIV-INFECTED WOMEN POST EXPOSURE TO SINGLE DOSE OF NEVIRAPINE FOR PMTCT. THE MTCT-PLUS INITIATIVE IN ABIDJAN, CôTE D’IVOIRE (2003-2005)
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoOa0203)
Bedikou G.¹, Viho I.¹, Tonwe-Gold B.¹, Coffie J.P.², Amani-Bosse C.¹, Allou G.¹, Sakarovitch C.²2, Toure S.¹, Ekouevi D.K.¹, Leroy V.², Abrams E.J.³, Dabis F.²
The 6-month immunological response was similar in women previously exposed or not to sdNVP before initiating HAART. Further followup is necessary to fully assess the long-term, impact of sdNVP used for PMTCT on the success of NNRTI containing therapeutic regimens.

MoOa0204 GENERIC DRUGS, HEALTH DELIVERY MODE AND EFFECTIVENESS OF HAART IN BRAZIL
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoOa0204)
May S.¹, Barroso P.¹, Santoro Lopes G.¹, Nunes E.¹, Barcaui H.², Costa M.², Almeida M.¹, Faulhaber J.¹, Schechter M.¹
This study demonstrates the effectiveness of HAART in a developing country setting where generic drugs are widely used, irrespective of the mode of health care delivery.

MoOa0205 PEER COUNSELORS AS A STRATEGY TO EDUCATE AND MAINTAIN ADHERENCE LEVELS IN COMMUNITY ANTIRETROVIRAL CLINICS IN SOUTH AFRICA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoOa0205)
Bekker L.-G.¹, Mtwisha L.¹, Orrell C.¹, Rivett U.², Wood R.¹
This program shows that untrained HIV-infected individuals can facilitate education and adherence in antiretroviral programs. This may reduce the number of medical visits required whilst rapid personalized intervention may reverse increasing viral loads. The cell phone messaging strategy enhances their work, increasing communication and allowing effective data collection.

MoOa0206 EXPANSION OF HIV/AIDS CARE AND TREATMENT PROGRAMS IN 5 COUNTRIES IN SUB SAHARAN AFRICA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoOa0206)
Nash D.¹, Hoos D.¹, Rosenthal M.¹, Musick B.², Fraser Chanpong G.³, Reed K.⁴, Casey S.⁵, Hawken M.³, Macharia D.⁴, Lima J.⁶, El Sadr W.¹
Rapid enrollment of patients can be successfully accomplished, even at sites without prior experience. Programs were able to enroll women and children, possibly reflecting HIV testing in antenatal clinics. A greater proportion of men were on ART, suggesting a more advanced stage of disease. Collection of information on response to ART, adherence, loss to follow-up, and deaths is an important priority in order to improve the efficiency and quality of programs.

ORAL ABSTRACT SESSION • 03

MoOa03
Viral pathogenesis

MoOa0301 NON-INFECTIOUS X4 BUT NOT R5 HIV-1 VIRIONS INHIBIT HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES IN HUMAN LYMPHOID TISSUE EX VIVO
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoOa0301)
Grivel J.-C.¹, Fitzgerald W.S.², Sylwester A.¹, Lifson J.³, Margolis L.B.¹
Thus, neither productive viral infection, nor CD4+ T cell depletion are necessary to mediate HIV-induced inhibition of antibody production in human lymphoid tissue in ex vivo. This phenomenon is mediated by soluble immunosuppressive factor(s) (ISF) secreted by lymphoid tissue exposed to viral particles.

MoOa0302 THE GUT IS AN HIV-1 RESERVOIR REGARDLESS OF PLASMA VIRAL LOAD LEVEL (PVL) IN PATIENTS ON AND OFF HAART
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoOa0302)
Olmos M.¹, Fanin A.¹, Perez H.¹, Cahn P.¹, Belmonte L.², Parodi C.², Bracco M.M.²
In this study HIV was detected in gut in patients off therapy with high viral load and in patients on HAART with undetectable pVL and virological failure. The intestinal mucosa seems to serve as a reservoir poorly influenced by levels of pVL or HAART.

MoOa0303 IMMUNOGENETICS AND IMMUNE RECONSTITUTION DURING POTENT ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY: NWCS 233, AN ANALYSIS OF AACTG PROTOCOL A5001
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoOa0303)
Haas D.¹, Geraghty D.², Andersen J.³, DAquila R.¹, Unutmaz D.¹, Mar J.³, Benson C.⁴, Landay A.⁵
Allelic variants in genes important for CD4 cell expansion, survival, and apoptosis may affect interindividual variability in immune reconstitution during ART. Characterizing these variants, variants in additional genes implicated in T-cell biology, and gene-gene interactions, may suggest novel interventions to enhance immune reconstitution.

MoOa0304 DEFECTIVE SURVIVAL PATHWAYS IN MEMORY T CELLS DURING HIV INFECTION
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoOa0304)
Haddad E.¹, Riou C.¹, Yassin Diab B.¹, Gagnon D.¹, Vendette M.¹, Boulassel R.², Routy J.-P.², Sekaly R.-P.¹
Results suggest defect in the IL-7 and PIM associated survival pathways in memory T cells leading to an ineffective immune response during HIV infection. These data would greatly enhance our understanding of the immune response associated with HIV viral replication and disease pathogenesis.

MoOa0305 COMPARISON OF HIV-SPECIFIC CD4+ T CELL RESPONSES IN HIV1 AND HIV2
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoOa0305)
Foxall R., Cortesão C., Albuqurque A., Victorino R., Sousa A.
We documented here that the slow decline of CD4 T cells that is observed in HIV2 infected patients is associated with an increase in the frequency of HIV2 specific IL2-producing CD4+ T cells. This suggests that maintenance of this population is an important factor in controlling HIV2 infection, and as such identifies it as a potential target for immune-based therapies in HIV/AIDS.

MoOa0306 DISRUPTED INTERACTIONS BETWEEN DENDRITIC CELLS AND NATURAL KILLER CELLS IN HIV-1 INFECTED VIREMIC INDIVIDUALS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoOa0306)
Mavilio D.¹, Lombardo G.¹, Kim D.¹, Ortolano S.¹, La Sala A.², Daucher M.¹, O'Shea A.¹, Kovacs C.³, Marcenaro E.⁴, Moretta A.⁴, Fauci A.S.¹
The disrupted NK-DC interactions occurring in HIV-1 infected viremic individuals is a possible explanation for the impaired adaptive immune response to HIV and may lead to a defective clearance of HIV-infected cells.

ORAL ABSTRACT SESSION • 04

MoOa04
Molecular epidemiology and transmission

MoOa0401 HETEROSEXUAL TRANSMISSION OF HIV — LESSONS FROM DISCORDANT COUPLES
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoOa0401)
Derdeyn C.¹, Decker J.², Salazar J.³, Mulenga J.⁴, Bibollet-Ruche F.³, Allen S.¹, Hahn B.³, Shaw G.², Korber B.⁵, Hunter E.¹
These results argue that a majority of new infections in this cohort is initiated by a single virus and that changes in the "silent" face of the subtype-C gp120 can dramatically influence neutralization sensitivity.

MoOa0402 IMMUNOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF APPARENT PROTECTION IN EXPOSED YET HIV-1 SERONEGATIVE UGANDANS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoOa0402)
Kebba A.¹, Imami N.², Grosskurth H.¹, Gotch F.²
HIV-1 specific humoral and cellular immune responses in ESN may play an important role in protecting vulnerable persons from HIV-1 infection, and such responses should be induced by prophylactic vaccines.

MoOa0403 HIGH-THROUGHPUT HIV-1 GENOTYPING IN THE ERA OF RECOMBINATION: A SECOND-GENERATION MULTI-REGION HYBRIDIZATION ASSAY FOR SOUTHEAST ASIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoOa0403)
Kijak G.¹, Tovanabutra S.², Watanaveeradej V.³, Sanders-Buell E.², Arroyo M.⁴, Moqueet N.³, De Souza M.⁵, Khamboonruang C.⁶, Amnajsirisuk S.⁷, Robb M.², Birx D.⁴, McCutchan F.²
MHAbce_v2 is a sensitive and specific tool, suitable for studying large HIV-1 cohorts in Southeast Asia, allowing for the real-time monitoring of dynamic epidemics.

MoOa0404 HIV-1 SUBTYPE C DISSEMINATION IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoOa0404)
Soares E.A.J.M.¹, Martínez A.M.B.², Souza T.M.¹, Santos A.F.A.¹, Da Hora V.², Silveira J.², Bastos F.I.³, Tanuri A.¹, Soares M.A.¹
Despite the fact that subtype C appeared in southern Brazil more recently than subtype B, it is now the predominant strain in Rio Grande. Epidemic spread of subtype C could be taking place in Brazil, and possibly in South America, a phenomenon similar to that seen in other countries where this subtype is now totally dominant.

MoOa0405 BIOLOGICAL PHENOTYPE OF HIV-1 BG RECOMBINANTS AND OTHER GENETIC FORMS FROM GALICIA, SPAIN
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoOa0405)
Perez-Alvarez L.¹, Muñoz M.¹, Delgado E.¹, Casado G.¹, Sierra M.¹, Carmona R.¹, Thomson M.¹, Pérez S.², Miralles C.³, Vázquez de Parga E.¹, Ocampo A.³, Contreras G.¹, Medrano L.¹, Taboada J.A.⁴, Nájera R.¹
The biological phenotype of all BG recombinants was SI/X4, independently of the clinical stage of the disease, in contrast with subtype B. The biological phenotype of non-B subtypes and recombinants are linked to env V3 loop sequence variability.

MoOa0406 GENETIC DIVERSITY OF HIV TYPE 1 IN RURAL EASTERN CAMEROON
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoOa0406)
Ndembi N.¹, Ngansop C.¹, Ichimura H.², Hayami M.³, Kaptue L.¹
These findings strongly suggest that this part of Cameroon is a potential hotspot of HIV-1 recombination, with a likelihood of an active generation of new forms of HIV-1 variants, though epidemiologic significance of new HIV-1 forms is unknown.

MoOa0407 OUTBREAK OF A WEST AFRICAN HIV-1 RECOMBINANT, CRF02_AG, IN CENTRAL ASIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoOa0407)
Carr JK¹, Saad M², Nadai Y³, Tishkova F⁴, Eyzaguirre L³, Strathdee SA⁵, Stachowiak J⁶, Beyrer C⁶, Earhart K², Birx D¹, Sanchez JL³
In these 4 countries in Central Asia, where dynamic HIV epidemics are occurring, subtype A(FSU) was the predominant genetic form of HIV-1, but CRF02_AG was also present to varying degrees, depending on the country. The highest concentration was in IDU in Tajikistan, where half of the strains either were entirely CRF02_AG, or recombinant between CRF02_AG and subtype A(FSU). This genetic information demonstrates that all of these strains were descended from one founder, but the location of the origin and the direction of spread was not apparent from the genetic relationships and requires further study.

POSTER PRESENTATION • 01

MoPp01
Microbicides

MoPp0101 USING LIVE MICROBES AS ANTI-HIV MICROBICIDES
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPp0101)
Hamer D.¹, Henry K.¹, Hu S.¹, McHugh L.¹, Lueders K.¹, Adhya S.¹, Rao S.²
Our results show that genetically engineered bacteria can (1) synthesize and secrete sufficient quantities of potent and broadly active HIV inhibitory compounds to block infection by diverse HIV primary isolates, and (2) compete with indigenous microbes for prolonged colonization of mucosal surfaces. The use of genetically engineered live microbes as anti-HIV microbicides has important advantages in economy, efficacy and durability.

MoPp0102 THE CONTRACEPTIVE MICROBICIDE WHI-07 PREVENTS GENITAL TRANSMISSION OF FELINE IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (FIV) IN THE VAGINAL AND RECTAL TRANSMUCOSAL MODEL FOR FELINE AIDS (FAIDS)
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPp0102)
D'Cruz O.J.¹, Uckun F.M.²
Using the vaginal and rectal transmucosal model for FAIDS, our studies demonstrated that WHI-07 either alone or in combination with a vanadocene has clinical potential for the development of a dual-function anti-HIV microbicide for sexually active women.

MoPp0103 SYNERGISTIC AND COMPLEMENTARY EFFECTS OF THE ANTI-HIV-1 MICROBICIDES CAP AND UC781 IN COMBINATION
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPp0103)
Jiang S., Liu S., Lu H.1, Neurath A.R.
The combination of CAP and UC781 resulted in significant synergistic and complementary effects against HIV-1 infection. This was translated into meaningful dose reductions for each compound. These findings provide a strong rationale for developing combinations of microbicides with distinct mechanisms of action and "CAP + UC781" combination represents a promising microbicide combination for prevention of sexual transmission of HIV-1.

MoPp0104 DEVELOPMENT OF A HUMAN PENILE TISSUE EXPLANT MODEL TO EVALUATE SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF MICROBICIDE CANDIDATES
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPp0104)
Shattock R., Fischetti L., Fletcher P., Hu Q., Harman S., Mesquita P.
The described model may provide an important tool to aid understanding of the determinants of HIV-1 infection of male genital tissue, and may facilitate the successful development of safe and effective microbicides designed to protect both men and women.

MoPp0105 TMC120 BLOCKS HIV-1 INFECTION IN CELLULAR AND HUMAN CERVICAL TISSUE MODELS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPp0105)
Harman S.¹, Perumal D.¹, Fletcher P.¹, Van Roey J.², Gwozdz G.³, Fairhurst D.³, Mitchnick M.³, Shattock R.¹
TMC120 demonstrates good anti-viral activity in cellular and cervical explant models, and shows no toxicity at therapeutic levels. These data suggest TMC120 represents a promising candidate microbicide.

MoPp0106 INCREASED EXPRESSION OF HUMAN BETA-DEFENSIN 2 IN HIV-INFECTED HUMAN COLONIC MUCOSA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPp0106)
Lin J., Elliott J., Adler A., Anton P., McGowan I.
The up-regulation of HBD-2 expression in HIV infection seen in this study may be a response to the mucosal inflammation that has been previously described in intestinal tissue from patients with HIV infection. In addition, the increased expression of HBD-2 in tissue with high versus low HIV MVL suggests a virological threshold before up-regulation of HBD-2 expression occurs. HBD-2 expression and regulation appears to play a role in controlling mucosal HIV infection. Further work is required to characterize the relationship between HBD-2 and HIV infection but HBD-2 may be considered as a potential candidate microbicide for HIV prevention.

POSTER PRESENTATION • 02

MoPp02
Sexual Transmission

MoPp0201 BELIEF AND PRACTICE OF CONDOM USE AMONG WOMEN WHO TRADE SEX FOR AMPHETAMINE IN TAIWAN
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPp0201)
Lee T.S.-H., Yang L.-C., Chen Y.-J.
Our data provide evidence that women who trade sex for amphetamine were engaging more HIV risk behaviors. Condom use rates are low enough to produce an outbreak, indicating consistency with recent trends of reported HIV cases associated with drug use in Taiwan. Intervention programs need to involve not only sugar girls, but also all substance users, including special efforts to convince them to use condoms while having sexual intercourse.

MoPp0202 SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR AND VULNERABILITY OF FEMALE STREET HAWKERS TO HIV/AIDS PANDEMIC IN LAGOS METROPOLIS: IMPLICATIONS FOR HIV TRANSMISSION CONTROL AMONG CHILDREN IN NIGERIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPp0202)
Oyefara J.L.
In conclusion, female street hawkers are highly vulnerable to HIV infection in Nigeria. Therefore, government and NGOs working on the prevention of HIV/AIDS in the country should focus special attention on children most especially the street hawkers in Nigerian cities.

MoPp0203 HIGH RISK FOR TRANSMISSION OF DRUG-RESISTANT HIV VARIANTS AMONG HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS IN ROUTINE CLINICAL CARE
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPp0203)
Napravnik S.¹, Mikeal O.¹, McKaig R.G.², Matteson E.A.¹, Menezes P.¹, Eron Jr J.J.¹
Although, the likelihood of transmitting drug-resistant HIV variants depends on a host of individual and viral factors, based on self-reported patient behaviors the risk of transmission of resistant HIV-1 may be high among HIV-infected patients in clinical care.

MoPp0204 SPECIAL PROGRAM OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTION FOR HIV-INFECTED MEN
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPp0204)
A. Kiessling A., Desmarais B., Yin H.-Z., Eyre R., Steinberg J.
Testing semen for HIV can eliminate specimens with a detectable viral burden, and allow the use of tested specimens in ART clinics near the couples´ home. Moreover, adjusting treatment regimens of HIV-infected men to eliminate virus production by semen producing organs may also prevent disease progression.

MoPp0205 GENDER DIFFERENCES IN PREDICTORS OF SELF-EFFICACY FOR CONDOM USE AND SEXUAL NEGOTIATION IN SOUTH AFRICAN YOUTH
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPp0205)
Sayles J.¹, Coates T.¹, Lee S.-J.¹, Pettifor A.², Rees H.³, MacPhail C.³
High self-efficacy was significantly associated with condom use at last sex. Predictors of self-efficacy varied by gender, suggesting that interventions to improve self-efficacy for women should be aimed at increasing HIV knowledge, communication, and self-esteem, while targeting negative attitudes toward condom use and stigma may be more effective interventions for men.

MoPp0206 RECTAL MICROBICIDE ACCEPTABILITY: RESULTS OF A VOLUME ESCALATION TRIAL
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPp0206)
Carballo-Dieguez A.¹, Mayer K.², Dolezal C.¹, Exner T.¹, Lin P.¹, Pickard R.², Vanderwarker R.²
Among men who engage in high risk RAI, 15 out of 18 would use 35 ml of a microbicidal gel. Use during sex may lead to reductions in the acceptable volume. Rectal microbicides can be an important prevention tool for men who do not use condoms consistently.

POSTER PRESENTATION • 03

MoPp03
Scale-up of antiretroviral therapy

MoPp0301 FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH ART NONADHERENCE IN DAR ES SALAAM: FINDINGS FROM A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY, JUNE - AUGUST 2004
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPp0301)
Ndayanga P.O.¹, Kwesigabo G.², Mugusi F.³, Majigo M.², Almeida A.³, Munubhi E.²
Sociodemographic characteristics and serostatus disclosure are not predictive of ART adherence. Alcohol intake and using alternative medicines contribute to nonadherence. Providers contribute significantly to ART nonadherence by failing to adequately educate their clients on the effects of nonadherence and by poor plans of ARVs refill. Both patients and providers should be targeted by interventions aimed at improving adherence to ART.

MoPp0302 ARE THE EARLY RESULTS REPORTED FROM COMMUNITY ANTIRETROVIRAL PROGRAMS IN SOUTH AFRICA DURABLE WITH INCREASING NUMBERS AND TIME?
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPp0302)
Bekker L.-G.¹, Orrell C.¹, Pitt J.¹, Abdullah F.², Wood R.¹
This data is encouraging that despite increase in numbers and extended periods of follow up, the excellent results first reported from these community programs are maintained.

MoPp0303 ESTIMATION OF NATIONAL ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY COVERAGE OF MEDICALLY ELIGIBLE ADULTS IN CAMBODIA, 1999-2005
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPp0303)
Saphonn V., Elliott J., Heng S., Ly P.S., Mean C.V.
We estimated public and non-profit private sector antiretroviral therapy coverage in Cambodia using a model which included AIDS incidence, disease progression, mortality stratified by treatment category, lost to follow up and annual number of people on therapy as input values. National treatment targets set by Cambodia are achievable and are estimated in this model to be consistent with the international '3 by 5' coverage goal.

MoPp0304 CAUSES OF LOSS TO FOLLOW UP IN PATIENTS TAKING ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY IN THE NATIONAL ROLLOUT PROGRAM OF SOUTH AFRICA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPp0304)
Ive P.¹, Conradie F.¹, Xaba S.², Sanne I.¹
Loss to follow up due to death was largely related to the fact that patients initiate ART at very low CD4 counts. Living patients who did not return had logistical problems and a smaller group had side effects. Contact information on patients is often inadequate and this will need to be improved to facilitate patient follow up.

MoPp0305 RESPONSE TO ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (ART) IN THE MTCT-PLUS INITIATIVE, A MULTI-COUNTRY HIV CARE AND TREATMENT PROGRAM IN RESOURCE-LIMITED COUNTRIES
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPp0305)
Toro P., Katyal M., Abrams E., Austin J., Day J., El-Sadr W., Nash D., Katyal M., Abrams E., Austin J., Day J., El-Sadr W., Nash D.
Adults enrolled in the MTCT-Plus Initiative from multiple sites in RLC have a favorable response to ART. Persons with more advanced disease had the greatest improvement on ART.

LATE BREAKER POSTER PRESENTATIONS
Monday

MoPpLB0101 HIV IMPAIRS REVERSE CHOLESTEROL TRANSPORT FROM MACROPHAGES: A POSSIBLE MECHANISM OF ATHEROGENIC EFFECT OF HIV-1 INFECTION
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPpLB0101)
Bukrinsky M.¹, Mujawar Z.¹, Rose H.², Morrow M.P.¹, Bobryshev Y.³, Orenstein J.¹, Sviridov D.²
These results suggest that virus-induced impairment of cholesterol efflux in macrophages may lead to accumulation of. cholesterol in these cells. Impairment of cholesterol efflux, however, would have only a mild atherogenic effect on the background of hypocholesterolemia characteristic for untreated HIV-1 infection. In HIV patients treated with HAART, however, a sharp rise of low density lipoprotein (which increases delivery of cholesterol to macrophages) associated with impairment of cholesterol efflux (which prevents compensatory removal of excessive cholesterol) would result in greatly enhanced accumulation of cholesterol in HIV-infected macrophages. These cells may initiate atherosclerotic plaque formation, thus contributing to increased risk of CAD in HIV patients. In addition, our results provide a novel view on how HIV maximizes utilization of the cellular cholesterol, an important factor in HIV biology.

MoPpLB0103 THE OPTIMAL DURATION OF TREATMENT FOR HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C (CHC) AND GENOTYPE 2 OR 3 IS 48 WEEKS: RESULTS OF A RANDOMISED CONTROLLED TRIAL
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPpLB0103)
Zanini B.¹, Puoti M.¹, Quiros Roldan E.¹, Quinzan G.P.², Bella D.¹, De Luca A.³, Rizzardini G.⁴, Bruno R.⁵, Carosi G.¹, Master coinfection study group.
These results suggest that the optimal duration of treatment in HIV+ with HCV genotypes 2 /3 is at least of 48 weeks.

MoPpLB0104 GROWTH HORMONE THERAPY IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED THYMIC MASS AND CD4+ T-CELL RECOVERY IN HIV-INFECTED ADULTS: INTERIM RESULTS OF A RANDOMIZED PROSPECTIVE STUDY
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPpLB0104)
Napolitano L.A.¹, Schmidt D.², Gotway M.B.³, Filbert E.L.², Ameli N.³, Ng M.², Epling L.³, Sinclair E.³, Bacchetti P.³, McCune J.M.¹
GH therapy appears to be associated with gains in thymic mass and circulating CD4+ T-cells. GH may induce de novo T-cell production in HIV-infected adults.

MoPpLB0105 METHAMPHETAMINE USE IS ASSOCIATED WITH POTENTIAL SEXUAL TRANSMISSION OF DRUG-RESISTANT HIV
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPpLB0105)
Chin-Hong P.¹, Deeks S.G.¹, Liegler T.², Krone M.R.¹, Grant R.M.², Hecht F.¹, Vittinghoff E.¹, Coates T.³, Martin J.¹
Among HIV-infected patients with drug-resistant virus, methamphetamine and sildenafil use are associated with high-risk sexual behavior with HIV-uninfected partners. Because of the public health ramifications of the transmission of drug-resistant HIV, novel approaches are urgently needed to diminish the abuse of these recreational drugs.

MoPpLB0106 AN HIV-1 TRIPLE RECOMBINANT OF SUBTYPES B, C AND F IN BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPpLB0106)
Pando M.A.¹, Eyzaguirre L.M.², Segura M.¹, Bautista C.T.², Marone R.³, Sanchez J.L.², Weissenbacher M.¹, Carr J.K.², Avila M.M.¹
In an HIV epidemic as complex as the one in Argentina, the study of sero-incident cases can yield important insights into the most recently transmitted strains. This study presents full genome analysis of the 3 genetic forms in this population: subtype B, BF recombinant, and a new triple recombinant. Phylogenetic analysis of the 3 subtypes composing the recombinant demonstrated that the recombinant was locally generated, certainly in South America, perhaps in Buenos Aires or even in this individual. This is the first such triple recombinant reported but will almost certainly not be the last.

MoPpLB0306 EFFECTIVENESS OF LOW DOSE INDINAVIR/RITONAVIR (IDV/r) AT 400mg/100mg TWICE A DAY WITH TWO NUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS (NRTI) AS A SECOND-LINE COMBINATION ANTIRETROVIRAL TREATMENT (cART) IN NON NUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS (NNRTI) EXPERIENCED HIV-1 INFECTED PATIENTS IN INDIA - 1 YEAR FOLLOW-UP
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPpLB0306)
Patel A.¹, Patel K.¹, Patel J.², Sharma R.¹
Low dose IDV/r with 2nRTI is effective second line cART in restoring CD4 cells in treatment experienced patients and also well tolerated during 48 weeks of follow-up period.

POSTER EXHIBITION

MoPe9.2C
Paediatric treatment strategies

MoPe9.2C01 THE ROLE OF ENFUVIRTIDE (T-20) IN MULTIRESISTANT CONGENITAL HIV DISEASE TREATED SINCE BIRTH
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.2C01)
Manfredi R., Calza L., Chiodo F.
Enfuvirtide (T-20), a member of a novel class of HIV fusion inhibitors, may be also used as a part of salvage regimens, preferably when at least two drugs remain active at resistance testing. Despite concomitant introduction of enfuvirtide for both adults and children (McKinney RE. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2004 Feb;16(1):76-9), clinical experiences in pediatric age are still very infrequent, and specific efficacy and safety trials are lacking, while pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic experiences are ongoing.

MoPe9.2C02 THERAPEUTIC DRUG MONITORING OF INDINAVIR BOOSTED WITH RITONAVIR IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.2C02)
Curras V.¹, Höcht C.¹, Bramuglia G.¹, Rubio M.¹, Cáceres Guido P.², Mato G.², Mecikovsky D.³, Bologna R.³
Although pediatric dosage of indinavir boosted with ritonavir is not yet defined, previous works suggested a dosage regimen of 400 mg/m² indinavir plus 125 mg/m² ritonavir every 12 hours. Since previous assessments of plasmatic levels of patients from our hospital had shown that this dosage regimen could lead to high levels associated with toxic reactions, the initial scheme consisted of 250 mg/m² indinavir plus 100 mg/m² ritonavir every 12 hours. TDM of indinavir showed that this regimen led to sub – therapeutic levels in this patients. Even though indinavir is boosted with ritonavir, the high variability observed in the plasmatic levels suggests that TDM of indinavir is advisable.

MoPe9.2C03 ADHERENCE AND ACCEPTABILITY OF ONCE DAILY LAMIVUDINE AND ABACAVIR IN HIV-1 INFECTED CHILDREN
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.2C03)
LeProvost M.¹, Flynn J.², Green H.³, Gibb D.M.³, Farrelly L.³, Novelli V.², Lyall H.⁴, Walker A.S.³, Burger D.⁵
Adherence to once daily ABC/3TC was good with no evidence of an association between non-adherence and virological rebound. Acceptability of once daily drugs depended on whether the whole regimen was once daily.

MoPe9.2C04 COMPARISON OF PEDIATRIC DRUG DOSING OF ZIDOVUDINE AND DIDANOSINE FROM A DOSE CHART BASED ON WEIGHT TO DOSE RECOMMENDATIONS BASED ON BODY-SURFACE AREA FOR CHILDREN IN RESOURCE-LIMITED SETTINGS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.2C04)
Weidle P.J.¹, Abrams E.J.², Gvetadze R.¹, Rivadeneira E.¹, Kline M.W.³
Dosing ZDV and ddI by weight range for children in resource-limited settings provides fairly precise dosing as compared to dose by BSA. However, dose precision for zidovudine caps could be improved for solid oral dosage forms of ARVs if they were produced specifically for children.

MoPe9.2C05 REGULAR MULTIVITAMIN AND MULTIMINERAL SUPPLEMENTATION IMPROVES QUALITY OF LIFE AND PROLONGS SURVIVAL OF HIV POSITIVE CHILDREN IN INDIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.2C05)
Bhattacharyya S.
Regular multivitamin and multimineral supplementation alongwith good food and hygiene improves quality of life, protects immune system and decreases oppurtunistic infection and mortality in HIV + children.

MoPe9.2C06 DEVELOPMENT OF AN EFFECTIVE FOLLOW UP PROGRAM THROUGH PROVISION OF CO-TRIMOXAZOLE (TMP/SMX) AND NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT IN UGANDAN CHILDREN
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.2C06)
Nannyonga-Musoke M.¹, Lain M.², Atai B.¹, Nakachwa S.¹, Bbaale D.¹, Mazza A.³, Michelin E.², Putoto G.⁴, Nsubuga M.¹, Giaquinto C.², Namaala J.⁵
This study shows how the administration of TMP/SMX and nutritional support are effective strategies in the management fo HIV positive children in Uganda. The high FU rate will also allow the implementation of ART scaling up programs.

MoPe9.2C07 THERAPEUTIC INTERRUPTIONS IN CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC HIV-INFECTION; AN INTERIM ANALYSIS OF A STUDY FROM DURBAN, SOUTH AFRICA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.2C07)
Bobat R.¹, Kiepiela P.¹, Kindra G.¹, Adhikari M.¹, Coovadia H.M.¹, Cassol S.², Reddy S.³, Esterhuizen T.¹
In this interim analysis, it has been shown that children with chronic HIV infection can be interrupted for periods of up to one week, with no adverse outcome. The CD4 counts continued to increase during the periods of interruption, and may be a better tool for monitoring response during interruptions.

MoPe9.2C08 OVERVIEW OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CHILDREN WITH PERINATAL HIV/AIDS IN THE HAART ERA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.2C08)
Desai N., Mehta N., Ng I.
Children with perinatal HIV infection in the USA maintain normal BMI in the HAART era. AIDS in this group causes a statistically significant reduction ( p= 0.04) in their ability maintain caloric intake. This may relate to higher VL in the AIDS group despite HAART.Particular attention must be paid to ensuring adequate nutrition once perinatally infected children are diagnosed with CDC defined AIDS.

MoPe9.2C09 TNF-ALPHA AS A PROGNOSTIC MARKER FOR THE PROGRESSION OF HIV DISEASE
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.2C09)
Kothari S., Sapatnekar S., Deshmukh R.
Increased TNF-α mRNA levels correlated with the fall in CD4+T cell counts during HIV-disease progression. A concomitant increase in the mortality was also observed. TNF-α levels may therefore be used as a probable prognostic marker.

MoPe9.2C10 LPV/R (KALETRA®) IN CHILDREN YOUNGER THAN 24 MONTHS — RAPID DECREASE IN VIRAL LOAD AND STABLE CD4 COUNTS DESPITE VERY LOW PLASMA LEVELS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.2C10)
Königs C.¹, Dunsch D.¹, von Hentig N.², Kurowski M.³, Linde R.¹, Kreuz W.¹
Available antiretroviral drugs offer a range of first-line therapies in HIV-1-infected individuals based on sufficient data. Nevertheless treating HIV-positive children is challenging. Many drugs are not available in adequate formulations and limited data is available on children younger than 2 years of age that are treated with a triple drug combination. Five children were followed for up to 18 months who started antiretroviral therapy before 2 years of age according to current guidelines (PAAD).

MoPe9.2C11 ART IN ORPHANED CHILDREN IN WESTERN KENYA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.2C11)
Nyandiko-Mokaya W.¹, Ayaya S.¹, Nabakwe E.¹, Tenge C.¹, Yiannoutsos C.², Musick B.²
Many of the children are orphaned. Not being on ART increases the chances of getting TB 4 fold. There is excellent adherence with acceptable response to treatment in orphaned and non-orphaned children. There is a worrying stagnation and subsequent decline of CD4 % at 70 weeks. Being orphaned does not seem to affect adherence as earlier feared. Mortality is not dramatic both in the orphaned and non-orphaned.

MoPe9.2C12 ORPHANHOOD AND ART ELIGIBILITY AMONG CHILDREN ATTENDING AN HIV CLINIC IN MBARARA, UGANDA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.2C12)
Biraro S.¹, Nansera D.², Bajunirwe F.³, Kiwanuka J.²
In this population, a large number of ART eligible children are orphaned and/or cared for by someone other than their own parent. As ART is made more available, in populations where many children have been orphaned by AIDS, the role of caregivers needs to be put into consideration since they are known to influence adherence.

MoPe9.2C13 LIVING WITH PAEDIATRIC HIV DISEASE AND ITS TREATMENT IN EUROPE
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.2C13)
Galli L.¹, Thorne C.², Asensi Botet F.³, Belfrage E.⁴, Castelli Gattinara G.⁵, Gabiano C.⁶, Giaquinto C.⁷, Grosch-Woerner I.⁸, Newell M.-L.², de Martino M.¹
Paediatric HIV disease is a chronic childhood condition in this European setting. As infected children become adolescents, accruing longer durations of ART, strategies to support them and their families are needed.

MoPe9.2C14 AGE AT INITIATION OF ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY AND IMMUNE RESPONSE IN VERTICALLY-INFECTED CHILDREN
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.2C14)
Newell M.-L., Thorne C., Patel D., European Collaborative Study
Using age-adjusted CD4 z-scores facilitates the evaluation of age at start of ART in assessing treatment response. HAART with PI was superior, regardless of age at initiation. These results suggest there is little benefit in immunological response of earlier rather than later treatment initiation in vertically-infected children.

MoPe9.2C15 LOWER SCORES OF NELFINAVIR METABOLITE M8 WERE ASSOCIATED WITH VIROLOGICAL FAILURE AT 24 WEEKS OF EARLY ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY IN PRIMARY HIV-1 VERTICALLY INFECTED CHILDREN IN THE PENTA 7 STUDY
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.2C15)
Compagnucci A.¹, Saïdi Y.¹, Gibb D.M.², Rampon O.³, Ramos Amador J.⁴, Feiterna Sperling C.⁵, Reliquet V.⁶, Giaquinto C.³, Girard S.¹, Harper L.², Burger D.⁷, Treluyer J.⁸, Jacqz-Aigrain E.⁹, Faye A.¹⁰
In infants treated during HIV-1 primary infection, metabolite M8 appears to be associated with virologic failure at 24 weeks. Specificity of metabolism in infants may explain this finding.

MoPe9.2C16 REASONS OF HOPE IN HANDLING PAEDIATRIC HIV INFECTION AT THE MOTHER AND CHILD CARE CENTRE (MCCC) OF THE CHANTAL BIYA FOUNDATION (CBF) IN YAOUNDE, CAMEROON (2000-2004)
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.2C16)
Tene G.¹, Tietche F.¹, Tejiokem M.-C.², Eteki N.³, Monny Lobe M.¹, Pouillot R.², Kobela M.¹, Ayouba A.⁴, Njiki M.¹, Bidias C.B.¹, Ateba J.¹, Ateba N.¹, Foude M.¹, Noutchomwo F.¹, Ngozi J.¹, Mengue Y.¹, Tsogo F.¹, Doumbe P.¹, Kago I.¹, Nkam M.¹
PMTCT and children ARV treatment are complementarily going on the MCC/CBF with encouraging results. Reinforcing both will give more strength to the overall paediatric HIV care system. This work was sponsored by the GlaxoSmithKline Foundation.

MoPe9.2C17 QUALITY OF LIFE AMONG HIV-INFECTED CHILDREN RECEIVING HAART IN THAILAND
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.2C17)
Oberdorfer A.¹, Louthrenoo O.¹, Puthanakit T.¹, Sirisanthana V.¹, Sirisanthana T.²
In general, most HIV-infected children receiving HAART had a high QOL level. The QOL was related to the child's immunity level, duration of HAART, and age. Further studies should focus on those children who had low scores in each domain, and provide intensive support accordingly.

MoPe9.2C18 ADVANTAGES OF DIRECTLY OBSERVED THERAPY (DOT) IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF HAART TO CHILDREN/ADOLESCENCE IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO AS A MODEL PRACTICE FOR ADHERENCE
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.2C18)
Omo-Igbinomwanhia N.E.
This study showed that there is a higher degree of adherence in DOT in the administration of HAART as compared to no DOT shown amongst these children from the Cyril Ross (SVP) Nursery who were put on the same HAART combinations and those who do not live in the Nursery. Therefore DOT can be recommended for management of HIV/AIDS where applicable as an effective mode of therapy in order to achieve >99% adherence.

MoPe9.2C19 PAEDIATRIC OUTCOMES AFTER 3 YEARS ON ART USING A PRIMARY CARE TREATMENT APPROACH AND SIMPLIFIED DOSING GUIDELINES
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.2C19)
Sarunchuk P.¹, Michaels D.², Hilderbrand K.², Cotton M.³, Rabie H.³, Coetzee D.², Goemaere E.¹
Paediatric ART provision in the primary care setting is achievable if appropriately supported. Further dosage simplification will contribute considerably to the ease with which children can be managed by both primary care provider and by carers.

MoPe9.2C20 EVALUATION OF A GUIDELINE FOR THE TREATMENT OF URUGUAYAN CHILDREN INFECTED WITH HIV
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.2C20)
Quian J., Gutierrez S., Más M., González V., Ihitz A., Telechea D.
Most children had good laboratory and clinical responses at 2 and 4 months respectively, managing to change the course of the disease. Therapy failures were due to modifiable causes in one third of the cases.

MoPe9.2C21 PHARMACOKINETICS AND 24 WEEK SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF LOPINAVIR/RITONAVIR (LPV/R) BID OR QD AS PART OF ART REGIMEN IN NAÏVE CHILDREN
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.2C21)
Rosso R.¹, Di Biagio A.², Dentone C.¹, Bassetti M.², Ferrazin A.², Castelli Gattinara G.³, Viganò A.⁴, Giaquinto C.⁵, De Maria A.⁶, Bassetti D.¹
The variability of pharmacokinetics parameters was extremely high. QD of LPV/r dosing regimen can achieve similar Cmin and Cmax concentrations observed in the BID pharmacokinetics studies. Significant improvement in CD4+ and VL were observed. LPV/r regimen was well tolerated and produced encouraging virologic and immunologic responses also in QD regimen.

MoPe9.2C22 IMPACT OF HAART ON THE MORBIDITY OF HIV-1 INFECTED CHILDREN IN ARGENTINA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.2C22)
Bologna R., Mecikovsky D., Rocco C., Ruvinsky S., Rossi J., Mangano A., Sen L.
HAART was associated with a reduced incidence of infections, and organ-complications of HIV, and a marked decline in the progression to AIDS. The baseline pVL was associated with the occurence of B and C events. The clinical response after HAART was associated with the improvement of CD4 % at 6 months of therapy.

MoPe9.2C23 DREAM PEDIATRIC COHORT: OUTCOME OF THE ANTI-RETROVIRAL TREATMENT PROTOCOL ADMINISTERED IN A RESOURCE LIMITED SETTING PUBLIC HEALTH PROGRAM
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no.MoPe9.2C23)
Liotta G.¹, Palombi L.¹, Guidotti G.², Guidotti G.², Valls Blazquez M.³, Abdul Magid N.⁴, Da Cruz Gomez A.⁵, Marazzi M.C.⁶
The results achieved by DREAM showed the effectiveness of the DREAM approach in limiting the death rate even in the non HAART-treated sub-sample. Lack of pediatric fixed-dose combinations constitutes one of the major constraints in taking care of HIV+ children in resource-limited settings.

MoPe9.3C
Clinical trials

MoPe9.3C01 ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC ASPECTS IN HIV INFECTED/AIDS CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.3C01)
Tudor A.M.¹, Mardarescu M.¹, Petrea S.¹, Anca I.²
HIV cardiomiopathy was found more frequent in terminal stages (low CD4 count and AIDS defining manifestations). HIV itself was probably the first cause of heart injury in our study and not recurrent pulmonary infections. Additionally, HAART therapy and secondary metabolic abnormalities extend clinical and echocardiographic aspects.

MoPe9.3C02 ALCOHOL INJECTION IN TREATMENT OF RECTAL PROLAPSE IN CHILDREN WITH HIV/AIDS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.3C02)
Dattani P.
These results had no significant difference when compared to series of seronegative patients by both – cure rate and complications. Sclerotherapy is cheap and less invasive. It may be considered in management of rectal prolapse in HIV/AIDS patients before resorting to more invasive surgical interventions.

MoPe9.4C
Complications of ARV in children

MoPe9.4C01 GYNECOMASTIA DURING CONGENITAL HIV INFECTION TREATED WITH ANTIRETROVIRALS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.4C01)
Manfredi R., Calza L., Chiodo F.
Among over 200 reports of HIV-associated G described to date, none emerged in pediatric-adolescental age. Both pathogenesis-evolution of G are increasingly investigated, with attention focused on dysmetabolic alterations and lipodystrophy (absent in the presented p), as well as single agents and their combinations. Among NA, d4T seems the most frequently implicated molecule, although biases due to its large-scale use cannot be excluded. In the described p, NA and PI were given during 9.5 and 8 years. In our p, who represents the first described case of true G in a child, the absence of lipodystrophy and/or dysmetabolism, makes uncertain the existence of common pathogenetic pathways.

MoPe9.4C02 LIPIDS PROFILE IN HIV-INFECTED CHILDREN OVER A COMPLETE FOLLOW-UP INCLUDING ACCESS TO ARV IN ABIDJAN, CÔTE D'IVOIRE: THE NUTRENF PROGRAM
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.4C02)
Mercier-Deheuvels S.¹, Cristol J.-P.², Anaky M.-F.³, Rouet F.⁴, Fassinou P.⁵, Msellati P.⁶
Unexpectedly, HAART in children living in poor-settings followed 1 to 3 years, seems to have a beneficial effect on lipids and vitamin E. We want now to investigate diet of these children in order to determine the origin of these changes.

MoPe9.4C03 RELATION BETWEEN POSITIVE MOTHERS' NEWBORN'S WEIGHT AND ANTIRETROVIRAL USED BETWEEN 1993-2003
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.4C03)
Terrones C.D.¹, Hermosid S.¹, Saínz Vicuña L.², Leguizamón M.², Redini L.³, Pesaresi M.¹, Benetucci J.³
According to our study, there is a direct relation between the number of drugs used by the pregnant mother and the birth weight. If confirmed, these findings have relevance for the nearest follow-up of the newborns and a more appropiated prenatal care to prevent these newborns' morbimortality.

MoPe9.4C04 PREVALENCE OF ORGAN DYSFUNCTION IN A CLOSELY FOLLOWED COHORT OF CHILDREN WITH PERINATAL HIV/AIDS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.4C04)
Mathur M.¹, Trivedi H.², Rampersad A.², Guillen C.², Desai N.²
The prevalence of organ dysfunction and failure is significantly higher in patients with poorly controlled viremia whereas those with viremia controlled by HAART have significantly lower rates of organ dysfunction. Our data suggest that high degree of viremia/poorly controlled HIV disease, and not treatment related side effects are responsible for organ dysfunction in this cohort of children with perinatal HIV/AIDS. Control of viremia should override concerns about minor laboratory abnormalities while monitoring patients on effective HAART.

MoPe9.4C05 SIDE EFFECTS OF ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY ON CHILDREN IN RESOURCE-LIMITED SETTINGS: ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.4C05)
Azondekon A.1, Keitchion A.¹, Sagui A.¹, Apovo A.², Afagnihoun A.³, Atadokpede F.⁴, Azondekon J.⁵
HAART is well tolerated in resource-limited settings, its side effects are minor and can be readily managed. However It must be born in mind that infants are mostly exposed; caregivers must also be duely sensitized and trained on the matter.

MoPe9.4C06 QUALITY OF LIFE OF HIV INFECTED CHILDREN UNDER DIFFERENT TREATMENT REGIMENS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.4C06)
Diniz L., Pinto J.
The use of HAART in children, responsible for considerable improvement in clinical markers of disease progression and survival, did not impacted their quality of life as measured by the GHAC. This probably represent a balance between the viral and immunological benefits achieved with HAART and the problems created by side effects and compliance with complex, chronic therapy.

MoPe9.5C
Adolescent issues

MoPe9.5C01 KABP SURVEY ON HIV AND AIDS AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR AMONG ADOLESCENT STUDENTS, NEPAL
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.5C01)
Regmi P.R.¹, Bhattarai R.P.², Lamsal G.²
The study reveals that the knowledge regarding STI, HIV/AIDS is quite high, some misconceptions still pose adolescent at risk. They prefer health workers and peers for information, which suggests youth friendly service and peer education are appropriate strategy for communication of HIV/AIDS and Sexual and Reproductive Health.

MoPe9.5C02 THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HIV AMONG STREET YOUTH IN BRAZIL AS REVEALED IN US CENSUS BUREAU FINDINGS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.5C02)
Shandera W.X.
Street youth and gang members are an important risk factor population for AIDS. Studies from both Sao Paulo and Belo Horizonte show decreasing prevalence among street youth and gang members, more prominently for the latter. These data suggest that current prevention strategies are effective or alternatively that there immigration of seronegative cohorts to these cities is occurring.

MoPe9.5C03 LIFE SKILLS: A TOOL FOR CHANGE
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.5C03)
Malulu L.G.
Life skills education would enable young people to develop attitudes, behaviours, values and skills that promote responsible and healthy lifestyles. It would also enhance their self-esteem and assertiveness in their relationships with peers and adults. Children would also demonstrate an understanding of STIs, HIV/AIDS and other related issues.

MoPe9.5C04 A SYSTEMATICALLY DEVELOPED CD-ROM EDUCATION PACKAGE FOR THE PREVENTION OF HIGH-RISK BEHAVIOUR (INCLUDING HIV/ AIDS) IN ADOLESCENTS IN SOUTH AFRICA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.5C04)
Steyn P.¹, Reinders J.², Groenewald A.¹, Prince B.³
School-based behaviour change communication on sexual health can effectively be provided by a self-guiding, learner-driven curriculum on CD-ROM facilitated by trained educators. The objectives fit with the new curriculum for life-skills resulted that the package will be implemented in 2005.

MoPe9.5C05 So Know You Now...Now What?
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.5C05)
Calles N.¹, Evans D.¹, Rigamonti A.¹, Ferris M.¹, Millon J.C.¹, Terlonge D.¹, Kline M.W.¹, Richardson J.², Close K.¹
Disclosure of HIV status is well tolerated by children/adolescents. HIV-infected children/adolescents live the same lives as uninfected children; they have similar dreams, hopes, and aspirations as "regular" kids.

MoPe9.5C06 EVALUATION OF HIV POSITIVE PREGNANT ADOLESCENT WOMEN AT A REFERRAL CENTER IN RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.5C06)
Hofer C.¹, Machado E.¹, Costa T.¹, Nogueira S.²
Adolescents tend to be asymptomatic when referred to our Service (probably due to being infected later), and with lower SES. They tend to be referred later to the specialist. Although they presented asymptomatic, with higher CD4+ cells count, their viral load at labor was equal to older women, and they also were in risk to transmit HIV to their children.

MoPe9.5C07 DISCLOSURE OF DIAGNOSIS TO HIV CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS - FOUNDATION FOR EFFECTIVE PALLIATIVE CARE
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.5C07)
Chirila O., Petrea S.
Parents most found it a positive experience and gave them the chance to think about things they would not have done. The acquired results confirmed the opportunity and necessity of disclosure.Children are capable to cope with multiple loss involved by a sever diagnosis, before to install the final symptoms of AIDS.

MoPe9.5C08 STIGMA AND SOCIAL BARRIERS TO MEDICATION ADHERENCE WITH URBAN HIV POSITIVE YOUTH
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.5C08)
Rao D.¹, Kekwaletswe C.², Hosek S.², Martinez J.¹
Given the nature of adolescence, these results demonstrate that youth face unique barriers in adhering to HIV medications. In other words, managing HIV stigma appears to be a significant challenge for youth who face pressures of peer conformity and are just beginning to form romantic relationships. The social nature of these identified barriers to treatment adherence calls for innovative approaches to addressing adherence issues with youth. Community and school based interventions, such as stigma-reduction programs, may help to decrease the stigma that is driving youth to keep their status secret.

MoPe9.5C09 INFLUENCE OF PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS ON HIV/AIDS SEXUAL RISK RISK BEHAVIOUR AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN IBADAN, NIGERIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.5C09)
Adejumo A.O.
Good knowledge of HIV/AIDS alone does not reduce HIV SRBs. Self concept should be added to emphasis on knowledge in reducing.

MoPe9.5C10 KNOWLEDGE AND BELIEFS OF ADOLESCENTS REGARDING REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH IN A RURAL DISTRICT OF PAKISTAN
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.5C10)
Raheel H., White F., Kadir M.M.
Rural adolescents in Sindh, Pakistan have inadequate knowledge regarding reproductive health. They are not adequately informed regarding the preventive measures against HIV/AIDS. Knowledge is concentrated among those adolescents who have a higher level of education and able to read a newspaper. Media and friends are significant sources and can be utilized to provide adequate knowledge to adolescents regarding reproductive health matters.

MoPe9.5C11 MAKFRAMEWORK TOOL AND RELEVANCE IN ADOLESCENT YOUTH HIV/AIDS BEHAVIORAL CHANGE COMMUNICATION: AN ORIGINAL ADOLESCENT INNOVATIVE PARTICIPATORY APPROACH FROM KITWE ZAMBIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.5C11)
Makelele P.M.T.¹, Chansa D.², Mulenga E.³, Mandambewe C.⁴
Makframework tool helps to conduct a rapid participatory capacity/ need assessment as a practical, simple and cost effective tool highly needed in the hands of youth/ adolescent peer educators. It has revealed that sexual practice among adolescents is high but protection among the risk group is low, with ignorance about HIV testing. It has allowed adolescents to define their problem and implement their realistic programme.

MoPe9.5C12 CHILDHOOD SEXUAL VICTIMIZATION AS A PREDICTOR OF MENTAL HEALTH SYMPTOMS AND SEXUAL RISK BEHAVIORS AMONG HIV+ ADOLESCENTS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.5C12)
Bojan K.¹, Kekwaletswe C.², Hosek S.², Martinez J.¹
HIV positive youth have a high prevalence of childhood SV and engage in high-risk behaviors that make them susceptible to more STIs. These youth also appear at higher risk for PTSD. Comprehensive care for these youth must include mental health and medical providers who should screen for history of sexual victimization and mental health disorders and promote secondary prevention to reduce risky behaviors leading to STIs.

MoPe9.5C13 ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY ON HIV INFECTED ADOLESCENTS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe9.5C13)
Rubini N.P., Osório A.C.A. Llerena C.A., Silva E.M., Capelo A.V., Motta R.N., Sion F.S., Morais de Sá C.A.
Our data indicate that the adverse effects occurrence of ARVT is a frequent complication on adolescents and that IP regimes have a greater risk of toxicity. The rate of lipodystrofia / dyslipidemias was lower than the reported on adults (11%). The severity of the HIV infection has favored a greater risk of toxicity of the antiretrovirals. It is likely that the advanced phase of the HIV infection implies on metabolic alterations that favor the adverse effects of ARVT.

MoPe10.1P
Dynamics of the HIV epidemic

MoPe10.1P01 WHAT DO US CENSUS BUREAU DATABASES REVEAL ABOUT THE HISTORY OF THE HIV/AIDS OUTBREAK IN BRAZIL?
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.1P01)
Shandera W.X.
The highest HIV seroprevalence values for Brazil were registered in 1991. Despite limitations of seroprevalence data, these findings suggest significant improvement in prevalence rates among groups such as street youth, but are a reminder of the potent interactions between TB and HIV.

MoPe10.1P02 THE STUDY OF QUALITY OF LIFE OF MEN IN PRISONS OF THE NORTH WEST OF RUSSIA, RECEIVING NO HAART THERAPY
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no.MoPe10.1P02)
Bakulina T.
It is absolutely necessary to introduce active HAART treatment for the St. Petersburg and region prisoners, improve the accuracy of diagnosis, improve general conditions of staing imprisoned (better food, care, social conditions). Helping prison inmates to realise the necessity and adherence for HAART therapy. But in contemporary conditions the information assistance remains the main and most important at this stage. Also it is important to raise the number of trained infectionists to work specifically with prison inmates with HIV/AIDS in the conditions of a prison.

MoPe10.1P03 RAPID RATE OF PROGRESSION TO SYMPTOMATIC DISEASE IN PEOPLE INFECTED WITH HIV-1 IN NORTHERN PAKISTAN: A PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.1P03)
Hussain H.¹, Hussain S., Zaman W.²
Disease progression associated with infection with HIV-1 is rapid in the Northern Pakistan as compared to time required by WHO staging system. This is likely due to the high prevalence of the conditions in the general population that may be taken as the signs and symptoms of HIV.

MoPe10.1P04 DYNAMICS OF EPIDEMIC PROCESS IN ST. PETERSBURG, RUSSIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.1P04)
Vinogradova E.¹, Vinogradova A.¹, Volkova G.¹, Yakovlev A.²
The Russian Federation still remains at the forefront of HIV epidemic in Eastern Europe. During the years of supervision >300,000 HIV cases were revealed. St. Petersburg is one of the largest cities and migration flow of citizens from near-by countries, which are unsuccessful in relation to HIV and other socially important diseases. In 2000 HIV morbidity dynamic had risen up to 5,400 cases and 10,117 in 2001. New cases of HIV were detected predominantly among youth (<30 y.o.). The leading role in HIV distribution was due to IDUs, parenteral route prevalence was 96%. The main spreaders of HIV were men, their total number exceeded 2,5 times number of HIV+ women. The cumulative number for HIV/AIDS cases in St. Petersburg is 24,600 (1987-2004).

MoPe10.1P05 HIV/AIDS INTERVENTION-STRATEGY FOR RURAL AND HARD-TO-REACH COMMUNITIES IN NIGERIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.1P05)
Egopijah U.M., Ukoima K.S.
The short term outcome shows that rural based intervention with community participation enhance the impact of any HIV/AIDS prevention and care programme in Nigeria and therefore reguires more resources and effort to support to fight the AIDS in Nigeria and Africa as a whole.

MoPe10.1P06 CLINICO- EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PATTERNS OF HIV INFECTION AMONG FEMALE COMMERCIAL SEX WORKERS IN IBADAN, NIGERIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.1P06)
Fayemiwo S.A.¹, Bakare R.A.², Odaibo G.³, Olaleye D.³, Jedede A.⁴, Fasina N.²
Brothel - based CSWs may continue to be at high risk for HIV-1 infection and contribute the most to HIV- incidence. They should be the primary target of ART to reduce the HIV-1/2.

MoPe10.1P07 HIV/AIDS RISK BEHAVIOR IN THE CONTEXT OF INCREASING ACCESS TO ENHANCED HIV/AIDS TREATMENT, KAMPALA DISTRICT, UGANDA, JANUARY 2005
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.1P07)
Muhwezi E., Atuyambe L., Kasasa S., Wamuyu-Maina G., Otolok-Tanga E., Neema S.
Beliefs regarding the effect of ARVs on risk behavior were diverse. Availability of ARVs had not significantly led to increased risk behavioral practices.

MoPe10.1P08 Comparison of sexual risk behaviors between HIV positive and negative Men who have Sex with Men (MSM) in San Juan, Puerto Rico Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), 2004
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.1P08)
Rolón Y., Miranda S., López B., Marrero E., Girona G., Ortíz I.
The HIV negative MSM are significantly younger and more likely to have UAI and RAS than the HIV positive underscoring the urgent need of effective Public Health interventions targeted to reach this critical risk population.

MoPe10.1P10 HUMAN BITES. A RISK FACTOR FOR HIV TRANSMISSION
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.1P10)
Quava-Jones A., Bartholomew M., Bartholomew C.
This is the first case report from the Caribbean of HIV transmission from a human bite. For transmission to occur from a human bite there must be blood in the mouth of the source patient and breakage of the integrity of the skin. Transmission is more likely to occur when the viral load of the biter is high as in early or late infection. Healthcare workers should be especially careful to avoid bites from HIV/AIDS patients, particularly by those who have epileptic attacks as a result of cerebral lesions and by aggressive HIV positive children and psychiatric patients.

MoPe10.1P11 HIV DIAGNOSES IN PUERTO RICO, 2003-2004: A NEW SCOPE IN HIV SURVEILLANCE
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.1P11)
López B., Miranda S., Rolón Y., Marrero E.1, Girona G., Ortiz I.
Analysis of HIV surveillance data in PR suggest that individuals newly diagnosed with HIV are mostly male, ages 30 to 39 and infected via sex. This information will help to improve primary HIV prevention programs.

MoPe10.1P12 PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TYPE 1 (HIV-1) B/F RECOMBINANTS FROM BRAZIL AND ARGENTINA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.1P12)
Leal E.S., Sucupira M.C.A., Tescarollo G., Silva S.M.S.A., Diaz R.S., Janini L.M.R.
Our phylogenetic analysis revealed a very intricate relationship between sequences from Brazil and Argentina. Owing to the more stable clustering patter of B/F viruses from Argentina it is attractive to suggest that these viruses were restricted for a long time in a small group (e.g. intravenous drug users) causing them to be closely related. Contrary, B/F recombinants from Brazil were equally disseminated in the population and may derive from numerous de novo recombination events.

MoPe10.1P13 THE "DOWN LOW" PHENOMENA: AN EMERGING RISK CULTURE IN THE UNITED STATES
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.1P13)
Barnshaw J.
Findings reveal MSM may not be receiving HIV prevention messages, resulting in increased risk among the "down low" MSM culture and may be interpreted from a network perspective for future development of HIV preventions interventions.

MoPe10.1P14 CHARACTERISTICS OF AN AGING POPULATION OF PERSONS LIVING WITH AIDS IN SAN FRANCISCO
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.1P14)
Chen S.¹, Kellogg T.², Hsu L.², Pipkin S.², Schwarcz S.², McFarland W.²
We are expecting an aging population of PLWA. More studies on clinical and immunologic responses among PLWA over 50 are needed.

MoPe10.1P15 HIV PREVENTION IN AUSTRALIA: WHAT POLICY RESPONSE IS REQUIRED TO LIMIT INCREASING HIV TRANSMISSION?
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.1P15)
Doyle J.
While there is an ongoing need for a collaborative policy response, there are institutional factors and interests that limit the ability and effectiveness of future policy development in this area. This finding is significant as it suggests that factors underlying the increasing spread of HIV may continue unabated, leading to even more complex public health challenges in the future. The circumstances required for effective prevention policy development will involve politics as much as science.

MoPe10.1P16 MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HIV-1 INFECTION IN A SMALL BRAZILIAN COUNTY: USEFULNESS OF ENV AND POL SEQUENCES TO EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.1P16)
Eyer-Silva W.A., Morgado M.G.
Our genotypic results argue against the concern that resource-poor settings should not implement widespread accessibility to standard of care HAART due to the possibility of sub-optimal adherence leading to the emergence of drug-resistant strains. Intracluster cases, including those with no known direct epidemiological link, probably took part in the same chain of viral transmission. Such a pattern suggests the existence of sexual networks and the emergence of multiple new infections within a relatively short period of time, a potential molecular marker of high incidence. Polymerase sequences, which are increasingly being generated to evaluate genotypic drug resistance in individual cases, also contain enough genetic information to allow studies of epidemiologic relationships between populations, groups and people.

MoPe10.1P17 DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF PATIENTS WITH A RECENT DIAGNOSIS OF HIV-1 INFECTION IN A LARGE OUTPATIENT UNIT IN RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.1P17)
Eyer-Silva W.A., Guimarães A.P.C., Pinto J.F.C., Sion F.S., Ribeiro L.C.P., Morais-de-Sá C.A.
46% of the patients who had a diagnosis of HIV-1 infection between 2001 and 2003 were women. The recognition that among patients on less advanced stages of HIV-1 infection virtually one female patient is being diagnosed for each male case has important public health implications. Around half of the patients entering care had a diagnosis of AIDS and 40.2% first presented with a CD4 of less than 200/mm³, which suggests the existence of a large pool of undiagnosed cases in the community.

MoPe10.1P18 SIX AIDS-DEFINING ILLNESSES IN A MAN WHO PRESENTED WITH A GROIN ABSCESS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.1P18)
Aboud M.1, Hussain S., Lai Cheong J., Kulasegaram R.
This case stresses the importance of improved testing and public awareness. A recent analysis of our in-patients over a year showed that 30% of all admissions were new diagnoses, and 80% of these had a CD4 cell count <200.

MoPe10.1P19 ECONOMIC RISK FACTORS FOR HIV INFECTION AMONG WOMEN IN RURAL HAITI: IMPLICATIONS FOR ACCESS TO HIV CARE AND RELATED SERVICES
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.1P19)
Smith Fawzi M.C.¹, Lambert W.², Singler J.³, Boehm F.⁴, Leandre F.², Nevil P.², Bertrand D.², Claude M.S.², Bertrand J.², Louissaint M.², Jeannis L.², Salazar J.J.¹, Farmer P.⁵, Mukherjee J.⁵
Economic factors played a significant role in the risk of HIV infection among women in rural Haiti. Partner's occupation demonstrated that farming was protective, however, market vending or being a mechanic significantly increased the risk of HIV infection in women. Given limited economic opportunities for women, those who seek out economic security through the prospects of their partner's occupation may be increasing their risk of HIV infection. Programs that target improvements in literacy and income generation for women may in the long-term reduce women's risk of HIV infection and may enhance their access to HIV-related preventive services and care.

MoPe10.1P20 USE OF CONDOMS AMONG MEDICAL STUDENTS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.1P20)
Rossi S.M.G.¹, Kubiak C.², Oliveira A.M.², Carvalho M.T.W.¹, Ramos M.C.R.¹, Kubiak L.³, Scalco V.L.M.¹
The use of condoms is recognized as the most efficient procedure to prevent sexually transmissible diseases, without sex abstaining. We see that, among medical students, that use is reasonable among men and somewhat lower among women, reflecting a possible cultural condition. The use is lower when a fixed partnership exists and still high among those without a fixed partnership. This behavior reinforces the idea that knowledge is not enough for the adoption of safer life habits.

MoPe10.1P21 COST EFFECTIVENESS OF CONDUCTING POOLED PCR VIRAL LOAD TESTING IN SELECTED CLINICAL SETTINGS IN NEW YORK CITY
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.1P21)
Galatowitsch P.¹, Urbina A.², Snyder T.L.³
Based on current data, pooled PCR viral load testing (PPVLT) in NYC would likely avert 18-24 new HIV infections per year and would be cost effective.

MoPe10.2P
HIV incidence measurement

MoPe10.2P01 PREVALENCE OF HIV AMONG WOMEN REQUESTING POST-ABORTION CARE IN EDO STATE, NIGERIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.2P01)
Okpulor R., Okonofua F., Menakaya U., Eguzoro G.
The results indicate an above national average prevalence of HIV among women seeking post-abortion care in Edo State. Acceptance of HIV testing under a regime of universal testing with the option to opt out is high among women seeking post-abortion care in Edo state. These results are useful for designing programs for the prevention of HIV, and suggest the need to intensify efforts at promoting dual contraceptive use among women in Edo State.

MoPe10.2P02 INCIDENCE OF HIV IN VICTIMS OF SEXUAL ASSAULT OVER A PERIOD OF 5-YEARS (2000-4) IN TRANSKEI, EASTERN CAPE, SOUTH AFRICA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.2P02)
Meel B.
There is an increasing incidence of HIV among victims of sexual assaults in this study. This is becoming more common among children.

MoPe10.2P03 OUTCOME OF PARTNER NOTIFICATION IN A PROVINCIAL CLINIC IN EAST ANGLIA, UNITED KINGDOM
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.2P03)
Harry T.C.¹, Sillis M.²
In our cohort Caucasian heterosexual males, mostly Oil & Gas Industry related-workers who acquire their infections elsewhere contribute to the low partner notification index. Non-B clade virus has not so far been transmitted locally amongst newly HIV/AIDS diagnosed patients seen from our low sero-prevalence catchment population.

MoPe10.2P04 LEVELS AND DETERMINANTS OF HIV PREVALANCE: FINDINGS FROM A COMMUNITY BASED BIOLOGICAL SURVEY IN NORTHERN KARNATAKA, INDIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.2P04)
Bhargava P.K., Satihal D.G.
There is need to creat awareness about HIV/AIDS and to change their attitude towards persons living with HIV/AIDS to minimize existing stigma and discrimination to further reduce the spread of disease. It is also important to make available ART drugs at affordable rate to poor people to afford the treatment at early stage and live longer.

MoPe10.2P05 BUENOS AIRES COHORT OF MEN WHO HAVE SEX WITH MEN: RECRUITMENT, RETENTION AND SEROINCIDENCE OF HIV AND OTHER SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.2P05)
Segura M.¹, Sosa Estani S.¹, Marone R.², Pando M.A.¹, Rey J.³, Duranti R.², Sanchez J.⁴, Weissenbacher M.¹, Avila M.M.¹
Successful recruitment and high levels of retention were attained in an MSM cohort in Buenos Aires. There was a drop in the annual HIV incidence rate from 6.0 % in 2001-2002 to 3.9 % in 2004 but this difference was not stadistically significant (p=0.21). It is crucial to develop specific prevention strategies. Given both the high incidence and retention rates noted, future HIV vaccine trials should be considered in this high-risk group.

MoPe10.2P06 THE PREVALENCE OF HIV AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN ATTENDING ANC IN NORTH CAMEROON: EXPERIENCE AFTER 21 MONTHS OF VCT
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.2P06)
Tchendjou P.¹, Gake B.¹, Tsague L.², Tejokem M.³, Choundong V.⁴, Nga R.⁵, Massing J.J.⁶, Njom Nlend A.E.⁷
A reduction in HIV prevalence from 9.6% to 6.56 among pregnant women was found. The significant difference found comparing this prevalence with that of the general population confirms the vulnerability of pregnant women to HIV. Therefore, sensitization by peer community educators needs to be emphasized.

MoPe10.2P08 PERSISTENTLY HIGH HIV INCIDENCE RATES AMONG INJECTION DRUG USERS IN VANCOUVER, CANADA (1992-2003)
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.2P08)
Tyndall M.<sup>1, Kerr T.¹, Wood E.¹, Lai C.¹, Shannon K.¹, Cook D.², Montaner J.¹
The risk of HIV transmission among a community with endemic rates of injection drug use has been consistently high over the past decade with peaks in 1995 and 2000. Longitudinal data is critical in order to assess the impact of prevention and harm reduction efforts, which in this community appear to be falling short.

MoPe10.2P09 TO MEASURE PREVALENCE AND MODEL INCIDENCE OF HIV INFECTION
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.2P09)
Nwando O.
This community is experiencing an explosive HIV epidemic. Young, single women in the more developed parts of the district would form an appropriate cohort to test, and benefit from, interventions such as vaginal microbicides and HIV vaccines.

MoPe10.2P10 HIV/AIDS (INCIDENCE) AT A REGIONAL HOSPITAL IN TANZANIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.2P10)
Maruchu I.¹, Dattani P.²
In this study, HIV/AIDS is noted with high incidence. This is a significant public health problem. It is imperative to promote the existing VCT services and establint of care and treatment centres Community health education on prevention of HIVAIDS and ARV adherence can not be overemphasized.

MoPe10.2P11 HIGH-RISK BEHAVIOR AMONG PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS IN BRAZIL: RELIABILITY ANALYSIS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.2P11)
Oliveira H.N., Santos C.A., Gomes C.E.R., Campos L.N., Guimarães M.D.C.
1. The questionnaire showed good reliability in this preliminary study. 2.Training and standardization of procedures will be needed to minimize between-observer variability, considering the great number of interviewers for the prospective multicentric study, which includes HIV and hepatitis B seroprevalence measurement in this unique population.

MoPe10.2P13 EARLY DETECTION OF HIV INFECTION IN DISCORDANT HETEROSEXUAL COUPLES IN AFRICA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.2P13)
Allen S., Rwanda/Zambia HIV Research Group
In a cohort with a seroconversion rate of approximately 2% per 3-month interval, one quarter of new infections can be identified during the early, p24Ag+ phase. The main obstacle to detection is the short duration of the antigen positive window, rather than the sensitivity of the antigen test. Because increasing the frequency of study visits would result in decreased retention, the best strategy for obtaining study samples in early infection is more frequent batching of p24Ag testing and same-day invitations for re-draw.

MoPe10.7P
Sexual Transmission

MoPe10.7P01 SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION IN HIV INFECTED WOMEN
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.7P01)
Wall M., Goldmeier D., Richardson D., Charlotte B., Walsh J.
Sexual dysfunction is common in women with HIV infection in our unit. Women attribute sexual dysfunction to their HIV diagnosis and stigma.

MoPe10.7P02 IMPACT OF AN EDUCATIONAL INTERVENTION TO PROMOTE CONDOM USE AMONG HIV POSITIVE WOMEN
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.7P02)
F Silveira M., Santos I.
The reasons why the intervention failed to reach a significant effect are discussed, as are the possible Public Health impact of a 14.2% increase in condom use among HIV positive women.

MoPe10.7P03 ANAL SEX AND HIV- AN IGNORED TRAGEDY, A CASE OF ZAMBIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.7P03)
Zulu K.P.
The analysis of data from the study suggests that sex between men exists and is at the core of HIV transmission in many Zambian contexts, with consequences for infections, subsequently transmitted heterosexually. While sex work is illegal in Zambia, a number of HIV prevention programs target female sex workers. On the flip side of these programs are MSM who enter the sex industry to survive. MSM numbers are small relative to the women involved in commercial sex work; male sex workers enter this work for similar reasons. Thus, the need for programs targeting MSM.

MoPe10.7P04 ASSESSING KNOWLEDGE OF HIV/AIDS RISK BEHAVIOURS AND PREVENTIVE PRACTICES AMONG LONG DISTANCE DRIVERS IN BENIN CITY, EDO STATE, NIGERIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.7P04)
Ehon Ph.D A.¹, Mrs Igbinoba N.²
The conclusion of this research is that long distance truch drivers need more reproductive health education because they are highly vulnerable to sexual activities. More concerted efforts should be chanelled to inform them of the inherent health implications of poor information and the practice of unprotected sexual [activities].

MoPe10.7P05 A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF THE LEVEL OF ANXIETY BEFORE AND AFTER HIV-AIDS TESTING INTERVIEWS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.7P05)
Marone R., Perretta J., Kasanzew A., Duranti R.
The larger variations in values were registered in state2 and state3, possibly as an effect of the counseling and the increase of consciousness of risk and / or vulnerability by the person.

MoPe10.7P06 PARENTAL INFLUENCE ON REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH BEHAVIOUR OF YOUTHS IN IBADAN, NIGERIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.7P06)
Amoran O.E.¹, Fawole O.²
Opportunity for regular discussions on reproductive health between the youths and their parents should be sought and carried out. In addition, the introduction of reproductive health education including HIV/AIDS counselling to secondary school curriculum will create awareness and promote healthy sexual practices among the youths.

MoPe10.7P07 BEHAVIOURAL CHANGES AND USER-FRIENDLY SERVICES AS A TOOL TO REDUCE PREVALENCE OF STI AND HIV IN VILNIUS STREET SEX WORKERS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.7P07)
Caplinskas S.¹, Jarasuniene R.²
Accessible, user-friendly medical, psychological and social services provide possibility to change risky behaviour, and, consequently, to reduce incidence of STI/HIV — both in the sex workers and in general population.

MoPe10.7P08 HIV SEROPOSITIVITY IN A STD CLINIC AT TERTIARY CARE CENTRE IN NORTH INDIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.7P08)
Kanwar A.
Although India's Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) Control Program has been in existence for 40 years, it was not until the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic that a serious attempt was made to strengthen the program and collect data on conditions responsible for the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). STDs facilitates increased transmission of HIV and are known to have epidemiological synergy. 339 STD clinic attendees at our centre were screened for HIV antibodies by ELISA over a 3-year period.

MoPe10.7P10 UNSAFE SEX WITH CASUAL PARTNERS AND QUALITY OF LIFE AMONG HIV-INFECTED MEN WHO HAVE SEX WITH MEN (MSM): EVIDENCE FROM A LARGE REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE OF OUTPATIENTS ATTENDING FRENCH HOSPITALS (ANRS-EN12-VESPA)
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.7P10)
Bouhnik A.-D.¹, Spire B.², Préau M.³, Schiltz M.-A.⁴, Obadia Y.¹, Lert F.⁵
Risky sexual behavior with casual partners remains frequent among MSM. In addition to other well-known factors, it appears to be related to poor mental HRQL. A comprehensive care aimed at improving a better mental quality of life could be a strategy to use in secondary prevention programs.

MoPe10.7P11 CLINICAL AND SOCIOEPIDEMIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF 12 HIV RECENT INFECTIONS IN THE MSM BUENOS AIRES COHORT, ARGENTINA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.7P11)
Segura M.¹, Avila M.M.¹, Pando M.A.¹, Marone R.², Sosa Estani S.¹, Fernandez M.³, Maulen S.², Sanchez J.⁴, Weissenbacher M.¹
Twelve recent HIV infections were detected; most symptomatic. As expected higher viral load was associated with lower CD4 cell count. Main risk factors were unprotected oral and/or anal sex with an HIV-positive partner and sex with an unknown serostatus partner.

MoPe10.7P12 UNDERSTANDING BARRIERS TO DELAYED DEBUT AMONG AFRICAN YOUTH
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.7P12)
Berman J., Greene J.L., Suchak N.
Addressing contextual issues inhibiting delayed debut includes providing youth with sex education, life skills to negotiate peer and partner pressure, and increasing acceptance of abstinence and challenging social norms associating sex with adulthood. A regional mass media campaign was developed; messages focused on altering the definition of adulthood from sexual activity to responsibility, respect, and future goals. Supporting IPC material will facilitate communication on sexuality between parents and children.

MoPe10.7P13 INTERNATIONAL HIV MOBILITY: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SEXUAL SPREAD OF ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE AMONG MSM
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.7P13)
Truong H.M.¹, Kellogg T.², Schwarcz S.², Delgado V.², Grant R.³, McFarland W.²
International travel and sex with foreign-born partners were very common among participants, suggesting high potential for cross-border HIV transmission. The high prevalence of major resistance mutations among recently infected persons suggests transmission of drug-resistant strains. Countries with low antiretroviral treatment rates still may have primary drug-resistant cases. HIV prevention strategies should incorporate specific counseling on risk of cross-border acquisition and transmission of drug-resistant HIV infection, particularly in an era of expanding antiretroviral treatment worldwide.

MoPe10.7P14 KNOWLEDGE ABOUT HIV PREVENTION: A WORLD AIDS DAY POLL
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.7P14)
Freitas Â.C., Sano M.E., Nakashima A.F., Atomiya Â.N., Ho Y.L., dos Santos S.D.S.
Although the target population of this study have presented a reasonable educational level and related a good perception of risk of HIV infection, one third of them were exposed to a sexual-risk behavior. The majority of interviewed didn't know where to be tested for HIV infection.

MoPe10.7P15 SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COHABITING AND NON COHABITING COUPLES SEEKING VOLUNTARY HIV COUNSELING AND TESTING SERVICES IN KIGALI, RWANDA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.7P15)
Ksrita E.¹, Sandar G.¹, Ju S.¹, Casanova D.¹, de Clercq F.¹, Kayitenkore K.¹, Shutes E.¹, Allen S.²
In settings with high HIV prevalence rates, VCT services should also target young boys and girls as couples before marriage. INAs were able to identify young adults with a high risk of being HIV positive.

MoPe10.7P16 INFECTIOUS SYPHILIS AMONG HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS, 1991-2003. AQUITAINE COHORT, FRANCE
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.7P16)
Lawson-Ayayi S.¹, Dabis F.¹, Neau D.², Lacoste D.², Lazaro E.², Ragnaud J.-M.²
Our study confirms an increase of IS in HIV-infected patients as reported by the national system surveillance of this STI in France. MSM appear to be more subject to contract IS than other HIV at-risk groups. Further behavioural and social studies are needed to investigate transmission modalities and develop appropriate interventions.

MoPe10.7P17 Determinants of Unsafe Sexual Behaviours among Young Men and Women in Bamako, Mali
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.7P17)
Boileau C.¹, Rashed S.¹, Sylla M.², Vissandjee B.¹, Zunzunegui M.-V.¹
The data indicate that factors influencing sexual behaviour are related to individual, social and environmental characteristics and differ according to gender. A true understanding of the context in which sexual behaviour develop is indispensable for setting the basis for designing efficient HIV prevention strategies.

MoPe10.7P18 RISK SEXUAL PRACTICES IN ENGAGED MEN WHO HAVE SEX WITH MEN IN ARGENTINE
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.7P18)
Maulen S., Marone R., Suwezda A., D'Elio F.
A third of the people interwieved for this investigation said he had a partner. Most of them with other men except few cases, so we can call them "gays". Mostly of them have anal and oral sex but just a third use systematically condon for anal sex. The cause of it is probably the feeling of safety of been into a relationship. In the same way, nearly the 50 % admited to have casual sex but deny this possibility from his partner.

MoPe10.7P19 HEALTH PROVIDERS' DILEMMA AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH NEEDS OF AFRICAN HIV SERO-DISCORDANT COUPLES. KIGALI, RWANDA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.7P19)
Rufagari Mutangampundu J.
The health provider's dilemma in offering family planning service among discordant couples in Rwanda can be overcome by applying systematic counseling on condom use in addition to all other methods of contraception. Furthermore, increasing access to condoms and instructing couples regarding proper and consistent condom use is effective in preventing unwanted pregnancies and seroconversion.

MoPe10.7P20 THE PROFILE OF THE REGULAR CONDOM-USING NIGERIAN MILITARY PERSONNEL
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.7P20)
Okulate G.
Primary prevention efforts involving military personnel in Nigeria should continue to place a lot of emphasis on risky sexual behaviours. It is possible to create role models of regular condom users who are not socially inhibited to discuss sexual issues with their colleagues.

MoPe10.7P21 WHAT THE BETTER HALF IS THINKING: PERCEPTIONS OF RISK, BELIEFS ABOUT HIV, AND COUPLE COMMUNICATION IN RWANDAN HUSBANDS AND WIVES
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.7P21)
K. Hageman and Rwanda Zambia HIV Research Group
Responses indicated limited communication within couples about HIV related beliefs and risk perception. Couples' counseling strategies should include bringing important beliefs into the open during the pre and post-test counseling session in order to facilitate an effective risk reduction plan.

MoPe10.7P22 MODEL FOR TRANSLATION AND DISSEMINATION OF A PROVIDER-DELIVERED RISK REDUCTION INTERVENTION FOR HIV-POSITIVE PATIENTS IN CLINICAL CARE
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.7P22)
Cornman D.H.¹, Christie S.¹, Fisher J.D.¹, Glaros R.², Alvaro C.², Gerald F.³
Numerous barriers to implementation were identified, resulting in the creation of minimum criteria that must be met for successful implementation: (1) strong clinical leadership to endorse practice of prevention with HIV+ patients and outline clear expectations for staff, (2) continuity of care so that patient meets with same provider on an ongoing basis, (3) appointment duration of at least 20 minutes, (4) team approach to prevention so that patients' prevention needs are met, and (5) minimal documentation requirements.

MoPe10.7P23 TRANSMISSION OF WIDE-RESISTANT HIV FROM ANALYSIS OF PLASMA AND SEMEN: A CASE REPORT
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.7P23)
Liuzzi G., Zaccarelli M., D'Arrigo R., Visco Comandini U., Continenza F., Marconi P., Acinapura R., Perno C.F., Antinori A.
All GRT mutations detected in the naïve patient were already present in his sexual partner, both in plasma and in semen, at the time of the beginning of their relationship, though their lower number suggested that they partially reverted overtime. This case-report supports the transmission of a wide-resistant, highly aggressive HIV.

MoPe10.7P24 IMPACT OF SCRIPTS IN LOCAL LANGUAGES ON THE CHANGE OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOURS AS REGARDS THE PREVENTION OF STI/HIV
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.7P24)
Afanvi K.A.
The frequent broadcasting of those scripts in local languages is an effective way as regards the prevention of STI/HIV. We suggest that, in other kind of activities, the local programms migth be bazed on this reality. At the end of this survey, we think that this kind of initiative need to be encouraged.

MoPe10.7P25 THE INFLUENCE OF STIGMA AND HIV INFECTION AMONG DRUG USERS IN NEW YORK CITY
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.7P25)
Absalon J.¹, Fuller C.M.², Ompad D.C.³, Wu Y.³, Koblin B.⁴, Vlahov D.², Galea S.²
MSM status and prior sexual orientation-based discrimination were strongly associated with HIV infection among this large cohort of drug users. The effect of the stigma associated with same gendered sex on high-risk sexual behaviors merits further exploration in longitudinal studies particularly among MSM drug users in NYC. This information may serve to inform prevention efforts among this population who is increasingly at risk of HIV acquisition.

MoPe10.7P26 PREVIOUS STDS FAIL TO PREDICT HIV SEROCONVERSION AMONG INDIVIDUALS WITH HIGH RATES OF INJECTION DRUG USE
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.7P26)
Rusch M.¹, Shannon K.², Lai C.², Ishida T.², Tyndall M.¹
In this population, previous STI did not appear to impact HIV seroconversion. In a high-risk population, previous STI may not be a good indicator of individuals at risk of HIV infection.

MoPe10.7P27 SEXUAL BEHAVIOR OF HIV INFECTED WOMEN AND PARTNERS HIV SEROSTATUS IN A COHORT STUDY IN RIO DE JANEIRO — BRAZIL
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe10.7P27)
Moreira R.¹, Friedman R.¹, Grinsztejn B.¹, Fernandes N.¹, Rodrigues J.¹, Faria D.¹, Veloso V.G.¹, Pilotto J.H.¹, Derrico M.¹, Bastos F.I.², Leite I.C.³
Neither sexual practice nor consistent use of codom varied significantly with partner serostatus. However, it's a matter of concern the high proportion of unprotected sex among women unaware about partner's serostatus. It is of note the high proportion of abstinent women in this cohort.

MoPe11.1C
Access to care

MoPe11.1C01 WHAT ARE KEY GAPS TO ACCESS IN HIV PREVENTION IN NEPAL?
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.1C01)
Regmi P.R.¹, Bhattarai R.P.²
The participants recommended that peer education program and youth information centre would be effective in terms of impact and cost to reduce gaps. Implementing competitions and entertaining activities would be most effective approaches for adolescent and young people. Providing constant supervisory support with good relation with PE and service centres would encourage for their active participation.

MoPe11.1C02 ROLE OF COMMUNITY-BASED NGO IN EQUITY OF ACCESS TO ART
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.1C02)
Ayaba A., Ayaba A.
ART is aimed at reducing morbidity and mortality related to HIV/AIDS. Because health services utilization is low in Africa, PLWA in advanced stage outside the health system should be targeted and put first on ART. PLWA associations or community health workers can play a crucial role to make it feasible.

MoPe11.1C03 HIV/AIDS CARE AND TREATMENT IN UGANDA CASE STUDY OF TASO
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.1C03)
Sebuliba I., Coutinho A., Nabiryo C.
1) There is need for more resource mobilization in order to get funds to ensure sustainability and continuity on the ART Program. 2) There is need for sensitisation and formation of rural HIV/AIDS awareness programs. 3) Establish a standard monitoring and evaluation system for ART. 4) Set up conditions that allow local companies to repackage imported ingredients or produce generic ARVs. 5) Creation of mobile clinics targeting families with HIV/AIDS persons.

MoPe11.1C04 GAINING INSIGHT INTO THE DISTRIBUTION OF HIV/AIDS SERVICES IN PHILADELPHIA, PA. USA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.1C04)
Murray J.E., Furj J., Bell G., Grundy D., Metzger D.D.
As the HIV epidemic evolves within urban communities, prevention strategies and methods need to evolve as well. The location of HIV prevention and care services needs to continue to be considered in light of both access and acceptability.

MoPe11.1C05 AIDS CLINICAL TRIALS AND URBAN HIV+ INDIVIDUALS FROM RACIAL/ETHNIC MINORITY BACKGROUNDS: KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, BARRIERS, AND FACILITATORS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.1C05)
Nakagawa A.¹, Gwadz M.V.², Leonard N.R.², Herzog N.³, Riedel M.⁴, Finkelstein M.², Arredondo G.², Tharaken M.², Diggs A.², Mildvan D.⁵
Despite a lack of accurate information about ACTs, the majority expressed substantial willingness to enroll in trials. Social relationships (health care provider, CBO, friends/family) are critical in leading to enrollment. ACT participation may be facilitated by an emphasis on altruism. Yet, ambivalence is suggested, as participants report significant mistrust of ACT scientists, which may be grounded in a history of scientific malpractice with communities of color in the U.S.

MoPe11.1C06 GENDER DIFFERENCES IN AIDS CLINICAL TRIALS: ATTITUDES AND PERCEIVED BARRIERS AMONG PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS FROM RACIAL/ETHNIC MINORITY BACKGROUNDS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.1C06)
Gwadz M.V.¹, Nakagawa A.², Leonard N.R.¹, Herzog N.², Riedel M.³, Finkelstein M.¹, Arredondo G.¹, Tharaken M.¹, Diggs A.¹, Mildvan D.⁴
The majority expressed willingness to enroll in ACTs, although with gender differences in the conditions under which they would do so. Both genders perceive a wide range of barriers to participation, many of which reflect a lack of knowledge of ACTs. Women have some unique barriers, including concerns about bias, confidentiality, and treatment, and, importantly, appear more risk-averse than men with respect to ACT participation. Gender-specific intervention strategies may be necessary to facilitate ACT participation.

MoPe11.1C07 HEALTH INEQUALITIES AND ACCESS TO TREATMENT FOR PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS IN NIGERIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.1C07)
Obioha E.
The author therefore suggests ways of bridging the gap in access to health facilities between the poor and the rich in order to enhance their chances of getting HIV/AIDS drugs and other preventive measures.

MoPe11.1C08 BLINDNESS AND HIV - MORE THAN A DOUBLE BURDEN, A CASE OF ZAMBIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.1C08)
Zulu K.P.
With exposure to rape and sexual abuse, these vulnerable groups can only rely on external help of the sighted to facilitate their access to care. By virtual of their impairments, these marginalised communities have no models to refer to when it comes to appreciating the extent of the devastating effects of HIV/AIDS — they have heard, not seen. Indeed, Blindness and HIV is more than a double burden.

MoPe11.1C09 BRINGING SERVICES CLOSER TO PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS, A TASO HOME BASED CARE, COMMUNITY NURSING INITIATIVE
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.1C09)
Kizito B.J., Coutinho A.G., Nabiryo C.
Atleast 64.3% of TASO clients have to travel more than 10kms each time they are going to the nearest TASO center for Medical, material or Psycho-Social support. Considering that 75% of these clients are too poor with no regular source of income at all, returning for services at TASO becomes difficult. TASO Home Based Care initiative recruits former Public Health or private nurses who live within the community to serve a radius of 5km around them.

MoPe11.1C10 THE EFFECTS OF A SPECIALIZED SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENT FOR HIV PATIENTS ON HAART THERAPY
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.1C10)
Rahman H., Rocco R., Latorre J., Tabassum V.
Improvements in KPS, QOL and clinically important trends in laboratory assessments of metabolic and immunologic function indicate this nutritional supplement may be beneficial in patients with HIV-1 infection on HAART. A larger study may be warranted to confirm the trends observed in this pilot study.

MoPe11.1C11 RISK SHARING IN A CONFLICTING COMMUNITY
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.1C11)
Umutoni Y.
Community members have been mobilised to take care of HIV/AIDS victims in their respective communities and such an effort should be encouraged by the government and other Non Governmental Organisations for a great impact.

MoPe11.1C12 SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS INFLUENCING THE USE OF ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY IN NIGERIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.1C12)
Jegede A.S.¹, Oluyedun H.¹, Fayemiwo A.S.², Adejumo O.P.¹
Certain misconceptions and logistic factors still pervade compliance to ARV drugs.

MoPe11.1C13 LIGHTHOUSE COUNSELING AND TESTING (CT) SERVICES IN LILONGWE: CLIENT SATISFACTION, KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER AND ROLE IN ART NATIONAL SCALE-UP PLAN IN MALAWI
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.1C13)
Phiri M.¹, Ravenscroft N.¹, Zumazuma B.¹, Phiri S.¹, Boxshall M.¹, Killam P.², Chang'ana E.¹
Most clients are satisfied with the Counseling and Testing services offered by Lighthouse. There is a deficit in information about ARV and PMTCT, which has to be addressed carefully by the counseling team. This has a critical role while Malawi is implementing ART scale-up program.

MoPe11.1C14 ...CADILLAC CARE FOR THE POOR... ACCESS TO HIV CARE IN AN ECONOMICALLY CHALLENGED URBAN ENVIRONMENT
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.1C14)
Tripathi H., Hernandez L.
The collected and analyzed data suggests that the majority of the Plainfield Health Center's HIV/AIDS patients (35%)enter the services delivery system through the on-site CTS. Additional 30% enter through PHC's clinical departments (e.g. Adult Med, OB/GYN, etc). A full 15% are self referred. Another 10% enter through a discharge planning referral from a local hospital. Community based partners' referrals account for 5%. Likewise, referrals from friends and families are at 4%. The remaining 1% of the surveyed patients provided no response. Overall, the study provided a concrete valuable basis for future program development, resource allocation.

MoPe11.1C15 HAART UNDER RESTRICTED CIRCUMSTANCES IN THE CAPITAL OF GUATEMALA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.1C15)
Mejia C.¹, Romero J.C.¹, Rodriguez J.D.¹, Gularte V.¹, Carcamo M.¹, Samayoa J.¹, Doerner F.², Lucas M.J.², Rasschaert F.², Valverde M.J.², Pagano E.²
HAART therapy in resource limited countries is possible and effective. Simplified treatment schemes including the use of generic drugs, trade drugs and FDC provide a good and reliable.

MoPe11.1C16 ACCESS FOR ALL: THE CLUE TO THE HIV/AIDS CRISIS AND ACHIEVING THE MDG'S
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.1C16)
Omole O.
No HIV/AIDS patient should suffer unduly because the global community is not prepared to commit sufficient resources in overcoming this deadly pandemic. What we jointly do today in expanding "Access for all" would remain crucial in winning the fight against the epidemic. If there is a will, the struggle to contain HIV/AIDS will succeed.

MoPe11.1C17 LABORATORY-RELATED BARRIERS TO ACCESS OF ANTI-RETROVIRAL THERAPY (ART)IN KENYA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. )
Gichoya-Wawira J.¹, Ernest M.²
Development of adequate laboratory infrastructure for ARV and HIV disease monitoring should precede the on-going scaling up of ARV programs to expedite the uptake of ARV and also to avoid collapse of the ARV scaling up mid-way into implementation. All intervention initiatives against HIV/AIDS should be linked to laboratory testing and monitoring programs.

MoPe11.1C18 SCALING UP HIV/AIDS TREATMENT AND CARE IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. )
Matic S., Eramova I., Lazarus J.
13,164 of the reported 133,569 people placed on HAART throughout Europe during the period studied were from countries in central and eastern Europe, including central Asia. Although a modest increase in real numbers, this represents a doubling in the number of people receiving treatment in 21 months. However, while access to HAART did increase, in 14 of the countries it was under 50% for those in need of it. This study reveals that increasing overall access and equitable access in the worst affected countries in Europe remains a great challenge.

MoPe11.1C19 EVOLUTION OF USE OF ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (ART) AMONG HOMECARE PATIENTS IN PHNOM PENH, CAMBODIA, FROM 2001 TILL 2004
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.1C19)
Un P.¹, Sopheak T.¹, De Munter P.¹, Suos P.P.², Deng S.K.¹, Lynen L.³
Access to ART has significantly increased from 2001 to 2004 due to coordinated efforts from NGOs and government to expand ART programs, boosted by successful applications to GFATM's round 1 and 2. When financial barriers to access ART disappear, quality of care and adherence improve, but socio-economic problems and side effects merit more attention.

MoPe11.1C20 SCALING UP ACCESS TO HAART IN ABIDJAN, CÔTE D'IVOIRE: THE ACONDA/ISPED/HEART PROGRAM
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.1C20)
Toure S.¹, Seyler C.², Amani A.¹, Dakoury N.¹, Diakite N.¹, Traore M.¹, Duvignac J.², Grundmann C.³, Marchand D.², Perez F.², Anglaret X.², Dabis F.²
Over the first 8 months, 1029 patients started HAART, and the percentage of enrolled patients eligible for but not receiving HAART decreased from 47% to 31%. Short-term survival data confirm that patients with baseline CD4 <50/mm³ are far more likely to die than other patients.. When financial support exists, expansion of HAART programs is rapidly feasible.

MoPe11.1C21 INTEGRATING FAMILY PLANNING INTO PMTCT: IMPROVING ACCESS TO COMPREHENSIVE CARE
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.1C21)
Yeboah, K.
Integrating family planning into PMTCT programmes was feasible based on the fact that the intervention was technically implementable, practical, acceptable and affordable. Advocacy, community assessments and participatory planning played a key role in the success of the integration.

MoPe11.1C23 REQUIREMENT OF WIDESPREAD HEALTH CENTERS IN THE TERRITORY TO INCREASE PMTCT ADHERENCE IN GUINEA BISSAU
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.1C23)
Gianelli E.¹, Riva A.¹, Rusconi S.¹, De Fonseca C.², Massetto B.¹, Da Silva Te D.², Moroni M.¹, Mariani E.², Rankin F.²
Our data demonstrate a significant increase of HIV-1 prevalence in Bissau and the urgency of adequate prevention campaign. To increase acceptability of the test it is fundamental to improve pre-test counselling, provide psychological help and increase the number of antenatal clinics in order to simplify access. Given the recent data on emergence of resistance to nevirapine in women receiving nevirapine at delivery, despite its efficacy a switch to other regimens is necessary.

MoPe11.1C24 FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH LATE PRESENTATION FOR HIV CARE AMONG PATIENTS IN HINCHE, CENTRAL HAITI
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.1C24)
Louis C.¹, Ivers L.², Freedberg K.³, Smith Fawzi M.C.⁴, Castro A.⁵, Georges J.⁶, Bia F.⁷
Delays in presentation for HIV care in rural Haiti are linked to demographic, socioeconomic and structural factors, many of which are rooted in poverty. These data suggest that a multifaceted approach is needed to overcome barriers to early presentation for care. This approach might include poverty alleviation strategies; provision of effective, reliable and free medical care; patient outreach through community health workers and collaboration with traditional healers.

MoPe11.1C25 INTERNATIONAL LAW, BEST PRACTICE AND COMMUNITY CONSIDERATIONS IN HEALTH LAW REFORM ON HIV/AIDS TO ENSURE OPTIMAL ACCESS TO CARE AND TREATMENT, IN SURINAME
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.1C25)
Castelen M.A.
The significance of these results is that even though the STI-bill is still under discussion in parliament, there is a nation wide awareness that PLWA should not be denied access to care and treatment. This awareness led to various actions undertaken in and by both the private and public sector to meet the standard set by this STI-bill.

MoPe11.1C26 ETHICAL DILEMMAS IN IMPLEMENTING AN ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY PROGRAM IN RURAL AREAS OF THE EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.1C26)
Asfour F.R.¹, Zimase N.², Hoffman N.², Macharia D.³, Stender S.C.¹
Discussing ethical issues in the roll out of antiviral therapy is of paramount importance in resource limited settings. Broadening this discussion may help to ensure these issues are addressed and a broad consensus is reached which will better enable people on the ground to make appropriate decisions to make the best, most ethical use of limited resources.

MoPe11.1C27 COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF ANTIRETROVIRAL TREATMENT REGIMENS IN RESOURCE RESTRICTED SETTING
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.1C27)
Saple D.¹, Sawleshwarkar S.¹, Kamble U.¹, Shaikh D.²
We were unable to demonstrate significant difference between different generic ART regimens in this study population.

MoPe11.1C28 QUALITY OF CARE AND SERVICES FOR STI AND HIV/AIDS PATIENTS BY MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS: ASSESSMENT THROUGH DIRECT AND INDIRECT (MYSTERY PATIENT) APPROACH IN KARNATAKA, INDIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no.MoPe11.1C28)
Satihal D.¹, Washington R.²
All the medical practitioners need to be trained in STI/HIV/AIDS management, to enhance their knowledge and change their attitude/approach towards STI/HIV patients to contain spread of HIV/AIDS. The Syndromic Case Management needs to be popularized as many practitioners felt that it is cost effective and treats multiple infections.

MoPe11.1C29 GENDER DIFFERENCES IN ART INITIATES AT HELEN JOSEPH HOSPITAL (HJH), IN THE NATIONAL ANTIRETROVIRAL PROGRAMME OF SOUTH AFRICA (SA)
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.1C29)
Conradie F., Ive P., Sanne I., Boulme R.
More women access the service than men. Both genders access treatment at similar ages and progress of disease. A predominant number (31.5%) of women in age group between 31 and 40 years were noted.

MoPe11.1C30 OUTCOMES OF HAART IN HIV-1 INFECTED INDIVIDUALS IN BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.1C30)
Zala C.¹, Hogg R.², Salomon H.³, Chan K.⁴, Hamilton G.⁵, Montaner J.S.⁶, Cahn P.¹
Rates of response to HAART in this cohort are comparable to those previously reported elsewhere. However, initiation of HAART was associated with an advanced HIV disease. Urgent efforts are needed to optimize timing of initiation of HAART in our setting.

MoPe11.1C31 EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY AMONG THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF HIV/AIDS PATIENTS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.1C31)
Cardoso G., May S., Feijo Barroso P.
We observed maintenance or increase in most of the indicators of quality of life after HAART introduction. This result confirms the importance of free and universal access to ART. However, we need to select and/or substitute ART in order not to bring prejudice to patients' quality of life.

MoPe11.1C32 FACILITATING TRAINING OF HIV/AIDS HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS IN A RESOURCE-LIMITED SETTING
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.1C32)
Idemyor V.
Conference/workshop training can be effective in a resource-limited setting. There is room for more such efforts. It is feasible to have collaboration between institutions in the developing and the developed world. Local knowledgeable people can conduct the training if a mechanism is developed to bring those who need the training to the training center.

MoPe11.1C33 EFFECTIVE CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF HIV/AIDS IN AFRICA- A GHANAIAN PERSPECTIVE
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.1C33)
Siaw K.
Certain generic combination is about 300 U.S dollars per person per year, which is said to have come down, the price still remains high for third world countries. World leaders should advocate helping bring down the price than it is. Leaders in Africa should allocate funds from national budget and debt relief to support the treatment service. International donors, example, World Bank should increasingly focusing on treatment and care in Africa as part of their commitment to scaling up the global HIV/AIDS response. The teachings and counseling of HIV/AIDS should not just only be considered as a medical one but also a social issue. HIV related issues should incorporate in all institutions to increase the populace awareness and knowledge levels of the pandemic.

MoPe11.1C34 SCALING UP AND ROLLING OUT ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY IN ZIMBABWE THROUGH THE HIV/AIDS QUALITY OF CARE INITIATIVE (HAQOCI)
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. )
Kambarami R.
More patients now accessing counseling and affordable treatment for HIV related disease. Infrastructure for the implementation of the WHO 3 by 5 initiative promises to be solid. Through this initiative we show that with funding support and strategic partners, a coalition of university based clinicians and researchers are capable of impacting on health care systems and improve the national response to the HIV epidemic.

MoPe11.1C35 INTERVENTIONS FOR COMPLIANCE AND ADHERENCE IMPROVEMENT AMONG HIV- POSITIVE NEW IMMIGRANTS FROM ETHIOPIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.1C35)
Lorber M., Gilad M.
A high rate of success, as reflected by patients' adherence to HAART, has been achieved by a compliance program designed especially for the new immigrants from Ethiopia. Understanding these individuals' culture, beliefs, fears, concepts of health and traditional medicine facilitate the program's success. The high rate of adherent patients is comparable to the non-Ethiopian HIV positive patients in our clinic.

MoPe11.1C36 QUALITY OF LIFE IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS TAKING HAART AT THE ENROLLMENT IN NORTHERN THAILAND
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.1C36)
Chariyalertsak S.¹, Oberdorfer A.², Tapinta D.³, Suwantherangoon J.², Guest P.⁴, Sarna A.⁵, Wu A.⁶
Quality of life was significantly correlated with health status of HIV-infected patients on ARV medication. It should be useful for guiding health care providers to provide the appropriate physical and mental support for them.

MoPe11.1C37 PRIORITISING ART SELECTION IN RWANDA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.1C37)
Atkinson J., Kayitenkore K., Bekan B., Karita E.
Systems must be put in place to show in a transparent way who is selected and who isn't. Projects and centres must start slowly so as to not get overwhelmed. Support must be proved to the clients and staff.

MoPe11.1C38 FACTORS INFLUENCING ACCESS OF PEOPLE WITH HIV/AIDS IN IBADAN, NIGERIA TO ANTI-RETROVIRAL DRUGS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.1C38)
Sangowawa A.¹, Owoaje E.¹, Faseru B.², Uchendu O.¹, Ekanem S.¹, Ebong I.¹
The commonest reason why the PLWHAs were yet to commence ARVs was that they could not afford the cost of the drugs. Subsidizing the drugs and empowering PLWHAs financially by providing them with alternative sources of income are important ways of improving access to ARVs.

MoPe11.1C39 BARRIERS TO MANAGEMENT OF HIV PATIENTS IN A SEMI-RURAL COMMUNITY IN INDIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.1C39)
Raja T.¹, Menezes L.², D'Souza K.², Tash K.³, Galwankar S.², Nadler J.²
With over 5 million Indians infected, it is imperative to manage HIV while maximizing access. CD4 testing in Vasai is unevenly distributed. Educated patients and males were more than twice as likely to have a CD4 assay. Economically disadvantaged patients, particularly women were almost ignored. Such data gives vital insight into communities not traditionally targeted in government initiatives.

MoPe11.1C40 RAPID STATEWIDE SCALE UP OF ACCESS TO ART IN KERALA, INDIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.1C40)
Kumar P.
It is possible to rapidly scale up access to treatment, if a concerted effort is made, standardized training manuals and treatment protocols used and fairly good health infrastructure.

MoPe11.1C41 LOWER RATES OF HAART INITIATION IN INTRAVENOUS DRUG USERS IN A MULTICENTRE HOSPITAL BASED COHORT IN SPAIN
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.1C41)
Rodriguez-Arenas M.A.¹, Jarrín I.¹, Del Amo J.¹, Iribarren J.A.², Moreno S.³, Viciana P.⁴, Martínez N.M.⁵, Gutierrez F.⁶, Lacruz J.L.⁷, Gomez-Sirvent J.L.⁸, Vidal F.⁹, Oteo J.A.¹⁰, Leal M.⁴, Castilla J.¹¹, y C.-R.¹
In subjects of the same age, sex and clinical status, IDUs are at higher risk of not being prescribed HAART compared to other groups in hospital settings which could definitely determine their higher mortality. Health policies should address the gross inequities affecting IDUs in Spain.

MoPe11.1C42 IS ANTIRETROVIRAL TREATMENT ACCESS GUARANTEED FOR HIV INFECTED MIGRANTS AS WELL AS AUTOCHTHONOUS PATIENTS?
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.1C42)
Nasta P., Pezzoli C., De Paoli L., El Hamad I., Matti A., Gatti F.
In our experience there are no evidences that HAART access is influenced by migrant«s status. CD4-cell-count at presentation in migrants appears lower than in Italians and more often migrants are lost to follow up. Although the treatment access seems to be similar in migrants and autochthonous HIV patients , the concern remain that migrants reaches later the health services.

MoPe11.1C43 SUCCESSFUL STRATEGY TO ACHIEVE A GOOD ADHERENCE TO FOLLOW-UP IN A COHORT OF HIV INFECTED WOMEN IN RIO DE JANEIRO- BRAZIL
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.1C43)
Friedman R., Moreira R., Morelli C.P., Araujo D.C., Nascimento e Silva V., Murta F., Santinni M., Veloso V.G., Grinsztejn B.
The implementation of this low cost strategy in our cohort resulted in a high level of adherence of women to schedule visits of follow-up and other cohort procedures. Considering the importance of adherence to success of antiretroviral therapy, the same approach should be implemented for regular care provided to HIV infected patients and funds must be available to allow it.

MoPe11.1C44 HOSPITALISATION FOR HIV/AIDS IN BRAZIL DIFFER AMONG THE COUNTRY REGIONS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.1C44)
dos Santos C.E.¹, Albuquerque A.M.², Nassi C.³, Rizzotto J.M.⁴, Serafim J.A.⁵, Ramos Filho C.⁶
Our study shows striking differences in hospitalisations among the regions. The Southeast region has the greatest number of cases, and is the only to show a large reduction in numbers of hospitalisations, influencing the country statistics, and overshadowing the fact that there are inequalities of care among regions of Brazil.

MoPe11.1C45 RACIAL AND GENDER DISPARITIES IN ANTIRETROVIRAL RECEIPT AMONG MEDICAID RECIPIENTS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.1C45)
King W.¹, Minor P.², Ramirez-Kitchen C.³, Rust G.²
Black or White female HIV positive Medicaid recipients did not have the same rate of HAART receipt despite the elimination of a financial barrier to access.

MoPe11.2
Models of treatment and care in diverse settings

MoPe11.2C01 MANAGING HIV/AIDS PATIENTS WHERE ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS ARE INACCESSIBLE OR NOT ENOUGH
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.2C01)
Hitimana A.
In managing HIV infection, the psychological support patient receive from one another goes a long way in enhancing the effects of nutritional support as prompt medical care offered.

MoPe11.2C02 AMBULATORY CARE AND A NEEDS ASSESSMENT TOOLKIT
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.2C02)
Kibirige M.S.¹, Nalubega J.², Nakakeeto M.³, Kekitiinwa A.³, Lyagoba M.²
Home visiting was achievable with trained nurses to supervise management. Ambulatory care is achievable. A toolkit can identfy those with the most need. More than 90% in this cohort were in need of social support. Nurses should be trained to deliver ambulatory service.

MoPe11.2C03 ANTIRETROVIRAL PRESCRIPTIONS IN THE TWO LINKED HIV OUTPATIENT UNITS OF BOLOGNA, ITALY
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.2C03)
Manfredi R., Calza L., Chiodo F.
Over nine years after HAART introduction, multiple variables influence the choice of AP, including therapeutic background, resistance, toxicity, adherence, pillburden, and also costs. Even between the two HIV services of the same city, followed by the same medical staff, significant differences in AP occur. Given the availability of 21 drugs, a correct balance of expected long-term efficacy-tolerability should be tailored according to each p needs, but also weighted against scheduled costs, to allow the best resource allocation.

MoPe11.2C04 A 25-YEAR FOLLOW-UP OF FATALITY EVENTS IN A COHORT OF I.V. DRUG ADDICTS IN BOLOGNA, NORTH-EASTERN ITALY
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.2C04)
Sabbatani S.¹, Agostini D.², Manfredi R.¹, Chiodo F.¹
During the most recent years, a sharp decrease in the number of AIDS-related deaths, probably attributable to the increased use of potent antiretroviral regimens, was recorded among IVDUs, although overall mortality rate related to causes different from HIV-related ones, remained appreciable.

MoPe11.2C05 AN AIDS TREATMENT DEMONSTRATION PROJECT FOR 10,000 OVER FIVE YEARS IN ETHIOPIA: THE STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF THE DIASPORA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.2C05)
Abebe Y.¹, Asresahgne G.², Getaneh A.³, Getu H.⁴, Harris C.⁵, Sinclair T.⁶, Siraj D.⁷, Teshale E.⁸, Asfaw I.⁹
This collaborative demonstration project initiated by the Ethiopian diaspora targeting 10,000 people over five years in Ethiopia is a unique, effective and promising model for ART programs. The diaspora addresses the gaps in human resources, technical capacity, and incentive which challenge programs in resource-constrained settings.

MoPe11.2C06 A ONE YEAR EVALUATION OF QUERIES SENT TO AN AIDS TREATMENT INFORMATION CENTRE IN AFRICA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.2C06)
Kidde S.¹, Nganwa R.¹, Cocohoba J.², Merry C.¹, Serwadda D.³
Health Care Workers in resource limited settings will utilize an educational resource to obtain information about HIV/AIDS management. Information collected from a service like ATIC on HCW's and their submitted queries can have implications for content and development of future HIV/AIDS training efforts conducted in Africa. Capacity of Health care workers to manage patients with HIV/AIDS in resource constrained settings can be greatly enhanced with such settings being developed throughout the developing world. There is need for further research to evaluate the impact to the quality of life for the patient.

MoPe11.2C07 THE BASIC CARE AND SUPPORT PROGRAM FOR HIV/AIDS PATIENTS AT HIGHWAY HEALTH CLINIC IN HETAUDA, MAKWANPUR DISTRICT, NEPAL
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.2C07)
Chaudhary C.
Referral center for HIV positive cases should be made accessible in the district level.

MoPe11.2C08 LEVERAGING SUCCESSFUL TB STRATEGIES TO INTRODUCE HAART IN PROVINCIAL CAMBODIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.2C08)
Sok T.¹, Laureillard D.¹, Lak K.K.², Sun S.¹, Ung P.², Meas S.¹, Shapiro A.³, Goldfeld A.³
These results demonstrate that providing HAART in rural resource-poor settings by a local NGO is feasible by leveraging the CHC's successful TB treatment strategies and enhancing capacity of health workers. Providing access to HAART in rural areas will decrease the number of patients who must relocate to urban centers to obtain treatment, which results in severing critical economic and emotional support networks for patients and families.

MoPe11.2C09 EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A MULTI-COUNTRY INTEGRATED HIV/FAMILY PLANNING/STI CARE PROGRAM
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.2C09)
Joseph D., Eber M.
Costs and increased workload as well as client frustration with longer waiting times remain barriers to expansion of integrated services. PSI plans to expand integration activities in Cambodia, Uganda and other programs. In Zimbabwe, the integrated program ended in December 2004 due to financial constraints and low uptake of FP and STI services by VCT clients. More analysis is needed to assess how to best integrate HIV treatment, care and reproductive health services.

MoPe11.2C10 TRIZIVIR ARV TREATMENT RESULTS IN REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.2C10)
Climasevschi I., Luca L., Popovici S., Betiu M.
1. Trizivir treatment is well-accepted and well-tolerated by patients and reveals a high compliance. 2. Immunological and virusological data confirm the efficiency of Trizivir treatment after 48 weeks. 3. No anaphylactic reactions were registered under Trizivir treatment. 4. The recent reports insinuate a possible combination of Trizivir with EFV for obtaining a durable response in case of an undetectable level of RNA HIV load.

MoPe11.2C11 ADDING RAPID SYPHILIS TESTING TO MATERNAL HIV VCT IN HAITI IS COST-EFFECTIVE AND CAN PREVENT >1,000 CONGENITAL SYPHILIS CASES PER YEAR
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.2C11)
Schackman B.R.¹, Neukermans C.P.¹, Nerette S.N.², Nolte C.², Joseph P.², Fitzgerald D.W.¹
Adding rapid syphilis testing and treatment to HIV VCT programs in Haiti will prevent additional congenital syphilis cases and is cost-effective. Projected results by region can help set priorities for scale-up implementation.

MoPe11.2C12 RAPID SCALE UP OF HEALTH WORKER HIV TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING, HUBEI PROVINCE, CHINA: INTERIM REPORT
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.2C12)
Teter C.¹, Gui X.², Sun J.³, Liu P.³, Sherer R.⁴
Rapid scale-up of HIV training of county and township HCWs in Hubei Province is achievable. Resident US expertise in support of Chinese physicians and trainers, active CDC participation and leadership, an HIV Center of Excellence with strong leadership and university support have been essential to date.

MoPe11.2C13 ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES: ART SCALE-UP – THE CHALLENGES AND IMPLICATIONS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.2C13)
John G.¹, Kim C.²
1. Those on ARVs and adherent are showing marked improvement. 2. VCT capacity issues, stigma and patient access limit the numbers being tested and seen. 3. Men are noticeably absent in this model. 4. The clinical team will need administrative and political support to successfully expand and then decentralize to the health districts. 5. HR capacity is a priority.

MoPe11.2C14 PATIENT-CENTERED PHARMACEUTICAL CARE FOR HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS: CREATION OF A CRITICAL ROLE FOR PHARMACISTS IN SOUTH AFRICA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.2C14)
Matchaba G.¹, Mahlati T.¹, Ntshani E.¹, Mazibuko Z.¹, Hlongwane M.¹, Struble K.², Dallas S.², Capparelli E.³, Pau A.⁴
Pharmacists can become critical members of a multidisciplinary team caring for HIV patients. The pharmacists trained through this project may become pharmacist leaders and mentors in SA to meet the challenges of ARV provision via the national rollout.

MoPe11.2C15 CONTINUUM OF CARE MODEL: FOR PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIVAIDS IN THE DIVERSE SETTING OF UKRAINE
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.2C15)
Zahedul I.¹, Parkhomenko Z.¹, Palomar R.¹, Chelidze N.², Pilipenko T.²
The results on PMTCT and HAART management have been shared with MoH as the main partner of MSF program in Ukraine and other main stakeholders (GFATM, HIV/AIDS Alliance, NPLWHA) in order to make the findings of the model sustainable and replicable. In general, this model is appreciated at the national and local level and had some implication to PMTCT, VCT and HAART protocol changes. MSF Adherence model is accepted as base for national program design.

MoPe11.2C16 HEALTH WORKER TRAINING IN THE WESTERN BALKANS: REPORT OF THE FIRST PHASE OF RAPID SCALE UP
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.2C16)
Csiszar J.¹, Taublib-Kiriat J.¹, Teter C.², Begovac J.³, Jevtovic D.⁴, Lazarevik V.¹, Sherer R.⁵
Rapid scale up of HIV training is an essential component of an effective public health response to the HIV epidemic in low prevalence areas. Engagement of regional experts is critical to serve as a source of expertise and regional consultation upon which to build a system of local community care, as well as de-stigmatization and regional collaboration.

MoPe11.2C17 A MODEL OF SUPPORT FOR ANTIRETROVIRAL TREATMENT IN RURAL SOUTH AFRICA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.7C17)
Struthers H.E.¹, McIntyre J.A.¹, James K.H.², Whiting S.¹
The use of volunteers and support groups is shown to be an acceptable and cost effective form of support for people with HIV/AIDS and on ART in a resource poor setting. Limited capacity within the public health system requires on-going consultation and support to improve district health systems for ART treatment.

MoPe11.2C18 MODERATE EXERCISE DECREASES MOOD DISTURBANCE IN LOW INCOME HIV+ INDIVIDUALS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.2C18)
Smith S.H.¹, Phillips K.D.¹, Durstine J.L.², Burgess S.E.¹, Dudgeon W.D.², Hand G.A.²
These results indicate that moderate exercise can decrease some components of mood disturbance among HIV+ individuals, leading to an improved quality of life, improved disease management, and slower progression of HIV disease. Exercise should continue to be explored as an adjuvant therapy for managing HIV symptoms and improving quality of life. This work is supported by the NINR/NIH-funded Center for Health Promotion and Risk Reduction in Special Populations and the Arnold School of Public Health.

MoPe11.2C19 EVALUATING THE TOTAL LYMPHOCYTE COUNT (TLC) AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR CD4 CELL COUNT IN THE FOLLOW UP OF AIDS PATIENTS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.2C19)
Angelo A.L.D.¹, Martins-Netto E.², Angelo C.D.¹, Torres A.J.L.¹, Ramos A.M.¹, Lima M.³, Brites C.R.¹
CD4 count is the major surrogate marker for defining the best moment to start antiretroviral therapy in AIDS patients, as well as for defining the duration of prophylaxis against opportunistic agents. Its high cost, however, limits the use of this technique in resource-limited settings. TLC has been evaluated as a substitute marker for CD4 count. These results show that TLC has a high specificity to indicate patients for prophylaxis, but at this moment cannot be recommended as a substitution of CD4 cell count. HIV infection is probably introducing cell changes capable of inducing errors in TLC automated hematologic cell count. Nearly one third of our samples had unidentified cells in the TLC, B cells may explain this finding.

MoPe11.2C20 STRATEGIES FOR SUPPORTING CLINICIANS PROVIDING HIV CARE AND TREATMENT IN RESOURCE LIMITED COUNTRIES
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.2C20)
Rabkin M.¹, Justman J.¹, Abrams E.J.², Hoos D.¹, El-Sadr W.M.²
Multi-level clinical and technical input is required to support high-quality clinical care at pilot HIV/AIDS care and treatment programs. As these sites develop, they can provide additional support to local and national programs.

MoPe11.2C21 USING SITUATION ANALYSIS TO EXPAND AND SCALE-UP PAEDIATRIC ARV TREATMENT IN AFRICA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.2C21)
Michaels D.¹, Rutenberg N.², Ndhlovu L.³, Eley B.⁴
The information from the study allows a further understanding of the critical components of effective pediatric HIV treatment services and will be used to make recommendations regarding expansion of ARV access to children.

MoPe11.2C22 PEER EDUCATORS AS AN INTEGRAL COMPONENT OF HIV CARE AND TREATMENT PROGRAMS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.2C22)
Rabkin M.¹, Worley S.², Johnson M.T.¹, Chikuba M.³, Clark C.¹, El-Sadr W.M.⁴
Peer Educator programs are an important component of HIV/AIDS treatment programs. Additional information about the ICAP PE initiative, including support tools, evaluation tools, and training materials, can be accessed via our website at www.columbia-icap.org.

MoPe11.2C23 EFFECTS OF ASCORBATE AND α-TOCOPHEROL SUPPLEMENTATION IN HIV INFECTED PATIENTS PLUS ANTIRRETROVIRAL THERAPY
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.2C23)
Baggio G.L.¹, Treitinger A.¹, Pires Ferreira S.I.A.C.², Verdi J.C.³, Spada C.¹
Considering these results, we conclude that ascorbate and α-tocopherol supplementation is an important tool in the maintenance of cellular viability and consequently the recovery of immune system in HIV infected patients.

MoPe11.2C24 IMPLEMENTATION OF A MEDICAL CLINIC FOR CHILDREN LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS IN A RESOURCE LIMITED SETTING IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.2C24)
Nimblett J., John J.
This programme has been beneficial: our children's health has improved: Their longevity bears testimony. We involve families and volunteers from the community and home visits, new to this project, are greatly appreciated. Consequently, admissions to hospital have declined and with frequent blood investigations, treatment is adequate and families more comfortable.

MoPe11.2C25 LEARNING FROM NGO AND GOVERNMENT COLLABORATION IN SCALING UP ART AND CARE IN UGANDA- THE UGANDA CARES INITIATIVE: A FAMILY AND CBO SUPPORT BEST PRACTICE MODEL
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.2C25)
Okongo Bukare B.¹, Katete H.², Namagala E.³, Madraa E.³, Namusoke D.⁴, Simmons C.⁵, Mpiima S.⁶, Adair M.⁷, Farthing C.⁷, Weinstein M.⁷, Dunigan N.⁸, Kenya- Mugisha N.⁹, Chang H.E.¹⁰, Iutung P.²
The program has demonstrated that ARVs can be successfully delivered in a resource poor setting. This within a framework of care, support and follow-up provided by the treatment centers, families and CBOs.

MoPe11.2C26 PREVENTION OF MOTHER TO CHILD TRANSMISSION OF HIV IN KINSHASA, DR CONGO: A PRE-IMPLEMENTATION SURVEY OF ESSENTIAL ANTENATAL SERVICES IN 18 MATERNITIES
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.2C26)
Vaz L.¹, Behets F.¹, Matendo R.², Nanlele D.², Kilese N.², Callens S.², Vanderfaeillie A.², Van Rie A.¹, Kokolomami J.³
Effective PMTCT implementation requires strengthening essential ANC services to ensure quality health services that meet the needs of care-seeking women in resource-deprived settings like Kinshasa. The results of this survey were used to design our PMTCT implementation plan. PMTCT rollout should be used as an opportunity to evaluate and strengthen currently-available ANC services.

MoPe11.2C27 THE RELEVANCE OF POST CLINIC CONFERENCE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CHILDREN WITH HIV/AIDS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.2C27)
Nimblett J., Omo-Igbinomwanhia N.E., John J.
It could be seen that the practice of Post Clinic Conference as part of the management of children with HIV/AIDS in Cyril Ross SVP Nursery from 1999 to 2004 shows a tremendous benefit: to the overall outcome of their management, and at the same time, offering an opportunity for staff interactions in most aspects of care.

MoPe11.2C28 THREE YEAR ANTIRETROVIRAL TREATMENT FOLLOW UP
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.2C28)
Pérez D., Pérez J., Orta M., Trujillo A., Pérez A.
64.81% of the patients needed another scheme after 3 years of treatment. The d4T-3TC-Indinavir scheme was in percentage the one with the best results. The leading cause for change was lack of adherence followed by adverse reactions and poor virological and immunological response. The survival rate was 95.28 %. The more scheme changes the poorer the response obtained.

MoPe11.2C29 OUTCOME OF HIV INFECTED PATIENTS ADMITTED TO AN INTENSIVE CARE UNIT IN MEXICO, 1985-2003
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.2C29)
Vargas-Infante Y.A., Domínguez-Cherit G., Guerrero M.L., Carranza J., Soto-Ramírez L.E., Ruiz-Palacios G.M., Sierra-Madero J.G.
Short- and long-term survival in HIV-infected patients admitted to our ICU has increased substantially in recent years. The main factor associated with survival was use of HAART. These data should encourage a change in hospital policies in developing countries to avoid considering HIV infection as a condition for rejection from ICUs.

MoPe11.2C30 ASSESSMENT OF THE PATIENT FLOW AT THE INFECTIOUS DISEASES INSTITUTE (IDI) OUT PATIENT CLINIC, KAMPALA, UGANDA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.2C30)
Colebunders R.¹, Bukenya T.¹, Pakker N.², Smith O.¹, Twijukye C.¹, McAdam K.¹, Katabira E.¹
Different bottlenecks were identified and the total time in the clinic was unacceptable long. Based on the study results organisational changes were proposed.

MoPe11.2C31 CHALLENGES TO DRUG ADHERENCE IN A RESOURE LIMITED SETTING: -THE CASE OF ST. MARY'S HOSPITAL, MUMIAS-KENYA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.2C31)
Khaunya A.N.
The main Challenges to adherence included, side effects, cost of drugs, condition of patient, illiteracy and lack of facilities to monitor progress. More patients improved from HIV stage 2 to 1, than 4 to 3, Depending on adherence level.

MoPe11.2C32 DEVELOPMENT OF A CLINICAL LABORATORY NETWORK IN RWANDA TO SUPPORT ARV TREATMENT IN PUBLIC SETTINGS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.2C32)
Rugimbanya P.¹, Karimba T.¹, Gonzalez O. L.M.F.², Rusanganwa E.¹
Use of single platform CD4 technology, run by well trained and monitored local technicians is feasible and can be a reasonable solution for rural areas of countries like Rwanda.

MoPe11.2C33 PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS FOR PREMALIGNANT CERVICAL LESIONS IN HIV INFECTED WOMEN
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.2C33)
Heyer A.¹, Steyn J.², Pronyk P.¹, McIntyre J.², Gray G.², Martinson N.³, Struthers H.²
Prevalence of high-grade cervical lesions in our two populations of HIV-infected South African women is higher than previously reported. Current WHO recommendations prioritize women aged 35-54 for cervical screening in middle income countries. In this study, age was not a risk factor for high grade lesions and these guidelines should be revised. Cervical smears are an essential component of HIV care in South African, and should be offered to all women independent of age.

MoPe11.2C34 MODELS OF TREATMENT AND CARE IN DIVERSE SETTINGS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.2C34)
Bekan-Homawoo B.
Our preliminary data shows a clear positive effect of food supplementation on all aspects of recipients’ health and well-being. Challenges to the food program include “food-sharing”, cost for transport, the inadequacy between supplement and local food pattern. A food supplementation coupled to income-generating activities can substantially improve the health and quality of life of PLWHA.

MoPe11.2C35 NEUROCOGNITIVE AND FUNCTIONAL IMPROVEMENT WITH HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY IN HIV+ INDIVIDUALS WITH NEUROCOGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.2C35)
Sacktor N.¹, Nakasujja N.², Wong M.³, Skolasky R.¹, Robertson K.⁴, Musisi S.², Katabira E.², Ronald A.⁵
HAART can be associated with improvement in neuropsychological test and functional performance in HIV+ individuals with neurocognitive impairment in Uganda. A diagnosis of HIV dementia in Sub-Saharan Africa may be an indication for the initiation of HAART if available.

MoPe11.2C36 SCALE-UP OF HIGHLY-ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (HAART) IN LA ROMANA, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (DR): TRIUMPHS AND CHALLENGES
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.2C36)
Mañaná A.M.¹, Beck-Sagué C.², Avila Santana K.Y.A.S.¹, Díaz Heredia R.¹, Román Pouoriet J.³, Pelaez N.², Duke W.⁴, Tavarez M.I.⁵
These findings suggest that the first PLWHA receiving HAART were diagnosed with severe HIV disease overall, but that women followed at this center were diagnosed earlier in the course of HIV infection than men, consistent with the hypothesis that prenatal HIV-screening programs detected a substantial number of women prior to severe immunosuppression. Earlier diagnosis of HIV infection should be increased by voluntary screening in La Romana, particularly among men.

MoPe11.2C37 ELECTRONIC PATIENT TRACKING SUPPORTS RAPID EXPANSION OF HIV CARE AND TREATMENT IN RESOURCE-CONSTRAINED SETTINGS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.7C37)
Fusco H.1, Hubschman T.¹, Mbweeta V.¹, Chi B.¹, Levy J.¹, Sinkala M.², Stringer J.¹
While simplification of HIV care is important to facilitate rapid scale-up, we believe that a comprehensive and standardized method of collecting data is critical to program and patient monitoring. With rapid expansion, overwhelmed clinical staff need support managing longitudinal clinical information, complex reporting requirements, and pharmaceutical stock inventories. This model meets clinical and programmatic needs in a low-cost, technologically appropriate manner that can be replicated in other settings.

MoPe11.2C38 OPTIMIZATION OF ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPEUTIC REGIMEN SELECTION AND CLINICAL CARE USING THE UPDATED THERAPYEDGE-HIV PATIENT RECORD AND THERAPY EVALUATION CLINICAL DECISION SUPPORT (CDS) SYSTEM
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.2C38)
Head H.¹, Boulme R.¹, Gonazalez D.¹, Perozzo A.¹, Schmit J.-C.², Sanne I.³
The system is being successfully used in ARV roll-out sites in South Africa for HIV patient management. Published guidelines and interpretation algorithms are preferable to the previous therapy ranking systems. Further study will be made to determine the relative value of the types of alerts and the use of the system to aid less trained clinicians in the selection of optimal ARV therapy.

MoPe11.2C39 A UNIQUE AND A INNOVATIVE MODEL OF PROVIDING ANTIRETROVIRAL HIV THERPAY IN INDIA: TRIPARTITE PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN NGO, AN INTERNATIONAL NGO AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.2C39)
M.A B.¹, Prasad R.¹, Henry C.², R B.¹, Desu S.¹, Kandula V.R.³
Innovative partnerships requiring flexibility by local and international NGO's and the government can provide access to ART in India. This model demonstrates the feasibility of providing ART at both, referral hospitals and grass root level clinics provided government institutions and NGO's are willing to work together and are open to partnerships with experienced International NGO's.

MoPe11.2C40 DESIGN AND CHARACTERISTICS OF HIV CARE AND TREATMENT PROGRAMS IMPACT ON POPULATIONS ENROLLED
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.2C40)
El-Sadr W., Abrams E., Hoos D., Rabkin M., Justman J., Hardy T., Nash D.
Both MTCT-Plus and MCAP enrolled patients rapidly. MTCT-Plus, with its focus on families, successfully enrolled more women (including pregnant women) and children. MCAP, with its focus on ART initiation, enrolled more patients with advanced HIV eligible for ART. A mosaic of programs with differing designs must be established in a community in order to meet HIV care needs.

MoPe11.2C41 6-MONTH OUTCOMES AMONG HIV-INFECTED INDIVIDUALS STARTING ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY IN SOUTH AFRICA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.2C41)
Charalambous S.¹, Stenson A.², Fielding K.², Pemba L.¹, Whetham J.¹, Dwadwa T.¹, Martin D.³, Wood R.⁴, Churchyard G.¹, Grant A.²
Self-reported adherence predicted virological response at 6 months. Individuals with more advanced disease tended to have better virological responses. There were important variations in virological response by clinic site: these may be attributable to health systems factors, and require further investigation.

MoPe11.2C42 DEVELOPMENT OF A FOCUSED HIV PATIENT DATABASE USING WIDELY AVAILABLE SOFTWARE
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.2C42)
Kubota M.
A simple transferable database for elements of HIV care can be developed using common software. These databases can be helpful in improving the care provided to persons with HIV infection.

MoPe11.2C43 IMPROVEMENTS IN QUALITY OF LIFE FOR HIV/AIDS PATIENTS USING HYPERIMMUNE EGG (IMMUNE 26™) – THE TASO STUDY BY DR. FRANCIS B. KIZITO
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.2C43)
Kizito Bafirawara F.
The purpose of this study was to undertake preliminary assessment on whether Immune 26 would or would not improve quality of life for a sick HIV/AIDS population. These results suggest that Immune 26 could play an invaluable role in African countries looking a scientifically sound, non-toxic, easy-to-administer food supplement that demostrates an ability to improve quality of life.

MoPe11.4C
Strategies for delivery

MoPe11.4C01 INITIATION OF ARV TREATMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.4C01)
Grigoryan S., Hakobyan A., Papoyan A., Hovhannisyan E.
National Center for AIDS Prevention, Yerevan, Armenia

MoPe11.4C02 SETTING CRITERIA FOR REAL-TIME FIELD EVALUATION OF AN ARV ROLL-OUT PLAN IN GUMARE, BOTSWANA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.4C02)
Anderson J.
Assessing a local implementation plan against key criteria in real-time provided an effective and simple way to evaluate the components and make changes during the start-up phase. Providing ARVs in developing countries requires capacity building and assistance with local implementation.

MoPe11.4C03 HIV MEDICS, DEVELOPING HUMAN RESOURCE CAPACITY
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.4C03)
Adair M.¹, Okongo B.², Farthing C.³, Chang H.¹
This innovative program offers a practical solution for human resource development to support successful scale-up of ART in Uganda, and has the potential to be replicated in other countries where human resources are scarce.

MoPe11.4C04 ANTIRETROVIRAL TREATMENT TRAINING FOR HEALTH CARE WORKERS - HOW EFFECTIVE IS THE MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH?
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.4C04)
Edge A.-J.
Due to the various educational backgrounds of lay counsellors, the training is too clinical with participants 'switching off'. With a vital role in the success of ARV patients through adherence support, a separate, parallel training for non-clinicians should be developed covering the key aspects of their role. The training should continue to be developed to further support participant learning, particularly that of the professional nurse with more time spent on the fundamentals of ARVs. Addressing the learning needs of the professional nurse and shifting the level at which the training is pitched will however come at the expense of the clinicians' learning experience, bringing to an end the multidisciplinary training ideal.

MoPe11.4C06 LEVERAGING WESTERN MEDICAL EXPERTISE TO RAPIDLY BUILD HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS FOR HIV / AIDS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.4C06)
Charles M.¹, Boyle B.², Mayer K.H.³, Schechter M.⁴
Healthcare capacity building contributes positively to curbing the HIV / AIDS epidemic when implemented on a national level in a developing country, in conjunction with strong government support and leadership, the existence of a national continuum-of-care strategy, successful HIV prevention programs, availability of antiretroviral medication, and strong involvement of civil society. ICEHA's model of clinical mentoring by western educated physicians and nurses is a very effective way to rapidly scale up the skills of local healthcare providers.

MoPe11.4C07 CHALLENGES IN INSTITUTIONALIZING A NEW STAFF CADRE FOR ADHERENCE AND BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE MONITORING IN ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY PROGRAMMING-TASO, UGANDA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.4C07)
Nabiryo C., Coutinho A., Kakia A.
This cadre of staff is critical for success of ART programs and working conditions will need to be reviewed as recommended. Similar innovations are encouraged for effective adherence and behavioural change tracking in ART programming within resource poor settings.

MoPe11.4C08 HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (HAART) IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (DR): GOVERNMENT AND NON-GOVERNMENT COLLABORATION TOWARDS SCALING-UP
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.4C08)
Tavarez M.I.¹, Flores T.², Beck-Sague C.³, Gonzalez Carpio J.², Batista A.⁴, Rodriguez C.⁵, Salcedo V.¹, Brewer T.⁶
Substantial NGO-government collaboration resulted in HAART initiation in a high number of severely immune-compromised PLWHA. Despite high adverse reaction rate, HAART was associated with considerable improvement.

MoPe11.4C09 PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF BASELINE TOTAL LYMPHOCYTE COUNT (TLC) VS. ABSOLUTE CD4 COUNT IN PREDICTING SURVIVAL AMONG PATIENTS INITIATING HAART IN LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.4C09)
Brinkhof M.¹, Braitstein P.¹, Wood R.², Kumarasamy N.³, Miotti P.⁴, Egger M.¹, Dabis F.⁵, Schechter M.⁶
These data suggest that while the CD4 count is a more powerful predictor of survival, TLC is also a strong marker, and the current WHO TLC cut-off for HAART may need to be increased.

MoPe11.6C
Morbidity/mortality in the era of HAART

MoPe11.6C01 ROLE OF HIV-RELATED COMPLICATIONS IN THE TREND OF MORTALITY OF A HOMOGENEOUS COHORT OF OVER 1,200 DRUG ADDICTS FOLLOWED FROM 1977 TO 2002 IN A LARGE INNER CITY OF NORTHERN ITALY
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.6C01)
Sabbatani S.¹, Agostini D.², Manfredi R.¹
Although the crude mortality rate of our large cohort of IVDA living in an Italian metropolitan area followed the trend of AIDS-related diseases and significantly declined since HAART introduction, the case-fatality rate of last years remains greater versus the pre-HIV period. Multiple strategies aimed at limiting life-threatening IVDA complications are to be implemented, together with HIV serology screening, and extensive HAART administration.

MoPe11.6C02 IS HIV INFECTION A RISK FACTOR FOR COMPLICATIONS OF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY?
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.6C02)
Shetty K.
HIV seropositive status was found to be an independent risk factor for complications of major oral surgical procedures. The most important risk factors for complication of surgery in HIV positive individuals were higher viral loads and absence of antiretroviral treatment.

MoPe11.6C03 EFFECT OF HAART ON HIV RELATED HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS AND MORBIDITY
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.6C03)
Bernal J.A., Escobar M.A., Romero S.P., Gomez-Soto F., Gonzalez-Outon J., Briceño F., Ruiz P., Rosety M., Gomez F.A.
The HAART era has been associated with a progressive decrease in hospital admissions due to AIDS-defining conditions, and a steady enhancement of the spectrum of admissions by non-AIDS-defining conditions has increased.

MoPe11.6C04 EFFECT OF HAART ON HIV RELATED MORTALITY
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.6C04)
Romero S.P., Bernal J.A., Escobar M.A., Puerto J.L., Gonzalez-Outon J., Briceño F., Ruiz P., Rosety M., Gomez F.A.
AIDS related mortality has decreased after HAART. At time of death patients have higher CD4 counts, lower pVL, less advanced disease and fewer prior diagnosis of AIDS. The spectrum of mortality has changed with HAART, with more deaths due to liver disease, carcinomas and lymphomas.

MoPe11.6C05 NEOPLASIA ASSOCIATED WITH HIV INFECTION IN THE HAART ERA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.6C05)
Bernal J.A., Romero S.P., Escobar, M.A., Garcia-Egido A.A., Fernandez F.J., Gomez-Soto F., Puerto J.L., Briceño F.A., Ruiz P., Gomez F.A.
The incidence of non AIDS defining cancer increased, although the total incidence of HIV related neoplasia has not changed after HAART. Total cancer related mortality is higher pre-HAART and in women. Both sexes have a higher mortality by AIDS defining cancer pre-HAART and, by non AIDS defining cancer post-HAART.

MoPe11.6C06 MULTIPLE-CAUSES-OF-DEATH RELATED TO AIDS, BRAZIL, 1999, 2000, 2001 AND 2002
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.6C06)
Santo A.H.
Opportunistic infections of the respiratory system deserve special attention, mainly the association of AIDS and tuberculosis.

MoPe11.6C07 CLINICAL PROGNOSIS OF HIV-POSITIVE PATIENTS OLDER THAN 50 YEARS IN THE I.CO.N.A. COHORT.
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.6C07)
Cicconi P.¹, Sighinolfi L.², Cozzi-Lepri A.³, Basilico C.⁴, Di Perri G.⁵, Rizzardini G.⁶, Chiodera A.⁷, Viglietti R.⁸, D'Alessandro M.⁹, d'Arminio Monforte A.¹⁰
The proportion of "old" recruited in I.Co.N.A. increased recently . They were men, sexually-infected, with advanced disease, started therapy earlier, had a higher risk of drug interruption for toxicity. "Old" had comparable immunologic response as "young" but in the short term their mean CD4 counts increases were lower: this could explain their higher risk of clinical progression.

MoPe11.6C08 OPPORTUNISTIC DISEASES INCIDENCE AND AIDS SURVIVAL IN POST-HAART ERA IN A HEALTH CARE UNIT IN BRAZIL
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.6C08)
Laucas Pereira R.¹, Cavalcanti Rolla V.², Lima Andreozzi V.³, Hart Signorini D.¹, Sá Carvalho M.³
In our study, the behavior of socioeconomic covariates was different when comparing time to death and time to acquire anyone of the most common OD related to AIDS. Possibly patients acquire OD, but the treatment they get are substantially different, suggesting that women and poorer people (with lower scholarship) does not receive similar health care.

MoPe11.6C09 SURVIVAL DIFFERENTIALS BY CD4 COUNT AND WHO CLINICAL STAGE AMONG A COMMUNITY-MANAGED ARV RECIPIENT COHORT FROM A LOW-INCOME URBAN POPULATION IN KAMPALA, UGANDA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.6C09)
Walker L.A.¹
The results of the survival analyses calls into question the use of CD4 counts as a principal exclusion criterion in ARV enrolment, and strengthens the position that community-based ART-treatment can be successful in resource-limited settings.

MoPe11.6C10 THE CHANGING ROLE OF THE HIV PROVIDER: INCREASING CARE OF NON HIV-RELATED CONDITIONS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.6C10)
Crum N.F.¹, Powell T.², Bavaro M.¹, Hale B.¹, Truett A.¹, Wallace M.R.¹
HIV physicians who provide comprehensive care predominantly manage non-HIV related conditions. The most common conditions are hypertension, dyslipidemia, and skin lesions including tinea and MRSA furunculosis. The number of visits to our HIV clinic is most closely associated with non-HIV related diagnoses.

MoPe11.6C11 THERAPEUTIC RESPONSE DOES NOT PREDICT SUBSEQUENT MORTALITY AMONG HIV-POSITIVE CANADIAN ABORIGINAL PEOPLE INITIATING HAART
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.6C11)
Hogg R.¹, Kretz P.¹, Palepu A.¹, Bonner S.¹, Kerr T.¹, Moore D.¹, Daniel M.2, Montaner J.¹
Our study demonstrates that although Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal participants had similar rates of treatment responses on HAART, Aboriginal people were more likely to die over the follow-up period.

MoPe11.6C12 THE IMPACT OF HAART ON ANAEMIA IN HIV-INFECTED CHILDREN IN SIEM REAP, CAMBODIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.6C12)
Heng S., Guhadasan R., Sullivan S.
Hb levels among anaemic children did improve on HAART. While this was associated with increased CD4%, it was not associated with improvement of malnutrition. Therefore more attention needs to paid to nutrition in these patients.

MoPe11.6C13 COHORT STUDY OF PROGRAMMATIC OUTCOMES OF PATIENTS ON ANTIRETROVIRALS IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR IN THE WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.6C13)
Bock P.¹, Cloete K.¹, Channing L.¹, Slingers N.¹, Cohen K.², Boulle A.³, Osler M.³, Abdullah F.¹
Access to antiretrovirals is increasing at a steady rate in the Western Cape. The measured clinical and laboratory outcomes of patients, to date, are impressive. This data outlines the success of the programme and the feasibility of ART in the Public Health System in South Africa.

MoPe11.6C14 ETIOLOGY OF SECONDARY HEADACHE IN AN OUT-PATIENT HIV CLINIC AT MULAGO NATIONAL HOSPITAL KAMPALA UGANDA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.6C14)
Kambugu A.¹, Katwere M.¹, Piloya T.¹, Wong M.², Ronald A.³, Colebunders R.⁴, Sande M.⁵, Katabira E.⁶
Acute sinusitis and cryptococcal meningitis account for up to half (50%) of secondary headaches in HIV out-patients in Uganda. At least 75% of the causes of headache are readily diagnosed and treated in a resource-poor setting without head CT scans. The outpatient mortality in patients with cryptococcal meningitis was low which we attributed to early diagnosis.

MoPe11.6C15 SURVIVAL OF HIV INFECTED PATIENTS IN POOR AREAS OF LIMA, PERU IN THE PRE-HAART ERA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.6C15)
Collins J.A., Claros J., Rojas C., Reyes S.
The survival of HIV infected patients from poor areas of Lima was limited. Patients with HIV clinical stage III had the worst prognosis.

MoPe11.6C16 CLINICAL EFFICACY OF GENERIC ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.6C16)
Au J.¹, Rwanda Zambia HIV Research Group R.Z.H.R.G.²
Generic ARV drugs are efficacious in reducing morbidity and mortality, with high levels of patient compliance and drug tolerance. Thus, they offer a viable and affordable option for developing countries in Africa where the need for HIV treatment is tremendous. Given the infrastructure such as that at Project San Francisco, generic ARV programs can be implemented and expanded with a sustainable future.

MoPe11.6C17 TEN YEAR EXPERIENCE IN TREATING HIV INFECTED WOMEN TREATED AT A LARGE URBAN TREATMENT CENTER IN THE SOUTHERN UNITED STATES.
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.6C17)
Armas L.¹, Nassar N.², Sanchez J.¹, Sandoval J.¹, Moreno S.¹, Keiser P.²
Women treated at PHHS are disproportionately AA and acquire HIV through heterosexual transmission. Women generally had higher CD4 counts and lower pVL than men but had high rates of AIDS on presentation. Women were more likely to receive HAART as men but had similar adjusted death rates.

MoPe11.6C18 CLINICAL OUTCOMES IMPROVES WITH THE HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY ON VERTICALLY HIV-1 INFECTED CHILDREN
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.6C18)
Resino S.¹, Resino I.¹, Bellón J.M.¹, Alvaro-Meca A.¹, Gurbindo Gutiérrez M.D.², de José M.I.³, Ramos J.T.⁴, Martín-Fontelos P.⁵, Ciria L.6, Muñoz-Fernández M.Á.¹
HAART produces very important decrease in clinical outcomes (HA, AIDS, and death) in vertically HIV-infected children in Spain.

MoPe11.6C19 HIV-RELATED MATERNAL MORTALITY IN LUSAKA, ZAMBIA: 1993-2004
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.6C19)
Mazimba C.¹, Collins W.², Kaseba C.¹, Chi B.H.²
Despite availability of antiretroviral therapy in Lusaka since 2001, there may be an increasing proportion of maternal deaths related to HIV. Greater accessibility to HIV testing and improvements in diagnostic capabilities are needed, however, before more accurate estimates can be made.

MoPe11.6C20 A PROSPECTIVE COHORT OF AIDS PATIENTS TREATED WITH FREE ANTI-RETROVIRAL DRUGS AT THE INFECTIOUS DISEASES INSTITUTE (IDI), KAMPALA, UGANDA: 6 MONTHS TREATMENT OUTCOME.
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.6C20)
Mwebaze P.¹, Semitala F.C.², Kambugu A.², Kigonya C.¹, Gasasira A.³, Martin J.¹, Katabira E.², Colebunders R.¹, Kamya M.²
Although HIV infected people treated in our clinic have advanced HIV disease, the majority of them experience clinical benefit, immunologic recovery and virologic suppression during ART. In this free ART program, adherence rates are high.

MoPe11.6C21 THE CHILEAN AIDS COHORT (CHIAC): VIROLOGIC AND IMMUNOLOGIC RESULTS FOR UP TO 2 YEARS OF AN EXPANDED ACCESS PROGRAM (EAP) TO HAART IN A TREATMENT NAÏVE (TX NV) POPULATION
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.6C21)
Wolff M., Beltrán C., Ayala M., Montenegro C., Mardones J., Karelovic S., Daube E.
Nationwide virologic efficacy was high and sustained despite predominant advanced disease. Marked improvement of immune status was also reached.

MoPe11.6C22 EVOLUTION OF HIV- INFECTED ADULTS DURING 1989-2004 IN ANTI-AIDS REGIONAL CENTER CLUJ
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.6C22)
Itu C.¹, Jianu C.¹, Coroiu G.¹, Tatulescu D.², Carstina D.¹
The majority of cases (58%) were discovered in the last 4 years and 62% as AIDS. The leading cause of death was TB infection. The fatality decreased after 1997.

MoPe11.6C23 RENAL DISEASE IN AN ANTIRETROVIRAL NAÏVE HIV-INFECTED POPULATION IN WESTERN KENYA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.6C23)
Muloma E.¹, Owino-Ong'or W.², Sidle J.¹, Gupta S.¹, Aubrey R.¹, Kipruto K.², Goldman M.¹, Wools-Kaloustian K.¹
Renal insufficiency and proteinuria are prevalent in this HIV-infected clinic population suggesting that HIV associated nephropathy may be common. To avoid drug toxicity, renal function should be assessed in this population prior to initiating antiretrovirals.

MoPe11.6C24 THE IMPACT OF HAART ON LIFE EXPECTANCY, 1993-2001
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.6C24)
Hogg R., Yip B., Gataric N., Moore D., Montaner J.
In a Canadian province, life expectancy at age 20 years for HIV-positive persons has increased dramatically since the advent of HAART. In 1999-2001 HIV-positive persons on antiretrovirals could expect to live three times longer than before the advent of HAART.

MoPe11.6C25 RISK FACTORS FOR EARLY MORTALITY AMONG HIV-INFECTED INDIVIDUALS STARTING ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY IN SOUTH AFRICA.
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.6C25)
Grant A.¹, Fielding K.¹, Charalambous S.², Stenson A.¹, Whetham J.², Puso T.², Pemba L.², Churchyard G.²
IPT may reduce the risk of death among individuals starting ART in settings of high TB prevalence; baseline CD4 count also predicts the risk of death. Individuals on ART experienced a major reduction in mortality although this benefit only emerged after several months on treatment.

MoPe11.6C26 MORTALITY FOR HIV/AIDS. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HAART AND CONDITIONS OF LIFE. PERIOD 1996-2004, ROSARIO, ARGENTINA.
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.6C26)
Prestera J., García-Lodi L., Romagnoli L., Santana G., Janulevicius I., Escobar R., Lein V., Arbulú M., Mathurin S., Leguizamón M.
In this study we observe that mortality due to AIDS in our cohort was 25%. Characteristic of the patients and frequency of opportunistic infection were stable during the analyzed period, in spite of the introduction of the HAART subsidized by the State. We considered that critical socioeconomic condition of our population can explain this result.

MoPe11.6C27 STUDY OF MORTALITY AMONG HIV-INFECTED CHILDREN REGISTERED IN THE AIDS PEDIATRIC OUTPATIENTS' SERVICE AT THE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE OF UFMG, BRAZIL, 1989-2003
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.6C27)
Araújo C., Dias A., Dantas A., Lisboa Q., Linhares R., Carvalho I., Candiani T., Pinto J.
The patients in the study presented an advanced stage of the disease (classification CDC 1994 C3) at the time of death. The majority had used ARVs while registered at the clinic, however, a delay was observed in the initiation of drug therapy, due to the advanced stage of the disease in the majority of patients admitted to this service.

MoPe11.6C28 RESPONSE TO ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY IN CHILDREN ENROLLED IN THE COLUMBIA MTCT-PLUS INITIATIVE
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.6C28)
Abrams E.¹, Kaytal M.¹, Nash D.¹, Toro P.¹, Coakley E.², El-Sadr W.¹
HIV-infected children in the MTCT-Plus Initiative who initiated ART had a favorable response as measured by CD4+ count and percent. This suggests that ART use in children will be effective in resource-limited settings and highlights the importance of inclusion of children in HIV treatment programs.

MoPe11.6C29 CAUSES OF DEATH AMONG AIDS PATIENTS AT INSTITUTO DE PESQUISA CLINICA EVANDRO CHAGAS 1986/2004 - FIOCRUZ - RIO DE JANEIRO - BRAZIL
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.6C29)
Scarpellini B., Grinsztejn B., Veloso V., Lemos K.R.V., Braga E.B., Dayse Pereira C., Wagner S.C.
1-The most frequent causes of death were CNS toxoplasmosis 2- the introduction of HAART decreased the number of deaths on the third period and also the deaths related to kaposi sarcoma, 3-The proportion of AIDS non-related cause of death was stable during the three periods described above.

MoPe11.6C30 A COHORT STUDY OF NAÏVE PATIENTS STARTING HAART IN A MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRY BETWEEN 2000 AND 2002
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.6C30)
Cahn P.¹, Falak A.¹, Zala C.¹, Hogg R.², Gataric N.², Montaner J.²
Patterns of HAART selection and outcomes are similar with those reported in cohorts followed in wealthy countries. Low baseline CD4 and high prevalence of AIDS in HAART-starters prompts urgent changes in policy in order to encourage voluntary HIV testing and allow early detection of HIV infection, so HAART can be prescribed when immune function is relatively preserved.

MoPe11.7C
Operational research

MoPe11.7C01 FIXED DOSE COMBINATION GENERIC HAART IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OVER 52 WEEKS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.7C01)
Mosam A.¹, Cassol E.², Page T.², Bodasing U.³, Cassol S.², Dawood H.⁴, Friedland G.⁵, Scadden D.⁶, Aboobaker J.⁴, Lalloo U.¹, Jordaan J.¹, Esterhuizen T.⁴, Coovadia H.⁷
The available data supports the use of generic fixed dose combination therapy for AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa. This will a step in the direction to achieving widespread access in resource-limited settings as advocated by the WHO/UNAIDS “3 by 5” strategy.

MoPe11.7C02 THE IMPACT OF THE PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD HIV TRANSMISSION (PMTCT) PROGRAMME ON INTRAPARTUM OBSTETRIC PRACTICES IN UGANDA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.7C02)
Nuwagaba-Biribonwoha H.¹, Mayon-White R.T.², Okong P.³, Mwebaze E.B.³, Kalanzi H.³, Kiyingi A.³, Brocklehurst P.⁴, Carpenter L.M.²
Perineal trauma persists despite limiting episiotomy use and a substantial number of women have prolonged rupture of membranes. There remains a challenge to maximise gains from modified obstetric care or implement more efficacious PMTCT interventions intrapartum.

MoPe11.7C03 CHALLENGES FACED BY HEALTH-WORKERS IN IMPLEMENTING THE PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD HIV TRANSMISSION (PMTCT) PROGRAMME IN UGANDA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.7C03)
Nuwagaba-Biribonwoha H.¹, Mayon-White R.T.², Okong P.³, Carpenter L.M.²
Despite its many benefits, PMTCT programme in Uganda faced abounding challenges. Potentially resource-sparing strategies like the 'opt-out' approach to HIV testing ought to be evaluated in this setting.

MoPe11.7C04 ACCEPTABILITY OF ENROLLMENT INTO A PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY AND OF A MORE COMPLEX ANTIRETROVIRAL PROPHYLAXIS REGIMEN: OPERATIONAL RESEARCH IN RURAL SOUTH INDIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.7C04)
Dharmarajan S.¹, Srijayanth P.¹, Samuel N.¹, Collins D.², Van Hook H.², Elango R.¹, Jacob M.¹, Junankar V.², Bethel J.², Read J.³
Preliminary data suggest that a relatively high proportion of HIV-1-infected pregnant women in rural Tamil Nadu find it acceptable to enroll into a research study involving a significantly more complex ARV prophylaxis regimen than routinely available.

MoPe11.7C05 IDENTIFCATION OF NEED BASED SOCIO-CLINICAL PROBLEMS OF HIV POSITIVES AS INPUTS FOR PROGRAMME IMPLEMENTATION IN A RESOURCE CONSTRAINED SETTING
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.7C05)
Ratti H.S.¹, Aggarwal S.B.²
The results highlight the felt needs which should be incorporated into future program planning with integration of routine care and general health services for HIV positives and their Care providers in a resource constraint country such as India.

MoPe11.7C06 PROSPECTIVELY MONITORING AND EVALUATING THE SCALE UP OF HIV TREATMENT AND CARE
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.7C06)
Mandalia S.¹, Kokonari A.¹, Baily G.², Brettle R.², Fisher M.², Gompels M.², Johnson M.², Kinghorn G.², McCarron B.², Pozniak A.², Tang A.², Walsh J.², Williams I.², Youle M.¹, Gazzard B.¹, Beck E.J.¹
IP days increased since 1999, for AIDS patients a trend which was statistically significant while costs have declined. The reasons for this are currently being studied in detail. Though there were differences observed between London and non-London clinics in types of services used, average costs for different HAART regimens did not differ substantially. Schemes like the NPMS-HHC can be a model for operational research to prospectively monitor and evaluate then use, cost and outcome of the scale-up of HIV service provision in middle and low income countries at health facility, sub-national and national levels.

MoPe11.7C07 A CALL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NATIONAL STANDARDIZED HIV/AIDS PREVENTION INTERVENTION CLASSIFICATION TAXONOMY
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.7C07)
Akers T.¹, Sowell R.¹, Hervey W.²
Despite inconsistencies across HIV/AIDS prevention interventions, there still exists common characteristics. An HIV/AIDS taxonomy will not take away from their unique character and approaches. This research provides an initial taxonomy that can serve as a model for provider agencies or nations to follow to better allow for assessing intervention efficacy and data sharing amongst users, providers, and funders.

MoPe11.7C08 A BOOSTED PROTEASE INHIBITORS (PIS) STRATEGY WITH RITONAVIR (RTV) 100 MG / INDINAVIR (IDV) 400 MG IN HIV-1 INFECTED PATIENTS IN MALI (BAMAKO): THE NOGOMA STUDY
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.7C08)
Cisse M.¹, Canestri A.², Marcelin A.-G.³, Peytavin G.⁴, Dalban C.⁵, Traore E.¹, Traore O.¹, Koita V.¹, Diallo F.¹, Sidibé M.⁶, Bougoudogo F.⁷, Costagliola D.⁵, Calvez V.³, Sylla A.¹, Katlama C.², Tubiana R.²
Despite local conditions, the use of IDV/RTV 400/100mg bid was feasible, potent, safe and costless. This data should facilitate the use of boosted PI regimen in countries with limited resources.

MoPe11.7C09 GENDER, ACCESS AND RESPONSE TO POTENT ANTIRETROVIRAL TREATMENT IN LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES: ART-LINC COLLABORATION
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.7C09)
Braitstein P.¹, Boulle A.², Low N.¹, Brinkhof M.¹, Schechter M.³, Balestre E.4, Dabis F.⁴, Egger M.¹
These data suggest that women access HAART earlier in their disease, with similar response to treatment.

MoPe11.7C10 THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CLINICAL MENTORING AS A METHOD TO IMPROVEE HIV/AIDS CLINICAL SKILLS OF HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS IN CAMBODIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.7C10)
Malave M.¹, Charles M.¹, Boyle B.², Mayer K.H.³, Vun M.C.⁴, Schechter M.⁵
Initial data show that clinical mentoring is an effective method to improve the knowledge and practices on HIV/AIDS of health care professionals in developing countries, thereby improving the quality of care. However clinical mentoring is only effective if it is part of a comprehensive national HIV strategy and healthcare capacity building effort. Cambodia is setting a great example.

MoPe11.7C11 PREDICTORS OF UNDETECTABLE VIREMIA IN HIV-1 INFECTED PATIENTS AT A PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE OF PORTO ALEGRE, BRAZIL. RCP STUDY: PRELIMINARY DATA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.7C11)
Nunes C.C.¹, Stella I.M.², Prussler G.M.¹, Rodrigues R.³, Silva I.O.⁴, Silva G.R.⁴, Brigido L.F.⁵
This preliminary evaluation of the treatment response at a public clinical site indirect suggests factors associated to adherence (less number of regimens, use of more simple combinations) as predictors of TCD4 gain and undetectable viremia. The frequent use of Nevirapine based regimens by responders suggests that generic combinations with this medication should be better evaluated as may represent a useful option for more intensive use in some settings.

MoPe11.7C12 ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (ART) AMONG HIV INFECTED ADULTS IN NIGERIA: EXPERIENCE FROM THE JOS CENTRE OF THE NATIONAL ANTIRETROVIRAL PROGRAMME
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.7C12)
Idoko J.¹, Oche A.¹, Patricia A.¹, Chris A.¹, Njokwu M.¹, Dabo J.¹, Ada S.¹, Inuwa M.¹, Idoko H.¹, Makai R.L.¹, Badung B.P.¹, Danung M.L.¹, Mu'azu M.A.¹, Imade G.E.¹, Akogun M.¹, Falang F.K.¹, Owolawashe H.B.¹, Sankale J.L.S.², Kanki P.³
This study confirms the durability of d4T/3TC/NVP or EFZ regimen used. Poor virologic response observed after 2 years treatment may indicate the presence of resistance mutations. We recommend (i) routine screening and treatment for Tuberculosis, HBV and HCV in all patients accessing ART. (ii) Patients responding poorly after 2 years should have genotyping for resistance.

MoPe11.7C13 OUTCOMES OF AN EXPANDED ACCESS PROGRAMME FOR ANTIRETROVIRAL TREATMENT IN BARBADOS.
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.7C13)
Roach T., Kilaru K.
Analysis of the results shows 21% of patients failing their initial treatment regimen and moving onto subsequent regimens. Reasons for the failure of regimes include the lack of adherence (despite an intensive adherence programme), intolerable side effects, stigma-induced attendance defaults and exposure to multiple drugs before joining the programme. It is important for countries with scarce resources to maintain the highest standards of monitoring and evaluation so as to guide the institution of appropriate regimes to maintain effectiveness of HAART, to institute strict adherence regimes for the maintenance of first order regimens and to guide Government policy for the institution of highest standard, best practice regimes.

MoPe11.7C14 AUDIT OF HIV INFECTED CHILDREN ON ANTIRETROVIRAL TREATMENT ON THE GOVERNMENT ROLLOUT PROGRAM AT A TERTIARY HOSPITAL, SOWETO, SOUTH AFRICA.
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.7C14)
Egbers C., Moultrie H., Meyers T.
Preliminary data from the initial phases of the South African Government antiretroviral roll-out program in a tertiary paediatric setting are promising Nevertheless numbers are still small and scaling up this program to reach the thousands of children in need remains an enormous challenge.

MoPe11.7C15 HOW DO DIFFERENT TYPES OF TREATMENT REGIMENS AFFECT SHORT-TERM RESPONSE TO HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL TREATMENT (HAART) AMONG ADULTS INITIATING TREATMENT IN LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES?
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.7C15)
Braitstein P.¹, Schechter M.², Brinkhof M.¹, Boulle A.³, Egger M.¹, Dabis F.⁴
These data suggest that there are important CD4 increases over time among individuals who initiated HAART in these low-income countries. While age, sex, and baseline CD4 count are predictive of the magnitude of the increase, the type of regimen is not.

MoPe11.10C
Public health issues in developing countries

MoPe11.10C01 A PUBLIC HEALTH APPROACH FOR ARV TREATMENT IN THE GUJARAT STATE- INVOLVING PEOPLE WITH HIV AND THE COMMUNITY
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.10C01)
Patel R.
The development of AIDS-competent and ARV-competent communities requires training, information an ongoing support to make them effective. People with HIV have a number of roles to play in community preparedness for HIV prevention and care.

MoPe11.10C02 OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND KNOWLEDGE ABOUT UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS IN MEDICAL INTERNS OF DEVELOPING COUNTRY NEPAL
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.10C02)
Pandit N., Joshi S.D., Bk S.K.
Abstract widthdraw at author's request

MoPe11.10C03 AN ASSESSMENT OF HIV/AIDS AWARENESS, BELIEF AND PRACTICES AMONG SOME RELIGIOUS LEADERS IN LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA.
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.10C03)
Akinwale O.P., Manafa O.U., Adewale O.B., Idowu E.T., Sulyman M.A., Adeneye A.K., Olukosi Y.A., Fesobi W.T., Ajala H.O., Akande D.O.
The study showed that the level of awareness of HIV/AIDS is quite high among the religious leaders, but their effort in creating awareness among their followers is far from satisfactory. There is the urgent need to move the religious leaders beyond ineptitude and make them to rise up to fight the pandemic by engaging them effectively in increasing awareness, creating a supportive environment for people living with HIV/AIDS and generating social transformation.

MoPe11.10C04 A STUDY TO FIND OUT THE AWARENESS ABOUT HIV-AIDS IN ADOLESCENT SCHOOOL BOYS AND GURKS OF BHAVNAGAR CITY
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.10C04)
Trivedi A., Verma P., Singh M.P.
Study suggest that there was good awareness about HIV-AIDS as a disease and sexual route of transmission but awareness about all major routes and preventive measures are still lacking. There are certain misconceptions about routes of transmission, prevention, behaviour and treatment.

MoPe11.10C05 FERTILITY DESIRES AND INTENTIONS OF HIV-POSITIVE NIGERIANS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.10C05)
Oladapo O.T., Daniel O.J., Odusoga O.L., Ogun S.A., Jaiyesinmi E., Falola O.L.
The extent of fertility desires and intentions of HIV-positive Nigerians poses a major threat to the preventive strategies against vertical and heterosexual transmission of HIV in Nigeria. HIV caregivers in this region need to address fertility issues more frequently and extensively in the context of the highlighted predictors of fertility desires and intentions.Countries that share similar demographic characteristics with Nigeria should not underestimate the fertility expectations of their HIV-infected.

MoPe11.10C06 REGIONAL AIDS TRAINING NETWORK AND CENTER IN INDIA (RATNEI) - AN INNOVATIVE AND COST EFFICIENT PROGRAM OF CAPACITY BUILDING IN THE INDIAN SUB-CONTINENT
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.10C06)
Kandula V.R., Ratti H.S., Singh K., Melamede V., Verma B.
RATNEI is a very innovative and cost efficient program that aims to train health workers on a large scale across multiple disciplines of AIDS with in two years. A combination of resource persons from both resource rich (USA) and constrained regions (India) has enhanced learning, reduced costs and made the training comprehensive and at the same time relevant to the needs of the health worker in the region. The Center has fulfilled a 'felt need' in the region and aims to be a Center of Excellence in years to come.

MoPe11.10C07 A STUDY ON HOW STIGMA AND DISCRIMINATION WORSENS THE HEALTH OF WOMEN WITH HIV/AIDS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.10C07)
Gamanya G.
The results of this study clearly illuminated the picture that women living with HIV/AIDS faced a very high risk of stigma and discrimination especially from their sex partners. As a result, women living with HIV/AIDS seek help at the terminal end of their illness.

MoPe11.10C08 STIGMA AND DISCRIMINATION - ITS IMPACT ON THE RESILIENCY OF HIV-INFECTED PERSONS IN JAMAICA.
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.10C08)
Henry S., Bain B., Holder-Nevins D., Reid M., Nelson-Monteith K.
The literature underscores the fact that the family is an effective source of emotional support to the chronically ill HIV-infected person. Therefore, one's self image would be affected by the treatment meted out by these significant others which include family members. Incorporation of significant others into the counseling and therapy sessions of PLWHA, and conducting group education sessions at community programs and in the workplace can also contribute to a reduction of stigma and discrimination practiced.

MoPe11.10C09 EFFECTIVENESS OF HIV/AIDS AWARENESS PROGRAMS FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKERS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.10C09)
Rao K.H.S.¹, Arpitha S.R.²
HAAPs are quite effective in informing and educating industrial workers. Knowledge helps development of right attitude and behavior among the workers and hopefully removes discriminatory practices at the work place.

MoPe11.10C10 UNPROTECTED ANAL SEX: AN IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR FOR HIV/AIDS IN A RESOURCE-LIMITED POPULATION IN ASIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.10C10)
Perera P.B., Fonseka P.
Although Sri Lanka is a low-risk country with regard to HIV/AIDS, unprotected anal sex, a major risk factor of the epidemic, seems to be quite prevalent among young males. Existing health care systems are not effective in providing youth with sexual health guidance and counseling. Innovative preventive approaches that promote safer sex are needed to maintain the current low prevalence rate of the epidemic in the country.

MoPe11.10C11 THE "A" IN "ABC" :THE ABSTINENCE WALK INITIATIVE
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.10C11)
Iriogbe I.¹, Dube T.²
Promotion of abstinence from premarital sexual encounters and utilization of VCT services by the youth is important in curbing the scourge of HIV/AIDS in our society. Abstinence from pre marital sex should be seen not in isolation but as part of a comprehensive prevention program including faithfulness in monogamous relationships and the use of condoms. The abstinence walk can be used by other organizations or individuals as a forum to promote HIV/AIDS related prevention or curative programs and a fertile research ground on abstinence evaluation.

MoPe11.10C12 ASSESSING TRAINING NEEDS OF GENERAL PRACTITIONERS IN HIV MANAGEMENT
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.10C12)
Batura D.¹, Menon M.S.¹, Makadon H.J.², Gill L.J.S.¹, Jerajani R.¹, Shastri J.¹, Khorakiwala N.¹, Dangaonkar D.¹, Joshi S.¹, Shrivastava O.¹
93.2% GPs had cared for a varying number of PLWHA in their practice. A high percentage (38.38%) had no experience in HIV medicine and this is at variance with their exposure to PLWHA. Thus, irrespective of HIV management skills, GPs are frequently consulted by PLWHA at some time and this underscores the need for enhancing their training. Not withstanding this, only 22.55% had ever attended a course of instruction in HIV medicine.

MoPe11.10C13 SHORT-TERM INCIDENCE AND RISK FACTORS FOR BEING LOST TO TREATMENT IN 16 ANTIRETROVIRAL TREATMENT COHORTS IN LOW INCOME COUNTRIES
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.10C13)
Balestre E.¹, Brinkhof M.², Dabis F.¹, Schechter M.³, Braitstein P.², Egger M.², Miotti P.⁴, Anglaret X.¹
Higher LTT in patients with very low CD4 count suggests being LTT is partly due to mortality. Higher LTT with not free ART suggests that free access may improve continued access to care and treatment.

MoPe11.10C14 KNOWLEDGE OF HIV/AIDS AMONG TB PATIENTS: A CROSS SECTIONAL SURVEY IN TB CLINICS OF KARACHI, PAKISTAN.
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.10C14)
Minhas M., Shah A.
Knowledge of HIV/AIDS among TB patients is very low. Education of TB patients regarding risk of acquiring HIV/AIDS is required. Furthermore, strict compliance with TB treatment has to be emphasized to prevent spread of HIV/AIDS among TB patients.

MoPe11.10C15 VOLUNTARY COUNSELLING AND TESTING IN MOROCCO: LESSONS LEARNED AND CHALLENGES TO OVERCOME
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.10C15)
Karkouri M., Ouagari Z., Himmich H.
VCT works! But it needs to lie on an adequate background, including access to care and availability of antiretroviral therapy which cannot be achieved unless there is a strong political and financial commitment of the government. The best way to promote VCT is undoubtedly the audiovisual media especially in the countries were the illiterate rates are high.

MoPe11.10C17 A FAMILY PLANNING INTERVENTION TO PROMOTE FUTURE PLANNING IN HIV INFECTED ZAMBIAN COUPLES
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.10C17)
Henderson F.¹, Rwanda Zambia HIV Research Group Z.E.H.R.P.²
The motivational intervention prompts couples to visit the financial advisor to plan for their future family needs. By couples addressing their future issues together, their decisions can help reduce the family consequences of parental illness and death such as ensuring their children's welfare and not contributing to the AIDS orphan population.

MoPe11.10C18 TOO MANY JOBS, TOO FEW DOCTORS: PROBLEMS AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS FOR GOVERNMENT HEALTH INSTITUTIONS SHARING CLINICALLY TRAINED OFFICIALS WITH HIV/AIDS RESEARCH CENTRES
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.10C18)
Chomba E.¹, Albertini J.²
Research projects must work closely with Ministries of Health to ensure that research and care mandates are mutually reinforced, and in particular to protect government against debilitating 'brain drains' caused by a burgeoning NGO sector. International organizations must examine the impact they have on local government health systems and salary scales.

MoPe11.10C19 IMPROVING CARE AND TREATMENT OF VERY POOR PLWHA IN A LOW RESOURCES SETTING : RESULTS OF A PILOT ARV PROGRAM IN CAMEROON.
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.10C19)
Zoung Kanyi Bissek A.¹, Menyeng L.², Anjembe C.¹, Tsague L.¹, Macauley I.¹, Kouanfack C.³, Mbangue M.⁴, Essomba C.³, Ngoko M.⁵, Koulla S.³, Bella A.¹
Lessons learned by this pilot program need to be taken into consideration in all approved and affiliated treatment centres.

MoPe11.10C20 ESTIMATED FUTURE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF PEDIATRIC AIDS IN THREE SOUTH AFRICAN COUNTRIES
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.10C20)
Becker R.
The estimated future loss of national income in these south African countries from pediatric AIDS is significant. This is especially the case when these figures are calculated across the total expected loss in life-years. All measures to combat the disease in children will save national income in the long run.

MoPe11.10C21 RISK FACTORS FOR LOW HIV TREATMENT LITERACY AMONG CLIENTS PRESENTING FOR VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING IN MOSHI, TANZANIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.10C21)
Landman K.¹, Thielman N.², Mgonja A.³, Shao H.⁴, Itemba D.³, Ndosi E.⁴, Chu H.², Shao J.⁴, Bartlett J.², Crump J.⁵
HIV treatment literacy is low among attendees to this VCT clinic in Moshi but could be improved by including ART education in discussions with clients before and after VCT. Special emphasis should be placed on persons without tertiary education and commercial sex workers, who are at greatest risk for low treatment literacy.

MoPe11.10C22 OF WHAT DIE WHO DIE OF AIDS?
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.10C22)
Maulen S.
Is evident in comparison with the epidemiological report of Infectious and Aids cases of Buenos Aires city that the people who die is poorer, informed less and push to exclusion by prejudice and forgetfulness.

MoPe11.10C23 HEALTH SYSTEM AND CULTURAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTE TO POOR ANTIRETROVIRAL ADHERENCE AND LIMITED REGIMEN DURABILITY IN MEXICO: RESULTS OF A QUALITATIVE STUDY WITH PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS (PLHA)
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.10C23)
Kendall T., Herrera C., Caballero M., Campero L.
This study identified complex health system and cultural factors that contribute to poor adherence and limited durability and success of ART regimens in Mexico. Addressing these factors through improved health care provider and PLHA education and communication can improve health outcomes and maximize the return on Mexico's investment in universal antiretroviral coverage.

MoPe11.10C24 RISKS AND BENEFITS OF INTERNET USE AMONG PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS IN A RESOURCE-CONTRAINED SETTING.
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.10C24)
Alva I.¹, Blas M.¹, Cabello R.², Garcia P.¹
Between HIV+ persons that attend our clinic more than a half have access to Internet. The majority use the Internet to look for information about HIV/AIDS and a significant group to seek sex partners, principally MSM. These findings suggest that the Internet is a potential source of risk and also of prevention due to the possibility of implementing intervention strategies.

MoPe11.10C25 A QUALITATIVE STUDY ON KNOWLEDGE ,ATTITUDE AND PRACTICES RELATED TO HIV TRANSMISSION AMONG MUSHAR TRIBAL COMMUNITY OF EASTERN PART OF NEPAL
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.10C25)
Deo A.K.¹, Lamsal S.²
Tribal community of eastern part of Nepal had poor knowledge and had misconception of HIV/AIDS transmission. This study suggests that health education in the prevention of transmission of HIV/AIDS, are important for this tribal community of eastern part of Nepal.

MoPe11.10C26 FREQUENCY OF RISK FACTORS FOR ACQUIRING HIV/AIDS AMONG HOSTELLERS OF PROFESSIONAL INSTITUTES IN PAKISTAN
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.10C26)
Minhas M.R., Haider K.
Hostilities are at risk of acquiring HIV infection as they are involved in risky behaviors. Educational strategies have to be formulated in order to provide them with correct knowledge regarding preventive strategies against HIV infection.

MoPe11.10C27 PREPARING FOR A PROGRAM TO REDUCE OCCUPATIONAL RISK OF INFECTION AMONG HEALTH CARE WORKERS AT MULAGO HOSPITAL, KAMPALA, UGANDA.
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.10C27)
Wayengera M.¹, Ellner A.², Boeynaems V.², Colebunders R.²
A program to decrease the occupational risk of infection among employees in Mulago hospital should include health education, more access to protective gear, post exposure prophylaxis, and hepatitis B vaccination. Early diagnosis and treatment of TB may reduce the risk for the nosocomial spread of TB.

MoPe11.10C28 HIV/AIDS WORKPLACE PROGRAMMES AND PUBLIC-PRIVATE-PARTNERSHIPS (PPP) THROUGH CO-INVESTMENT- EXTENSION OF TREATMENT AND CARE INTO THE COMMUNITY
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.10C28)
Beckmann S.¹, Rai P.¹, Alli B.O.¹, Lisk F.¹, Mulanga C.¹, Lavollay M.²
HIV/AIDS workplace programmes extended with the help of Public-Private-Partnerships through co-investment are taking a successful strategic approach to provide access to prevention, treatment, care and support for HIV/AIDS not only in companies, but also in the community, supported by global initiatives and organisations linked to the world of work like the ILO, the Global Business Coalition and the World Economic Forum.

MoPe11.10C29 FREQUENCY OF NEEDLE STICKS INJURIES AND ITS KNOWLEDGE AMONG HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS IN PUBLIC HOSPITALS OF KARACHI
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.10C29)
Raheel H.¹, Minhas M.R.²
The study results highlight the fact that a large number of HCPs are exposed to needle stick injuries and thus susceptible to blood born infections. An awareness program regarding hazards associated with needle stick injury and its prevention need to be started in these hospitals.

MoPe11.10C30 COST IDENTIFICATION OF HIV INFECTION IN RESOURCE POOR SETTINGS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.10C30)
Wig N., Nath D., Pandav C.S., Pal H., Vajpayee M.
Actual patient cost for HIV infection is very high.Study with larger sample size and random sampling nationally will give better picture.

MoPe11.10C31 TRANSITION TO PERMANENCE: THE ORGANIZATIONAL TRANSFORMATION OF AN NGO IN LUSAKA, ZAMBIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.10C31)
Reed R.¹, Heynen A.J.², Sinkala M.¹, Stringer J.¹
It is feasible for NGOs to complete organizational transformations that assure they operate as effectively and efficiently as possible, addressing critical priorities and achieving critical results.

MoPe11.10C32 SURVEY ON KNOWLEDGE AND BEHAVIOR TOWARDS STD/HIV/AIDS IN TERA AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM (ADP) AND IN ADJACENT KOMABANGOU GOLD MINERS’ AREA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe11.10C32)
Sanda T.¹, Soumana Sambo A.¹, Dadde A.², Issoufou O.²
This situation represents a strong argument for enhancing prevention programs with accent to Behavior Changing Communication. It makes realistic projects promoting an access to Voluntary Counseling Testing, to treatment of STI and opportunistic infections and to social marketing of condom.

MoPe14.1B
Molecular epidemiology

MoPe14.1B01 HIGHLY CONSERVED HIV-1 SUBTYPE B STRAINS CIRCULATING IN HONDURAS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe14.1B01)
Castro E.¹, Lorenzana I.², Moreno M.³, Echeverria G.³
Despite the small number of sequences analyzed in this study, results confirmed a very conserved subtype B genomic profile of the isolates from Honduras when compared to other subtypes as well as to other B clades from HIV patients of Venezuela. Positive selection in the C3 region and constant motifs in gag gene are hints towards a population genetic based correlation to a highly conserved subtype B circulating in Honduras.

MoPe14.1B02 GENETIC AND BIOLOGIC PROPERTIES OF HIV-1 STRAINS INFECTING PERSONS IN RURAL VILLAGES IN THE EQUATORIAL RAIN FORESTS OF CALABAR, NIGERIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe14.1B02)
Nwankwo N.¹, Mundi R.², Orie A.³
These results reveal a vast HIV-1 genetic diversity but a more restricted co-receptor usage of these viruses infecting persons in the equatorial rain forests of calabar.These results illuminate the evolutionary properties of HIV-1 strains in regions of high HIV diversity.

MoPe14.1B03 HIV-1 SUBTYPE G VIRUSES CIRCULATING IN NORTHWESTERN SPAIN AND PORTUGAL HAVE A COMMON ANCESTRY AND ARE RELATED TO VIRUSES FROM CENTRAL AFRICA AND CUBA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe14.1B03)
Casado G.¹, Delgado E.¹, Sierra M.¹, Perez-Alvarez L.¹, Contreras G.¹, Najera R.¹, Thomson M.¹
Most HIV-1 subtype G viruses from Galicia and Portugal represent a strain with a common ancestry, which has been characterized in near full-length genomes. This strain probably derives from Central Africa and has been detected sporadically in several other European countries. Its phylogenetic relationship to the Cuban subtype G strain probably reflects a common Central African ancestry.

MoPe14.1B04 EVIDENCE OF “NON B-NON BF” HIV-1 SUBTYPES IN NEWLY DIAGNOSED PATIENTS FROM BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe14.1B04)
Dilernia D.¹, Losso M.H.², Lourtau L.², Parlante A.², Salomón H.¹, Gómez Carrillo M.¹
Our findings reveal a continuous change in the distribution pattern of HIV-1 variants circulating in Argentina. A recently diagnosed patient infected with the CRF16 is an evidence of its successful spread in our population.

MoPe14.1B05 HIV-1 IDU-A STRAIN DOMINATES AMONG NEWLY DIAGNOSED HIV-1 CASES IN RUSSIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe14.1B05)
Kazennova E.¹, Grishechkin A.¹, Ladnaya N.², Bobkova M.², Pokrovsky V.², Belykh S.³, Ruzaeva L.⁴, Olkhovsky I.⁴, Bobkov A.¹
The homogeneous HIV-1 IDU-A strain continues to spread through the new geographic regions of the Russian Federation. It is important to note that the IDU-A strain now predominates among newly diagnosed cases transmitted through heterosexual route.

MoPe14.1B06 HIGH PREVALENCE OF HIV-1 UNIQUE RECOMBINANT FORMS (URFS) IN GHANA INVOLVING CRF02_AG, CRF06_cpx AND CRF09_cpx
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe14.1B06)
Delgado E.¹, Ampofo W.², Torpey K.³, Ugly-Kwame E.², Vázquez de Parga E.¹, Vega Y.¹, Mukadi Y.-D.³, Nyarko C.³, Asare R.³, Amenyah R.³, Muñoz M.¹, Carmona R.¹, Sierra M.¹, Casado G.1, Thomson M.M.¹, Nájera R.¹
Phylogenetic analyses of only one genome fragment in pol reveals that one fourth of these HIV-1 infected Ghanaian patients harbour URFs. Full-length genome sequencing will probably indicate a higher URF frequency, which may be underestimated by this partial genome sequencing. This high prevalence reflects both: co-circulation of different HIV-1 genetic forms in West Africa, and high frequency of re-infections. Monitoring of HIV drug resistance will provide data on the influence of URFs on antiretroviral therapy. Surveillance of HIV-1 subtypes has important implications for vaccine development efforts in West Africa.

MoPe14.1B07 HIV DUAL INFECTION WITH SUBTYPE B AND B/F RECOMBINANT IN ARGENTINA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe14.1B07)
Ceballos A.¹, Andreani G.¹, Rabninovich R.D.¹, Scarlatti G.², Losso M.³, Weissenbacher M.⁴, Carr J.⁵, Martinez Peralta L.¹
A dual infection was shown with predominance of subtype B in both samples studied. This findings are in agreement with epidemiological data since the patient declared previous heterosexual contacts but only men-to-men contacts in the last ten years. Double risk behavior increases the possibility of dual infections, which should be considered in vaccine studies.

MoPe14.1B08 HIV SUBTYPE B, F AND B/F RECOMBINANTS REPORTED IN MSM SEROCONVERTERS FROM TWO LONGITUDINAL COHORT STUDIES, BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe14.1B08)
Pando M.A.¹, Eyzaguirre L.², Bautista C.T.³, Marone R.³, Segura M.¹, Weissenbacher M.¹, Avila M.M.¹, Sanchez J.L.², Carr J.K.²
The results of this study show that BF recombinants are not uncommon in the MSM population of Argentina. Most of them were URF between B and F, an epidemiologic pattern that was also observed in heterosexuals in Buenos Aires.

MoPe14.1B09 OUTBREAK OF A WEST AFRICAN HIV-1 RECOMBINANT, CRF02_AG, IN CENTRAL ASIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe14.1B09)
Carr J.K.¹, Saad M.², Nadai Y.³, Tishkova F.⁴, Eyzaguirre L.³, Strathdee S.A.⁵, Stachowiak J.⁶, Beyrer C.⁶, Earhart K.², Birx D.¹, Sanchez J.L.³
In these 4 countries in Central Asia, where dynamic HIV epidemics are occurring, subtype A(FSU) was the predominant genetic form of HIV-1, but CRF02_AG was also present to varying degrees, depending on the country. The highest concentration was in IDU in Tajikistan, where half of the strains either were entirely CRF02_AG, or recombinant between CRF02_AG and subtype A(FSU). This genetic information demonstrates that all of these strains were descended from one founder, but the location of the origin and the direction of spread was not apparent from the genetic relationships and requires further study.

MoPe14.1B10 HIV-1 MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY IN CUBA: HIGH DIVERSITY OF GENETIC FORMS, FREQUENT RECOMBINATION, AND RECENT EXPANSION OF BG INTERSUBTYPE RECOMBINANT VIRUSES
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe14.1B10)
Pérez L.¹, Thomson M.M.², Aragonés C.¹, González Z.¹, Pérez J.¹, Sierra M.², Delgado E.², Casado G.², Nájera R.²
High HIV-1 genetic diversity, including frequent recombination, is observed in a large sample of seropositives from Cuba. At least nine genetic forms are circulating in the country, including subtype B, four of African origin (subtypes C and G, CRF18_cpx, CRF19_cpx), and four recombinants of Cuban origin (three BGs, B/CRF18_cpx). Notably, BG recombinant CRFs have recently expanded among HBsex in Havana City.

MoPe14.1B11 MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HIV-1 IN UZBEKISTAN: EXPERIENCE OF INTERNATIONAL STUDY
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe14.1B11)
Nikolaeva I.¹, Zalyalieva M.², Kurbanov F.², Giyasova G.³, Gasanov V.¹, Kisselev A.¹, Khaitov R.¹, Sidorovich I.¹
1) Current HIV-1 epidemic in Uzbekistan is caused by HIV-1 subtype A spreading among IDUs (88 % of infections) and closely relate to HIV-1 epidemic among IDUs in Russia and Ukraine (>80 % of infections caused by HIV-1 subtype A). 2) HIV epidemic in Uzbekistan coincides and is connected with epidemic of drug use. 3) Results of molecular surveillance should be taken in account for the future vaccine strategies.

MoPe14.1B12 VARIANCE OF CO-CIRCULATING SUBTYPE C STRAINS REFLECTING DIFFERENCES IN INCIDENCE AND DISEASE PROGRESSION
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe14.1B12)
Ayele W.¹, Wolday D.², Mekonnen Y.², Coutinho R.³, Berkhout B.⁴, Messele T.², Tsegaye A.², Paxton W.⁴, Goudsmit J.⁵, Dorigo-Zetsma W.⁶, de Baar M.P.⁷, Pollakis G.⁸
The higher viral burden linked to the C' group of viruses may contribute to the faster spread of this strain. Furthermore our findings in this cohort of subtype C-infected individuals from Ethiopia suggest that higher viral loads in early infection (subcluster C') are not necessarily predictive of faster progression to AIDS and death, unlike observations from cohorts of individuals infected with HIV-1 subtype B virus, where those with the highest levels of viraemia in early infection invariably proceed to faster development of AIDS.

MoPe14.1B13 SEROPREVALENCE, RISK FACTORS AND GENOTYPING FOR HIV-1 INFECTION AMONG FEMALE COMMERCIAL SEX WORKERS IN THE ANDEAN REGION OF SOUTH AMERICA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe14.1B13)
Chauca G.¹, Montano S.M.¹, Laguna-Torres A.¹, Suarez L.², Sanchez J.³, Izaguirre L.⁴, Campos P.⁵, Gallardo C.⁶, Mosquera C.⁷, Aponte C.⁸, Mejia A.⁹, Gianella A.¹⁰, Bautista C.T.⁴, Carr J.K.⁴, Olson J.G.¹, Sanchez J.L.⁴
The results of these studies illustrate a low HIV seroprevalence among FCSW. Prior STI history and ten or more years in commercial sex work were the two risk factors associated with HIV infection in the Andean region. Future policies must not only promote safe sex education strategies, but also focus on the importance of STIs in the acquisition of HIV and adopt an aggressive public health program aimed at the diagnosis and treatment.

MoPe14.1B14 MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HIV-1 INFECTION IN ANGOLA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe14.1B14)
Taveira N.¹, Bártolo I.², Bartolomeu J.³, Gama A.⁴, Rocha C.², Marcelino R.⁵, Fonseca M.⁶, Mendes A.⁶, Epalanga M.³
The extraordinary degree of HIV-1 genetic diversity in Angola is consistent with the purposed Central African origin of the AIDS pandemic. The very fast rate of HIV-1 group M genetic evolution detected in Angola may pose unprecedented challenges to diagnostic, treatment and prevention of HIV-1 infection.

MoPe14.1B15 CIRCULATING HIV-1 SUBTYPES AND RECOMBINANTS FORMS IN CONGO BRAZZAVILLE
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe14.1B15)
Roch Fabien N.¹, Toure-Kane C.¹, Diop Ndiaye H.¹, Bikandou B.², Ndoundou Nkodia M.Y.², Montavon C.³, Vidal N.³, Mombouli J.V.², Parra H.J.², Peeters M.³, Mboup S.¹
In this study we reported the predominance of subtype G which was highlighted in some previous studies and the presence of recombinant circulating forms at the first time in the country. It demonstrates the need for consistent monitoring of circulating HIV subtypes and variant in the country.

MoPe14.2B
HIV diversity

MoPe14.2B01 HIV-1 SUBTYPE DIVERSITY AMONG STI PATIENTS IN NAIROBI
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe14.2B01)
Lihana R.W., Khamadi S.A., Songok E.M., Okoth F.A.
Viral evolution is evident in this population. Prevalence of recombination among this population is comparatively increasing with possible emergence of CRF_02-AG that had never been earlier reported in Kenya. The newly identified CRF may be an indicator that more HIV-1 evolutions and/or recombinations are on the increase in Nairobi. With hope that there will be increased use of antiretrovirals coupled with increased transmissions among infected individuals with time (including inter racial transmissions), it is evident that drug resistant strains will come up which will in the long run either evolve into other more virulent subtypes or form complex recombinants that will change evolutionary lineages among the prevalent subtypes. This has direct influence on vaccine design and AIDS management.

MoPe14.2B02 GENETIC DIVERSITY OF HIV STRAINS IN URBAN AREAS OF CAMEROON: IMPACT ON HIV DIAGNOSTICS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe14.2B02)
Hewlett I.¹, Lee S.¹, Wood O.¹, Machuca A.¹, Daniel S.¹, Hu J.¹, Awazi B.², Zekeng L.²
A survey of test kits licensed in the US using random blood donor specimens from blood centers in urban areas of Cameroon indicated that most tests were able to detect diverse HIV strains. Our results indicate that there were no HIV-O, N or HIV-2 viruses in these samples based on sequence analysis of gag, and env regions. Genetic analyses of plasma viral RNA has revealed that CRF 02 AG was the most prevalent circulating form in these individuals. In addition new unique recombinants have been identified.

MoPe14.2B03 ANALYSIS OF FULL-LENGTH GENOMES OF HIV-1 PREVALENT STRAINS IN BRAZIL
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe14.2B03)
Sanabani S.S.¹, Neto W.K.¹, Janini L.M.², Diaz R.S.², Sabino E.C.¹
Our data strongly indicating that the current Brazilian HIV-1 epidemics caused by subtypes C or F strains were descended from a single introduction into the country. Moreover, the evidence for BF recombination obtained by the HIV-1 full length analysis indicates the widespread of BF recombinants in our HIV-1 infected populations and may represents significant force in the virus evolution.

MoPe14.2B04 TAT FROM HIV-1 SUBTYPE E SELECTIVELY INHIBITS TNF GENE EXPRESSION VIA CHROMATIN REMODELING AND INTERFERENCE WITH THE RECRUITMENT OF P/CAF
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe14.2B04)
Ranjbar S., Rajsbaum R., Goldfeld A.E.
Tat from HIV-1 subtype E specifically inhibits TNF transcription and protein production in CD4+ T cells secondary to interference with histone acetylation, the recruitment of p/CAF and chromatin remodeling of the TNF locus. This study presents a novel subtype-specific mechanism by which HIV-1 manipulates a host immune response gene important in its replication.

MoPe14.2B05 PROFILE OF SYNONYMOUS AND NONSYNONYMOUS MUTATIONS IN THE FULL-LENGTH GAG GENES OF HIV1 SUBTYPE C STRAINS FROM INDIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe14.2B05)
Gupta R.¹, Seth P.², Prasad V.², Bhardwaj J.R.³, Bhattacharya A.⁴, Vishnoi A.⁴, Sahni A.K.¹
HIV1 evolution reflects strong selection pressure driving viral escape from cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) recognition. We profiled synonymous and nonsynonymous mutations at each of the bases throughout the complete length of 24 gag genes from HIV1 subtype C strains from Indian patients. The omega value of 0.17461 for the complete gag gene, 0.143497 for the p17gag indicates no selection pressure on the evolution of the gene sequences, whereas a value of 0.532671 indicates a relative selection pressure in the p24gag indicates a relative selection pressure. Clustered mutations in HIV1 gag account for escape from CTL responses.

MoPe14.2B06 STRONG PURIFYING SELECTION ON V3 LOOP AMONG INJECTING DRUG USERS INFECTED WITH HIV-1 CRF07_BC IN THE XINJIANG PROVINCE OF NORTHWEST CHINA (1996-2002)
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe14.2B06)
Qiu Z., Xing H., Shao Y.
The extreme founder effect demonstrated that the explosive AIDS epidemic among IDUs in Xinjiang Province was caused by a CRF07_BC common ancestor. A remarkable low nucleotide substitution rate and a strong purifying selection on V3 loop of CRF07_BC imply the presence of subtype-specific antigenicity in the envelope protein. This observation was correlated with nearly exclusive phenotype of NSI and CCR5 co-receptor usage of CRF07_BC which may suggest some biological advantages, such as immunologically escape from neutralizing antibody.

MoPe14.2B07 HIV VIRAL DYNAMICS IN INDIVIDUALS FROM TANZANIA INFECTED WITH SINGLE OR MULTIPLE HIV SUBTYPES
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe14.2B07)
Malaza A.¹, Grobler J.¹, Maboko L.², Hoelscher M.³, McCutchan F.⁴, Williamson1 C.⁵
HMA was successfully applied to monitoring viral dynamics based on vpu region to screen for inter-subtype dual infections.The data reflects the prevalence of subtypes A, C and D in the Mbeya region of Tanzania.

MoPe14.2B09 SELECTIVE PRESSURES ON NEF GENE OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS TYPE 1 (HIV-1): A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN CHILDREN AND ADULTS.
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe14.2B09)
Leal E., Janini L.M., Cavalieri E., Diaz R.
The overall dN/dS (w) ratio value was similar in children and in adults. However only 1 positively selected codon located at position 77 of nef gene was detected in children, whereas several other posistions were found in adults, thus suggesting that immune response perhaps is narrowed when the virus infects individuals with immature immune responses (i.e. children).

MoPe14.2B10 ASSESSING HIV-1 SUBTYPING AND ITS POTENTIAL IMPLICATION FOR THE RESPONSE TO ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY OF HIV-1 PATIENTS INFECTED WITH PREVALENT SUBTYPES IN RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL.
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe14.2B10)
Chequer Fernandez S.¹, Rodrigues C.¹, Rufino dos Santos D.L.¹, Pilotto J.H.², Morgado M.¹
No difference in the reduction of the viral load in response to HAART was observed between subtype B and F infected individuals. Further studies with increased sample size will be necessary to confirm these results.

MoPe14.2B11 DIVERSE GENETIC SUBTYPES OF HIV-1 AMONG FEMALE COMMERCIAL SEX WORKERS(CSWS) IN IBADAN, NIGERIA.
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe14.2B11)
Fayemiwo S.A.¹, Bakare. R.A.², Odaibo G.N.³, Oni A.A.⁴, Olaleye D.O.⁵, Sankale J.L.⁶, Kanki P.⁶
Given this diverse nature of HIV -1 subtypes,this mature epidemic may well be more challenging for HIV vaccine candidate design than previously anticipated.

MoPe14.2B12 HIV-1 C ISOLATES SHARE A CLUSTER OF COMMON MOSAICS HIV-1 CB IN PORTO ALEGRE, BRAZIL. RCP STUDY: PRELIMINARY DATA.
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe14.2B12)
Rodrigues R.¹, Franco H.¹, Scherer L.², Oliveira C.¹, Ferreira J.¹, Stainoff L.¹, Brigido L.³
This study may indicate a monophyletic group for HIV-1 C/b mosaics as putative emerging strains at Porto Alegre, south of Brazil. The set shows an additional Isoleucine (L93) at RT that is not previous related in HIV-1 C Brazilian signatures.

MoPe14.2B13 HIV-1 ENV V3 REGION ISOLATED FROM RECENT AND CHRONIC NAÏVE PATIENTS AT SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe14.2B13)
Ferreira J.L., Rodrigues R., Franco H.M., Oliveira C.M., Oliveira C.A.F., Brigido L.F.
HIV-1 env clades showed proportions similar to previous observations in the region. SI phenotype was observed exclusive among chronic infections. GWGR, a motif peculiar to Brazilian clade B isolates was frequent and its proportion may be increasing, but our study does not have power to make this postulation.

MoPe14.2B14 PRESENCE OF CRF-12_BF PATTERN IN HIV-1 POL REGION AT SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL.
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe14.2B14)
Franco H.¹, Rodrigues R.¹, Ferreira J.¹, Oliveira C.¹, Stainoff L.¹, Brigido L.²
The prevalence of mosaics in this pol gene samples outlines the potential intersubtype recombination in the epidemic dynamics. Mosaics as HIV-1 B/G may suggest the sporadic identification of new variants and do not mean they are stablished in the area. Detection in Brazil of variants with a structure of CRF12_BF at the pol gene, and the different studies showing clades B and F in major cities at Argentina and Brazil supports epidemic intermixing at large metropolitan areas of South America.

MoPe14.2B15 HIV-1 RECOMBINANT B/F VIRUSES IN RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe14.2B15)
Guimarães M., Teixeira S., Chequer-Fernandez S., Eyer-Silva W., Morgado M.
So far, only distinct B/F recombinant genetic profiles were found in the present study, all of them quite distinct from the CRF_12 samples described originally in Argentina.

MoPe14.2B16 DISEASE PROGRESSION AND SURVIVAL OF PATIENTS INFECTED WITH HIV-1 OF SUBTYPES B AND C IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe14.2B16)
Barral de Martínez A.M.¹, Mendoza-Sassi R.A.², Pousada da Hora V.², Silveira J.², R. Mendoza M.D.², Moss da Silva C.², Alves Soares M.³
The present study showed that survival in HIV-1-infected patients depends on age, presence of AIDS at the diagnosis and the use of triple drug combination regimens. Viral subtype did not have a significant association with survival in this group.

MoPe14.2B17 HIV-1 ENVELOPE DOMAINS DERIVED FROM AIDS RELATED LYMPHOMA TISSUES DISPLAY UNIQUE SUBSTITUTION PATTERNS AS COMPARED TO PUBLISHED ENVELOPE DOMAINS.
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe14.2B17)
Lamers S.L.¹, Salemi M.², McGrath M.S.³
ARLs contain outgrowths of potentially immuno-reactive B cells. HIV mutations that cause variation within glycosylation potential can influence protein folding, antigenicity, localization, trafficking, protein solubility, biological activity and half-life, as well as cell-cell interactions. These data suggest that ARL associated HIVs show unique, disease specific characteristics.

MoPe14.3B
Viral dynamics and fitness

MoPe14.3B01 A NEW STRATEGY BASED ON RECOMBINANT VIRUSES FOR THE STUDY OF VIRAL FITNESS. STRONG DECREASE IN HIV REPLICATIVE CAPACITY IN PATIENTS HARBORING Q151M COMPLEX ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH K65R AND/OR M184V
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe14.3B01)
García-Pérez J.¹, Pérez-Olmeda M.¹, Sanchez-Palomino S.², Valer L.3, Fernandez B.¹, Soriano V.³, Alcami J.¹
We have developed a system based on recombinant viruses that allows assessment of RT and PR mutations impact on viral fitness separately. Low viral fitness in multi-resistant viruses was most frequently due to RT mutations. A strong decrease in viral RC was observed in RV containing the Q151M mutation alone (>40%) or in association with K65R and/or M184V (>80%).

MoPe14.3B02 INCREASED FITNESS OF HIV-1 CRF02_AG OVER ITS PARENTAL SUBTYPES (A AND G) MIGHT EXPLAIN THE PREDOMINANCE OF CRF02_AG IN WEST AND WEST CENTRAL AFRICA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe14.3B02)
Njai H.F.¹, Ariën K.K.¹, Gali Y.¹, Clybergh C.¹, Arts E.J.², Kestens L.¹, Peeters M.3, Vanham G.¹
Increased ex vivo fitness of CRF02_AG in dendritic cells (and T-cells) might explain the dominance of this recombinant HIV-1 in the epidemic in West and West Central Africa.

MoPe14.3B03 RELATIONSHIP OF GENETIC DIVERSITY AND CTL ESCAPE TO HIV-1 FITNESS DURING DISEASE PROGRESSION
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe14.3B03)
Troyer R.M.¹, Krizan R.W.¹, McNevin J.², Liu Y.³, Collins K.R.¹, Abraha A.¹, Lobritz M.A.¹, Gao Y.¹, Fraundorf E.¹, Moore D.M.¹, Vanham G.⁴, McElrath M.J.², Mullins J.I.³, Arts E.J.¹
These data provide in vivo evidence that increasing HIV-1 replication efficiency may be related to a concomitant increase in HIV-1 diversity, which in turn may be a determining factor in disease progression. Sequential CTL escape mutations appeared to be incorporated during viral evolution with minimal impact on HIV-1 fitness which may or may not have an effect on pathogenesis.

MoPe14.3B04 VARIATION OF Gag P6 IN CLINICAL HIV-1 SAMPLES OF B- AND NON-B ORIGIN: EFFECTS ON VIRAL FITNESS AND CORRELATION WITH CLINICAL PARAMETERS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe14.3B04)
Brondani V., Kirchhoff W., Schefer Q., Klimkait T.
Our pilot study shows a great sequence variability of p6 and a very significant impact on viral replication. Such reduction of fitness correlates with specific changes in motifs within p6. Moreover our findings suggest that this variation is higher in non-B subtype viruses. Those differences will be considered also in the authentic Gag-Pol context. Sequence variation in the essential p6 AIP-1 binding motif has implications for resistance testing and interpretation of in laboratory analyses. Consideration of clinical data will show whether these findings correlate with clinical parameters such as VL, CD4 kinetics and possibly outcome.

MoPe14.4B
HIV1 and HIV2

MoPe14.4B01 HIV-2 INFECTION IN SPAIN
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe14.4B01)
Toro C.¹, Rodés B.¹, Aguilera A.², Caballero E.³, Rodríguez C.⁴, Calderón E.⁵, Tuset C.⁶, Ortiz de Lejarazu R.⁷, Sued O.⁸, Miró J.M.⁸, Martín A.M.⁹, García J.¹⁰, Dronda F.¹¹, Eiros J.⁷, Benito R.¹², Soriano V.¹
HIV-2 infection is currently circulating in Spain, although with low prevalence and without evidence for an increase over time. The main HIV-2 subtypes, A and B, are recognized in both Spaniards and Africans. Complete viral suppression under HAART seems to occur less frequently in HIV-2.

MoPe14.6B
Attachment, receptors, co-receptors, penetration, tropism

MoPe14.6B01 HIGH CD4+ T CELL SURFACE CXCR4 DENSITY AS A RISK FACTOR FOR R5 TO X4 SWITCH
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe14.6B01)
Vincent T.¹, Lin Y.-L.², Portalès P.¹, Mettling C.², Segondy M.¹, Baillat V.¹, Merle de Boever C.¹, Le Moing V.¹, Clot J.¹, Reynes J.¹, Corbeau P.¹
Our data argue for a role of CXCR4 density, but not of CCR5 density, in the emergence of X4 strains. These findings are reassuring concerning the risk of inducing an R5 to X4 switch using CCR5 antagonists to treat HIV infection. By contrast, the increase in CXCR4 density we have previously observed in some late stage patients could facilitate such a switch.

MoPe14.6B02 CCL5 PRODUCTION BY PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELLS AS A FACTOR DETERMINING CD4+ T CELL SURFACE CCR5 DENSITY
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe14.6B02)
Lin Y.-L.¹, Mettling C.¹, Vignola A.², Portalès P.², Clot J.², Corbeau P.¹
Our data are compatible with the hypothesis that the amount of CCL5 produced by PBMC is a major determinant of T4 cell surface CCR5 density. These findings might apply to other chemokine receptors and G-protein coupled receptors. Therapeutics inducing CCL5 production should downregulate CCR5 expression and inhibit HIV infection.

MoPe14.6B03 MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF HIV-1 CO-RECEPTORS AND THEIR LIGANDS IN CHINESE POPULATION
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe14.6B03)
Zheng B.-J.¹, Zhao X.-Y.¹, Lee S.-S.², Wong K.-H.², Chan K.C.W.², Chan C.C.S.¹, Yam W.-C.¹, Yuen K.-Y.¹, Ng M.-H.¹
The present results are in general agreement with previous findings. They suggest in addition that the conformation change in ECL-2 of CCR5 may directly affect HIV infection. Moreover, it was found that RANTES and SDF-1 expression appear to correlate with HIV infection.

MoPe14.6B04 CHANGES IN CO-RECEPTOR TROPISM ASSOCIATED WITH THE EMERGENCE OF ARCHIVED DRUG SUSCEPTIBLE HIV-1 DURING STRUCTURED TREATMENT INTERRUPTION
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe14.6B04)
Huang W.¹, Neilands T.², Toma J.¹, Whitcomb J.¹, Wrin T.¹, Fransen S.¹, Hoh R.², Martin J.², Deeks S.², Petropoulos C.¹
Changes in co-receptor tropism can occur during STI with the emergence of drug susceptible variants. However, CD4+ T cell losses during STI appear more related to the re-emergence of drug susceptible viruses with higher replication capacity than switches in co-receptor tropism. These observations may be helpful in assessing the clinical significance of co-receptor switches observed in treatment-experienced subjects that initiate treatment with co-receptor antagonists.

MoPe14.11B
Viral accessory genes

MoPe14.11B01 LOW RESOLUTION STRUCTURAL MAPPING OF HIV-1 VIF AND ITS INTERACTION WITH APOBEC3G
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe14.11B01)
Auclair J.¹, Somasundaran M.², Schiffer C.¹
Vif may be in a dynamic equilibrium between monomeric, dimeric, trimeric and possibly higher order oligomeric forms that are specific. The protein undergoes a conformational change that exposes different binding interfaces to form higher order oligomers. Some of these interfaces are involved in Vif's binding to APOBEC3G, albeit with relatively weak affinity. In the absence of crystallographic data for Vif, our low-resolution structural analyses and interaction studies provide useful information for designing structure-based drugs.

MoPe15.1C
Biological markers for monitoring disease progression and therapy

MoPe15.1C01 THE CO-STIMULATORY RECEPTOR CD160 IN HIV-1+ PATIENTS WITH DETECTABLE AND SUPPRESSED CD8 T CELL FUNCTION
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.1C01)
Muhtarova M.¹, Mihova A.¹, Magaev S.¹, Kostov K.², Elenkov I.², Bensussan A.³, Taskov H.¹, Nikolova M.¹
The CD160 T cell co-stimulatory receptor is valuable for the better identification of CD8 T cell subsets with differing functional potential. We propose that CD160 expression in the course of HIV-1 increases the functional potential of CD8+ T cells in the absence of CD4 help.

MoPe15.1C02 IDENTIFICATION OF R77Q VPR MUTATION AS A MARKER OF DISEASE NON PROGRESSION
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.1C02)
Mologni D., Zanone Poma B., Citterio P., Menzaghi B., Broggini V., Rusconi S., Galli M., Riva A.
Our results confirm the association of the R77Q mutation in the Vpr gene with long term non progression of the disease. Moreover also patients efficiently controlling HIV-1 replication and preserving high CD4 T cell counts despite suboptimal therapy have a high frequency of R77Q mutation. Therefore, such mutation might be able to affect T cell survival in vivo, possibly altering the pro-apoptotic activity of Vpr mediated through interaction with the Adenine Nucleotide Translocator in mitochondria. Criteria for initiation of antiretroviral therapy and therapy interruption are not univocal, therefore the identification of the R77Q point mutation as a predictor of lack of disease progression might help addressing such issues in conjunction with CD4 T cell count and HIV-RNA.

MoPe15.1C03 DISEASE PROGRESSION AMONG UNTREATED HIV PATIENTS IN SOUTH ETHIOPIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR PATIENT CARE.
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.1C03)
Dare D.J.¹, Lindtjørn B.²
We identified oral thrush, diarrhoea and total lymphocyte count as predictors of mortality; and weakness and fever as predictors of tuberculosis. The findings have practical implications for patient care in resource-limited settings.

MoPe15.1C04 THE EFFECT OF MEASUREMENT FREQUENCY ON SURVIVAL ANALYSIS OF TIME TO UNDETECTABLE VIRAL LOAD
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.1C04)
Griffin J.T.¹, Fraser C.¹, Gras L.², de Wolf F.², Ghani A.C.¹
Differences in measurement frequency between groups can produce spurious results because less frequent measurements make an endpoint appear to happen later. Interval-censoring reduces this bias.

MoPe15.1C05 THE ROLE OF MONOAMINE TRANSMITTERS IN HIV-1-ASSOCIATED BRAIN DISEASE
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.1C05)
Nolting T.¹, Koutsilieri E.², Arendt G.¹, Loeffert S.¹, Husstedt I.-W.³, Maschke M.⁴, Sopper S.⁵, Riederer P.², ter Meulen V.⁶
The study results show an impairment of the central nervous dopamine transmitter systems throughout the whole course of HIV-1-infection. Dopaminergic dysfunction is associated with inflammation and viral load, indicating that infected brain cells may trigger endogenous mechanisms involved in the homeostasis of monoaminergic pathways. The correlation with elevated lactate levels in treated patients are pointing to a toxic component in the pathogenesis of HIV-1-encephalopathy. Early depletion of serotonin from CSF may be a reason for the high prevalence of mood disorders in HIV-1-positive subjects in early stages.

MoPe15.1C06 A NEW METHOD OF QUANTIFICATION OF HIV-DNA: RESEARCH INVESTIGATION AND CLINICAL APPLICATION
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.1C06)
Fernández G., Muñoz-Fernández M.Á.
Our aim objective was to study if the DNA viral load could be a prognostic marker of the increase of the viral load in HIV infected patients on HAART. Thus, we are using this method in an observational study of 75 HIV- patients on HAART and a longitudinal study in 10 HIV-patients. Our preliminary results suggest that this method is a good tool in the follow-up of HIV-infection.

MoPe15.1C07 DEMOGRAPHIC AND CLINICAL PARAMETERS ASSOCIATED WITH HIV QUALITY INDICATORS DURING THE HAART ERA IN THE LARGEST INTEGRATED HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN CALIFORNIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.1C07)
Silverberg M., Horberg M., Hurley L., Klein D.
We observed improved virologic control of HIV and sustained immunologic improvement in the HAART era. Of concern were disparities in quality indicators by age, gender, race and HIV risk suggesting the need for increased vigilance.

MoPe15.1C08 HIV-1 RNA QUANTIFICATION UTILIZING RETINA RAINBOW ASSAY WITH MAILED DRIED PLASMA SAMPLES VERSUS VERSANT HIV-1 RNA 3.0 ASSAY WITH FRESHLY FROZEN PLASMA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.1C08)
Johnson C.¹, De Baar M.P.², de Rooij E.², Timmermans E.², Tebas P.¹
The developing world shares a disproportionate share of the total number of people with AIDS and is where many clinical trials, potential HIV vaccines, and transmission intervention studies will be conducted in the future. HIV-1 RNA quantification is an integral component and should be straightforward and inexpensive without sacrificing precision or sensitivity. The Rainbow assay using dried fluid spots can be used as an easy and inexpensive means for the collection and storage of specimens under field conditions when monitoring antiretroviral therapy and vaccine efficacy. In this study we were able to reliably (100% specific and sensitive) measure viral loads of 500 copies per milliliter or higher, sufficient in clinical practice to reliably track treatment failure/resistance.

MoPe15.1C09 INTERRELATIONSHIP OF VARIOUS HOST AND VIRAL FACTORS WITH CNS MANIFESTATIONS OF HIV INFECTION
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.1C09)
Tsertsvadze T., Gochitashvili N., Dzigua L., Abashidze L., Gatserelia L.
There is a correlation of the presence of CNS complication of HIV infection with increased CSF viral load, low CD4 count and decreased CTL activity in PB. There was no significant correlation between the type of CNS manifestation and value of CSF viral load.

MoPe15.1C10 EFFECTS OF ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS STAVUDINE, LAMIVUDINE AND NEVIRAPINE ON CD4+ COUNT AND VIRAL LOAD IN HIV-1 PATIENTS ATTENDING JOS UNIVERSITY TEACHING HOSPITAL, JOS PLATEAU STATE, NIGERIA.
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.1C10)
Mu'azu M.
The drug positively affects the CD4+ count and Viral Load Levels of the patients. It decreases the viral load and Increases the CD4+ which are reliable indices in therapeutic management of HIV-1 infection. The combination therapy is effective and has produced a desirable result in the period under study.

MoPe15.1C11 TEMPORAL TRENDS IN RATES OF VIRAL BURDEN, SUPPRESSION, AND REBOUND, IN THE HAART-ERA IN US URBAN HIV CARE CLINIC
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.1C11)
Sethi A., Lozada J., Whalen C.
Viral burden continues to decrease over time in our clinic population. Our methods can be used to evaluate HIV clinic performance in lowering population viral burden and identify patient subsets who are less likely to experience favorable treatment outcomes. These methods can be adopted by HIV clinics in resource-contstrained settings as HAART becomes newly available in the future.

MoPe15.1C12 THE FRENCH HIV-RNA QUANTIFICATION QUALITY CONTROLS PERFORMED YEARLY FROM 1997 SHOW IMPORTANT VARIATIONS OF TWO COMMERCIAL KITS OVER TIME.
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.1C12)
Rouzioux C.¹, Potard V.², Burgard M.³, Helias I.⁴, Maisoneuve P.⁴, Costagliola D.², Ac11 G.Q.H.⁵
We show significant variations over time of the two largely used commercial assays. We conclude that to pool data obtained with RT-PCR and B-DNA assays using a constant correction's coefficient is inadequate. Such variations could have a major impact on the quality of data collected through multicenter studies planned over several years.

MoPe15.1C13 HIV-DNA LOAD IN SUCCESSFUL HAART TREATED PATIENTS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.1C13)
Parisi S.G.¹, Mazzi R.², Gatti F.³, Boldrin C.¹, Biasolo M.A.¹, Concia E.², Montano M.⁴, Palù G.¹, Andreoni M.⁴
Patients with persistently undetectable RNA load during HAART have a wide range of proviral DNA (<20-9719 cp). Low DNA load was significantly associated with high pre-HAART CD4 count and percentage.

MoPe15.1C14 EVALUATION OF THE NEW HIV-1 RNA QUANTIFICATION ROCHE COBAS TAQMAN ASSAY AND COMPARISON TO THE ROCHE COBAS AMPLICOR 1.5 ASSAY.
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.1C14)
Rouzioux C.¹, Jamet C.², Bachou C.², Delaugerre C.², Chaix M.-L.²
The new Roche test appeared to be very sensitive and with a wide range of quantification. The majority of HIV-1 strains were better quantified with this new test, howewer some non-B strains were underestimated. Further studies by gene sequencing will bring information on the gene diversity. Discussion with physicians will be necessary for a better understanding of the results of this promising assay.

MoPe15.1C15 INFLUENCE OF NADIR CD4+ CELL COUNT IN NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONING OF HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.1C15)
Muñoz-Moreno J.A.¹, Fumaz C.R.¹, Prats A.¹, Ferrer M.J.¹, Negredo E.¹, Moltó J.¹, López-Blázquez R.², Gómez G.², Garolera M.³, Clotet B.¹
Differences in NF exist when patients are assessed according to nadir CD4+ cell count. Patients with lower levels show a more impaired NF. Influence of HAART is significant to achieve improvement of NF, but nadir CD4+ cell count must be also considered as an important factor.

MoPe15.2C
Diagnostics

MoPe15.2C01 EVALUATION OF THE KEMRI PA HIV TEST KIT FOR BLOOD SCREENING IN KENYA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.2C01)
Osman S., Anne M., Wafula K., Ann M., Mpoke S.
Under field conditions KEMRI PA HIV kit performs similar to commercial kits in use in Kenyan hospitals.The KEMRI PA HIV kit is well suited for HIV testing in resource poor settings and is highly recommended for use in the third world countries especially tropical Africa.

MoPe15.2C02 FALSE-POSITIVE HIV-1 p24 ANTIGENEMIA WITH UNUSUAL PATTERN OF NEUTRALIZATION
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.2C02)
Barbouche R.¹, Bürgisser P.², Slim A.³, Largueche B.¹, Dellagi K.¹
Our observation strongly suggests that this p24 false ag was due to a non-specific cross-linking of the immobilized capture ab and the soluble ab used to detect the p24 ag. The loss of p24 reactivity after IgG treatment strongly argues in favor of a Rheumatoid Factor-like activity.

MoPe15.2C03 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF AN AUTOMATED QUANTITATIVE HIV-1 TEST: THE ABBOTT REALTIME HIV-1 ASSAY
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.2C03)
Abravaya K., Butler R., Cloherty G., Erickson D., Huang S., Mak W.-B., Salituro J., Tang N., Robinson J.
The Abbott Real-Time HIV-1 assay is an automated, highly precise and sensitive assay. It provides a wide dynamic range, allowing quantitation of viral load samples ranging from 40 copies/mL to 10 million copies/mL. Due to the selection of the primers and probes from highly conserved regions of the pol gene, and the novel partially double stranded fluorescent probe design, the assay quantitates the diverse Group M subtypes A-H and Group O samples.

MoPe15.2C04 TIME OF HIV DIAGNOSIS IN HIV INFECTED PEOPLE IN LITHUANIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.2C04)
Uzdaviniene V.¹, Caplinskas S.²
HIV infection is identified on AIDS stage in 3.9% of cases; two thirds of them are homosexuals. It proves assumption that HIV has been spreading in homosexual population long since, and that they are the last who apply to medical institutions, which prompts to look for new ways of education, consultation and diagnosis. HIV infection is diagnosed on early stage in IDUs, proving effectiveness of monitoring approaches in this group.

MoPe15.2C05 SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY OF A RAPID TESTING ALGORITHM FOR HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) IN A TUBERCULOSIS CLINIC IN INDIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.2C05)
Swaminathan S.¹, Angayarkanni C.², Luke E.², Subramanyam S.², Venkatesan P.², Narayanan P.²
In our experience, serial testing of serum samples using two rapid tests was highly sensitive, specific, easy to perform and could differentiate between HIV-1 and 2. This strategy could be used in TB clinics in high HIV-prevalence areas.

MoPe15.2C06 HIV RNA MEASUREMENT USING EDTA OR PPT TUBES RESULTS IN DIFFERENT DEGREES OF UNDETECTABILITY: IMPACT ON CLINICAL PRACTICE
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.2C06)
Alvarez-Arnao D.¹, Li A.¹, Canedo B.², Baleeiro C.²
Low level viremia occurs more often with the use of PPT tubes if sent as spun whole blood compared to the use of EDTA tubes. The use of PPT tubes with plasma separation in-situ could avoid low level viremia. Blips while using PPTw might lead unnecessary changes or stopping of antiretroviral therapy. Additionally follow-up of this cohort might determine the long-term virologic outcome.

MoPe15.2C07 A RAPID AND HIGHLY SENSITIVE SELECTIVE REAL-TIME PCR ASSAY FOR DETECTING HIV-1 DRUG RESISTANCE MUTATIONS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.2C07)
Somasundaran M., Li G.-H., Brewster F., Luzuriaga K., Sullivan J.L.
Using this assay, we successfully detected K103N mutation in HIV-1 infected women who had received NVP to prevent HIV-1 transmission to their infants. We were also able to define the fading but persistence of NVP-associated K103N mutations in patient samples taken 9 to 12 months after NVP treatment by detecting low to moderate levels of mutation (<0.01% to 12.3%) in 7 of 8 mothers who were previously determined to be mutation-negative using the TruGene Genotype sequencing assay. This novel SeleRt PCR assay will be a highly useful tool for closely monitoring the rate, pattern, and persistence of HIV-1 drug-resistance mutations associated with anti-retroviral therapy.

MoPe15.2C08 THE CAMBRIDGE BIOTECH HIV-1 WESTERN BLOT FOR THE CONFIRMATION OF HIV-1 INFECTION USING ORAL MUCOSAL TRANSUDATE
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.2C08)
Piacentini S.C., Gottfried T.D., George R.J.
The data show that the pairing of the oral rapid test and western blot using a single sample would provide for accurate screening and confirmation of HIV-1 infection. This system is novel in oral diagnostic testing where previously rapid oral fluid tests could not be confirmed by western blot using a single collected sample. A simple procedural modification of the Cambridge serum blot procedure consistently allows the identification of cardinal HIV-1 antibodies in

MoPe15.2C09 TWO NEW MAGNETIC EXTRACTION PLATFORMS, NUCLISENS EASYMAG AND NUCLISENS MINIMAG, SHOWED VERY GOOD EXTRACTION PERFORMANCE ON VARIOUS CLINICAL SPECIMEN TYPES
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.2C09)
Jacobs M.¹, van Deursen P.¹, Berghuis I.¹, Simons F.¹, van de Wiel P.¹, van den Brule A.²
In this study, for all samples tested, the new magnetic extraction instrument NucliSens easyMAG performs equal as compared to manual magnetic silica extraction (NucliSens miniMAG) that was used as reference. This means that both platforms are interchangeable. For both systems inhibition was observed in some of the stool samples when tested undiluted, but PhHV DNA was well detected when these samples were tested diluted. No inhibition was observed in any of the other sample types included in this study.

MoPe15.2C10 OLIGONUCLEOTIDE MICROOARRAYS IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE FOR HIV-1 STRAINS IN FORMER USSR AREAS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.2C10)
Rudinskiy N.¹, Sukhanova A.², Markova O.¹, Mikhailovich V.¹, Zasedatelev A.¹, Bobkov A.²
The microarray-based technique proved to be useful, reliable and inexpensive tool to perform epidemiological surveillance and a large scale monitoring. The results of such a monitoring, performed in 2003-2004 in different areas of the former USSR countries are presented by A.Sukhanova et al.

MoPe15.2C11 FIELD EVALUATION OF A HOME-MADE EIA USING SYNTHETIC PEPTIDES FOR THE DISCRIMINATION OF HIV-1, HIV-2 AND HIV-1+2 DUAL INFECTIONS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.2C11)
Inwoley A.K.¹, Rouet F.¹, Koui S.¹, Ouassa T.¹, Ekouevi D.², Viho I.², Dabis F.³, Barin F.⁴
This non commercial home made EIA provided sensitivity and specificity comparable to commercial EIA assays. Its use for HIV differentiation appeared reliable and clearly cheaper (~0.5 Euros/test), in comparison with the Peptilav test (~20 Euros /test).

MoPe15.2C12 NOVEL HIV-1 RNA EXTRACTION IMPROVES HIV-1 VIRAL LOAD MONITORING USING THE REAL TIME NUCLISENS® EASYQ HIV-1 V1.1 SYSTEM.
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.2C12)
Berghuis I., Tromp J., Simons F., vd Wiel P.
The combination of the miniMAG and easyMAG extraction platforms with the EasyQ HIV-1 real-time assay proved to be very reliable under user conditions for high quality HIV-1 viral load monitoring over a broad dynamic range. While miniMAG extraction provides a cost efficient solution for low or medium throughput labs, easyMAG extraction is optimally suited for high volume labs by offering high throughput in combination with a high level of user convenience.

MoPe15.2C13 A SENSITIVE AND SPECIFIC ELISA ASSAY FOR THE DETECTION OF THE ANTIBODY RESPONSE TO THE HIV-2 ENVELOPE GLYCOPROTEINS IN SINGLE AND DUAL HIV INFECTIONS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.2C13)
Marcelino J.M.¹, Barroso H.², Gonçalves F.³, Silva S.M.¹, Novo C.¹, Gomes P.³, Camacho R.³, Taveira N.²
The new ELISA assay permits the sensitive and specific diagnosis of HIV-2 infection in single and dually infected individuals.

MoPe15.2C14 APPLICABILITY OF THE REAL-TIME PCR ASSAY IN MEASURING VIRAL LOAD IN HIV-1 BF RECOMBINANT VARIANTS INFECTED INDIVIDUALS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.2C14)
Schvachsa N.S.¹, Dilernia D.¹, Pippo M.¹, Burgard M.², Salomon H.¹, Rouzioux C.²
Based on the results shown here, suggest that real-time PCR assay can be used to quantify VL in samples from BF-infected patients with the same accuracy and reliability than for B subtype samples.

MoPe15.2C15 PERFORMANCE OF THE AUTOMATED ABBOTT REALTIME HIV ASSAY ON A GENETICALLY DIVERSE PANEL OF SPECIMENS FROM BRAZIL
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.2C15)
Hackett J.¹, Swanson P.¹, Holzmayer V.¹, Yamaguchi J.¹, Huang S.¹, Bodelle P.¹, Brennan C.¹, Badaro R.², Brites C.², Devare S.G.¹
In the present study, the automated RealTime HIV assay performed very well on this genetically diverse panel. Viral load determinations were highly correlated between assays. The automated RealTime HIV assay offers the advantages of increased throughput and reduced labor while providing reliable quantification of diverse HIV strains.

MoPe15.2C16 DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW LATEX-BASED LATERAL-FLOW ASSAY FOR RAPID DETECTION OF ANTIBODIES TO HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.2C16)
Esfandiari J., Kanaujia G., Greenwald D., Lyashchenko K., Greenwald R.
We developed a new latex-based lateral-flow test. Its sensitivity was found to be equal to that of Abbott HIV1/2 EIA and greater than the sensitivity of western blot assays when used with seroconversion panels. The rapid test is an excellent alternative to conventional HIV antibody testing methods, especially for detection of recent HIV infections in remote areas.

MoPe15.2C17 CLINICAL TRIAL OF TWO RAPID LATERAL-FLOW TESTS FOR THE DETECTION OF HIV ANTIBODIES IN FINGERSTICK WHOLE BLOOD, VENOUS WHOLE BLOOD, PLASMA AND SERUM
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.2C17)
Esfandiari J.¹, Trinh R.², Gottlieb M.³, Siegal F.⁴, Constantine N.5, Gates D.¹
Both Chembio rapid tests, the HIV Stat-Pak and the Sure Check HIV, achieve the study objectives. The performance characteristics of Chembio tests were found to be over 99%. These results have been submitted to US FDA for review.

MoPe15.2C18 APPLICATIONS OF QUALITATIVE HIV-1 DNA PCR FOR EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF HIV INFECTION AMONG INFANTS AND ADULTS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.2C18)
Anitha D., Jacob M., Srijeyanth P., Samuel N.M.
Qualitative HIV-1 DNA PCR is a useful technique for early diagnosis in infants born to HIV seropositive mothers. Further it is a valuable tool for adults to determine their HIV status in the early weeks of exposure.

MoPe15.2C19 DIFFERING RESULTS OF A RAPID HIV TESTING ALGORITHM IN COUPLES' TESTING CENTERS IN TWO AFRICAN CITIES WITH DIFFERENT CLADES OF HIV
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.2C19)
Glass S.¹, Rwanda Zambia HIV Research Group Z.E.H.R.P.²
Qualitative HIV-1 DNA PCR is a useful technique for early diagnosis in infants born to HIV seropositive mothers. Further it is a valuable tool for adults to determine their HIV status in the early weeks of exposure.

MoPe15.2C20 SUCCESSFUL USE OF GENOTYPIC RESISTANCE TESTING IN INDIVIDUALS WITH AN HIV PLASMA VIRAL LOAD BETWEEN 50 AND 1000 COPIES/ML.
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.2C20)
Waters L., Mandalia S., Asboe D.
We demonstrate a high rate of successful genotyping in individuals with a viral load between 50 and 1000 copies/ml. We recommend that patients with confirmed viraemia greater than 50 copies/ml should undergo genotypic resistance.

MoPe15.2C21 INITIAL AND FOLLOW-UP MR AND 1H MRS FINDINGS IN PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY AND HIV-ENCEPHALITIS PATIENTS TREATED WITH HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.2C21)
Tarasow E., Wiercinska-Drapalo A., Lewszuk A., Jaroszewicz J., Prokopowicz D.
These MRS findings are consistent with neuropathologic observations of neuronal loss, cell membrane and myelin breakdown, and increased glial activity in PML lesions. Metabolic pattern that characterises PML suggests the usefulness of 1H MRS as an adjunct to MRI in differentiating CNS white matter lesions, such as HIV encephalopathies, from PML. 1H MRS may be useful for characterization and follow-up evaluation of white matter lesions.

MoPe15.2C22 A SENSITIVE REAL-TIME PCR ASSAY FOR DETECTION AND QUANTITATION OF HIV-1 ON DRIED BLOOD SPOTS.
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.2C22)
Trzmielina S., Luzuriaga K., Sullivan J.L., Somasundaran M.
Real-time DBS PCR assay is a rapid, sensitive and reliable technique to detect and quantitate HIV-1 subtypes on DBS. It can be cost-effectively applied to diagnose HIV-1 infection in infants and to follow HIV-1 therapy and pathogenesis in resource-limited settings.

MoPe15.2C23 ESTABLISHMENT OF QUALITY CONTROL PROCEDURES FOR HIV RAPID TESTING IN LUSAKA, ZAMBIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.2C23)
Emery S.
External is necessary for voluntary HIV testing programs that depend on rapid HIV testing. Training and continuous monitoring of the quality control of both rapid tests and confirmatory EIA are essential to ensuring accurate and reliable results. Although EIA is often viewed as a 'gold standard', it is technically more complex than rapid tests and often results in more errors. Further testing of samples that have different results with rapid tests and ELISA is required in order to ensure comprehensive quality control.

MoPe15.2C24 COMPARISON OF THE CAVIDI EXAVIR REVERSE TRANSCIPTASE ASSAY TO HIVRNA AMONG ANTIRETROVIRAL PATIENTS IN MALAWI
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.2C24)
Hosseinipour M.¹, Cachafeiro A.², Namakwa D.¹, Gama S.¹, Joaki G.¹, Kanyama C.¹, Hoffman I.², Fiscus S.²
The Cavidi Exavir RT assay correlates well with HIVRNA and may serve as a substitute for HIVRNA in resource limited settings.

MoPe15.2C25 EVALUATION OF 'Q-PREVEN' AN HIV-1/2 ASSAY DEVELOPED SPECIFICALLY FOR THE DETECTION OF ANTIBODIES ON DRIED BLOOD SPOTS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.2C25)
De Souza R.¹, Borges L.G.¹, Motta L.¹, Cauduro de Castro A.²
Q-Preven demonstrated high performance characteristics. The requirement of less blood volume, easy storage and transportation make the assay ideal for use in areas where specimens have to be sent to a centralized testing facility, especially in resource limited settings.

MoPe15.2C26 DEVELOPMENT OF A DETUNED ORAL TESTING ALGORITHM FOR RECENT HIV INFECTION
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.2C26)
Priddy F., Phelan P., Feinberg M., del Rio C.
Our data suggests that a detuned algorithm using oral samples was sensitive and specific, requiring only an oral collection device, a rapid HIV test and a centrifuge. These results should be confirmed in larger studies. The algorithm could be used in real-time during rapid HIV testing in clients testing HIV+ with the standard OraQuick to identify recent infection and estimate HIV incidence.

MoPe15.2C27 INTRODUCTION OF RAPID HIV TESTS IN THE UNITED STATES
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.2C27)
Branson B.
Rapid HIV testing is feasible, delivers timely and accurate results, and offers unique opportunities to diagnose HIV infection among the estimated 180,000 to 280,000 persons in the U.S. who are currently unaware they are infected.

MoPe15.2C28 SCREENING TESTS ANTI-HIV IVth GENERATION - ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES IN THE DIAGNOSTICS OF HIV INFECTION
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.2C28)
Bander D.¹, Durczak M.², Lisowska M.², Boron-Kaczmarska A.¹
Tests ELISA anti-HIV IVth generation make possible with the diagnostics of HIV infection already in the early periods and enlarge the tenderness of the existing serodiagnosis. At patients with coexistence of other viruses infections or autoimmunologic diseases can be falsely positive.

MoPe15.2C29 EVALUATION OF HIV TESTING DEVICES AND PRODUCTION OF ALGORITHM FOR HIV SERO-DIAGNOSIS IN BURKINA FASO
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.2C29)
Traore W.¹, Sombie I.², Bazie B.³, Maxime D.⁴, Oumarou Z.⁵, Sangare L.⁶, Kouanda A.⁷
Three algoritm proposed: Blood Safety, only one test with a high sensitivity. For Epidemic surveillance the study recommended strategic II . For Diagnosis, VCT, PMCT, TB-HIV, the study and the experts recommended to use the WHO strategic II also : A first Mixt ELISA or Mixt Rapid test with high sensitivity and confirm by a second discriminant rapid test.

MoPe15.2C30 PERSISTANT LOW LEVEL VIREMIA AND DISCREPANCY USING ROCHE 1.5 ULTRA-SENSITIVE ASSAY (R-US)
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe15.2C30)
McLeroth P., Kadlecik P.
Wide variation exists in the results that different labs return using the R-us. An unexpected detectable VL should be retested by a different method or at a different lab to avoid unneeded resistance testing or regimen changes.

MoPe17.1B
Viral entry

MoPe17.1B01 HIV-1 RESTRICTION BY LENTIVIRAL VECTOR EXPRESSION OF TRIM5α-RH IN CD34+ DERIVED MACROPHAGES FOR AIDS GENE THERAPY
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe17.1B01)
Anderson J., Akkina R.
We have shown that CD34 hematopoietic progenitor cells transduced with lentiviral vectors expressing TRIM5α-Rh could give rise to HIV-1 resistant macrophages. These results demonstrate that this strategy can be exploited in a stem cell gene therapy setting.

MoPe17.1B02 THE CONTRIBUTION OF RING AND B-BOX 2 DOMAINS TO RETROVIRAL RESTRICTION MEDIATED BY MONKEY TRIM5α
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe17.1B02)
Javanbakht H., Diaz-Griffero F., Stremlau M., Si Z., Sodroski J.
Taken together with other data, these results indicate that functionally defective TRIM5αrh molecules that retain a coiled coil can act as dominant-negative inhibitors of wild-type TRIM5αrh function. The RING domain of TRIM5αrh is not absolutely required for retrovirus restriction, but can influence cytoplasmic levels of the protein and thus indirectly alter function. The B-box 2 domain, by contrast, appears to be essential for efficient retrovirus restriction.

MoPe17.1B03 A CRITICAL ROLE FOR THE TETRASPAN MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEIN CD63 IN HIV INFECTION OF MACROPHAGES
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe17.1B03)
Chen H., Rojo D., von Lindern J., Liburd N., Ferguson M.R., O'Brien W.A.
CD63 and CD4/CCR5 are associated in discrete membrane domains, and this association is required for HIV infection. The interaction is most critical when expression of CD4 and CCR5 is limiting, as in primary macrophages. Defining specific mechanisms of efficient viral entry may identify desirable anti-viral targets.

MoPe17.2B
Viral assembly

MoPe17.2B01 ACQUISITION OF MAXIMAL INFECTIVITY BY HIV-1 VIRIONS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe17.2B01)
Boukrinskaia A.¹, Sharkey M.², Dauphin A.², Stevenson M.²
Collectively, these experiments suggest the existence of factors in addition to virion proteins that must be packaged for resulting virions to acquire maximal infectivity. The time-delay in acquisition of maximal infectivity might represent an interval in which de novo viral protein expression induces viral or cellular factors required for maximal virion infectivity.

MoPe17.2B02 A DOMAIN DIRECTLY C-TERMINAL TO THE MAJOR HOMOLOGY REGION OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY TYPE 1 CAPSID PROTEIN PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN DIRECTING BOTH VIRUS ASSEMBLY AND INCORPORATION OF GAG-POL
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe17.2B02)
Liao W.-H., Chien A.-I., Chu H., Wang C.-T
We have identified a region immediately C-terminal to the MHR that significantly affected both virus assembly and the incorporation of Gag-Pol into virions. Additionally, we defined a minimal sequence, consisting of the MHR and the adjacent CA-SP1 sequence, that is capable of directing the incorporation of Gag-Pol into virions.

MoPe17.2B03 SPECIFIC AMINO ACID SUBSTITUTIONS IN THE C-TERMINAL REGION OF HIV-1 P24 PROTEIN AFFECT VIRUS ASSEMBLY AND RELEASE
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe17.2B03)
Abdurahman S.¹, Hoglund S.², Goobar-Larsson L.³, Vahlne A.¹
These results indicate that the two conserved sequences; ALGPGATLEE and CQGVGGPG in the C-terminal CA domain are essential for proper morphogenesis and infectivity of HIV-1 particles.

MoPe17.2B04 BINDING BETWEEN NEF AND GAGPOL IS A CONSERVED FUNCTION WITHIN LENTIVIRUSES AND MIGHT BE IMPORTANT FOR VIRUS INFECTIVITY
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe17.2B04)
Lopes A.¹, Costa L.¹, Tanuri A.¹, Shaw K.², Luciw P.², Peterlin M.³
Our results suggest the importance of GagPol/Nef interaction during SIV_mac239 replicative cycle.

MoPe17.2B05 ANALYSIS OF TRIMCypA RESTRICTION FACTOR AMONG NEW WORLD MONKEYS (PLATYRRHINI, PRIMATES)
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe17.2B05)
Ribeiro I.P.¹, Moreira M.Â.M.², Bonvicino C.R.², Pissinatti A.³, Seuánez H.², Tanuri A.¹, Soares M.A.¹
These results show that TRIM5CypA retrotransposition is an exclusive event of the Aotus genus. The dn/ds ratio lower than one suggests that CypA gene is under negative (purifying) selection. The results shown contribute to the better charcaterization of CypA molecular evolution among neotropical monkeys and its potential use as a taxonomic locus.

MoPe17.3B
Regulation of transcription

MoPe17.3B01 HIV-1 TAT IS ALSO A NF-κB ENHANCER SPECIFIC DNA BINDING PROTEIN: ROLE IN VIRAL AND CELLULAR GENE EXPRESSION
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe17.3B01)
Mitra D.¹, Dandekar D.H.², Ganesh K.N.²
Thus interaction of Tat with NF-κB enhancer sequence provides a novel molecular basis not only for TAR independent transactivation of HIV-1 LTR but also points toward the potential mechanism of Tat mediated modulation of a number of cellular genes. This interaction adds a new paradigm to an increasing list of pleiotropic activities of the Tat protein.

MoPe17.3B02 PERTUSSIS TOXIN B-OLIGOMER SUPPRESSES IL-6 INDUCTION OF HIV-1, CCL-2/MCP-1 AND CXCL8/IL-8 EXPRESSION IN U1 CELLS VIA INHIBITION OF AP-1
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe17.3B02)
Poli G.¹, Rizzi C.¹, Crippa M.¹, Berkhout B.², Blasi F.¹, Alfano M.¹
PTX-B suppression of IL-6 induced HIV expression in U1 and U1-CR1 cells is selectively exerted via inhibition of AP-1 and modification of its composition. Inhibition of AP-1 may result in inhibition of HIV spreading also by downregulation of the expression of HIV-inductive chemokines such as CCL-2/MCP-1 and CXCL8/IL-8.

MoPe17.4B
Accessory genes

MoPe17.4B01 HIV-2 INHIBITION BY APOBEC3G IS NOT VERY EFFECTIVE
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe17.4B01)
Ribeiro A.C.¹, Maia e Silva A.¹, Santa-Marta M.², Goncalves J.², Barahona I.¹
Our results indicate that viral inhibition by APOBEC3G is not the sole and most important determinant of antiviral activity against HIV-2.

MoPe17.4B02 INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE SPECIFICITY OF APOBEC MEDIATED ANTI-VIRAL FUNCTIONS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe17.4B02)
Bishop K., Holmes R., Malim M.
Multiple APOBEC proteins are anti-viral. Although they are highly related, they exhibit significantly distinct anti-viral characteristics. APOBEC chimeras reveal the C-terminal deaminase domain determines editing specificity, but chimeric proteins lose their anti-viral effects. Further study of these family members may provide valuable insights into APOBEC-mediated anti-viral mechanisms.

MoPe17.4B03 HIV-1 VPR-INDUCED G2 ARREST AND APOPTOSIS ARE SIGNALED THROUGH A COMMON PATHWWAY THAT NORMALLY SENSES STRESS DURING DNA REPLICATION
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPe17.4B03)
Planelles V., Zimmerman E., Andersen J., Ardon O.
The above results strongly support a model in which HIV-1-induced apoptosis is primarily triggered by Vpr through ATR phosphorylation of BRCA1, and consequent upregulation of GADD45. We also demonstrate that Vpr induces a type of stress that bears the hallmarks of DNA replicational stress: (a) accumulation of replication protein A at discrete sites in the chromatin; and (b) a requirement for ongoing DNA replication.

LATE BREAKER - POSTER EXHIBITIONS
Monday

MoPeLB9.5C01 PREGNANCY IN PERINATALLY HIV-INFECTED (PHI) YOUTH
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPeLB9.5C01)
McConnell M.¹, Clark H.¹, Zorrilla C.², Bardeguez A.³, Wiener L.⁴, Paul M.⁵, Dieudonne A.³, Wood L.V.⁴, Earp M.J.^l, Fowler M.G.¹
The median age for sexual exposure in this population is similar to that of uninfected counterparts. The high unintended pregnancy rate among perinatally infected adolescents highlights the need for effective reproductive health education. Despite the low degree of severe immune suppression observed, few of the participants had undetectable viral load at time of delivery. Increased efforts to decrease MTCT rates in this population are needed. Support services, education, and surveillance of pregnancy outcome in this group should be a priority.

MoPeLB10.1P01 THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HIV AMONG SOUTH AFRICAN PUBLIC SCHOOL EDUCATORS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPeLB10.1P01)
Shisana 0., Peltzer K., Zungu-Dirwayi N', Louw J., Zuma K.
HIV prevalence among South African educators is similar to that of the general population. The risk factors for HIV in this population can be addressed through a targeted theoretically based HIV prevention programme, deploying educators near their families, reducing frequency of absences from home and introducing alcohol workplace prevention.

MoPeLB10.1P02 DETERMINANTS OF AIDS AND DEATH IN HIV POSITIVE PEOPLE IN IRAN, 1986-2005
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPeLB10.1P02)
Pourmalek F.¹, Motamedi M.², Gouya, M.M.², Majdzadeh R.¹, Ghaderi H.³, Beck, E.J.⁴, Shariati, B.³
Surveillance system sensitivity to detect AIDS within HIV(+) is expected to be ~10%. Prevalence of detected H/A in general was 0.015% in 3/2005, but more than 5% in certain higher-risk groups. Iran's H/I epidemic has moved from low-level to concentrated. Although not documenting in-direct causes of death can distort the picture, but certain factors (transfusion-route, province) increased survival.

MoPeLB10.2P01 HOW DO WE GET FROM HIV PREVALENCE TO INCIDENCE?
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPeLB10.2P01)
Makubalu L.E., du Plessis H.
The DOH in partnership with the National Institute for Communicable Diseases, South Africa has explored various cut off points. The DOH has and decided to use 242 days (95% confidence interval between 223 and 262 days). Confidence intervals are calculated using a Poisson assumption and a Bonferroni correction as described by Janssen. This methodological paper describes the work to date and presents the challenges of HIV incidence testing and calculations of incidence rates in South Africa.

MoPeLB10.7P01 CONCEALMENT OF HIV AND UNSAFE SEX WITH STEADY PARTNER IS EXTREMELY INFREQUENT
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPeLB10.7P01)
Spire B.¹, Bouhnik A.-D.¹, Obadia Y.¹, Lert F.²
Concealment of HIV from the steady partner is infrequent. Making deliberate HIV transmission a legal offence would be counterproductive while potentially leading to label any HIV-infected person as a potential criminal.

MoPeLB11.10C01 IMPLEMENTATION OF ART GUIDELINES IN RESOURCE LIMITED COUNTRIES: DO THEY MATCH WITH THE WHO GUIDELINES?
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPeLB11.10C01)
Beck E.¹, Mandalia S.², Vitoria M.¹, Souteyrand Y.¹
Good concordance between country and WHO ART guidelines existed on most items, mainly regarding the initial ART management and 1st line regimens. Findings provide relevant feedback for the WHO ART guidelines, which are in the process of being revised as part of an evolving evidence-based process, which will be regularly updated, taking into consideration the operational and implementation aspects in resource limited countries.

MoPeLB11.2C01 CLUSTER RANDOMIZED TRIAL, COMPARING ANTI RETROVIRAL THERAPY (ART) DELIVERY STRATEGIES IN RESOURCE CONSTRAINED SETTINGS, THE AIDS SUPPORT ORGANIZATION (TASO) JINJA ART DELIVERY TRIAL-TASO,MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL-MRC AND CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL-CDC, UGANDA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPeLB11.2C01)
Balyegisawa A.P.¹, Jaffer S.², Bateganya M.³, Kazibwe C.¹, Balyegisawa A.⁴, Lugada E.⁵, Grosskurth H.⁶, Coutinho A.⁷
a) ART delivery can be handled by a community based organization. b) ART delivery can be handled by an organization with a well developed home care system. c) Disclosure rates are high with the involvement of the medicine companion d) Medicine companions potentially increase adherence.

MoPeLB11.2C02 ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (ART) IN PERU: THE PERUVIAN NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH (PNIH)WORKING FOR A PUBLIC DECENTRALIZED LABORATORY SYSTEM FOR HIV AIDS PATIENTS TREATMENT MONITORING -FIRST YEAR
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPeLB11.2C02)
Caballero P.¹, Valverde A.¹, Suarez V.¹, Romero S.¹, Cardenas F.¹, Salinas G.¹, Calderon J.¹, Yana B.¹, Torres A.¹, Farfan M.¹, Yale G.², Calla L.³, Peralta W.³, Sakuray S.⁴, Bustinza J.⁴, Cornejo H.⁵, Roque M.¹, Campos D.¹, Catacora R.¹
Macroregional model is a good strategy in resource constrained settings to improve access to a national program. Future for this system with new macroregions working and alternative methodologies for monitoring tests are mandatory for next years.

MoPeLB11.7C01 POSITIVE OUTCOMES AT 24 MONTHS OF HAART IN A RESOURCE-POOR SETTING: OBSERVATIONAL COHORT OF 416 HIV TREATED PATIENTS, PHNOM PENH, CAMBODIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPeLB11.7C01)
Ferradini L.¹, Laureillard D.², Prak N.³, Ngeth C.³, Fernandez M.², Puertas G.¹, Spire B.⁴, Taburet A.-M.⁵, Rouzioux C.⁶, Ly N.⁷, Nerrienet E.⁷, Reynes J.-M.⁷, Chanthan S.⁷, Sreng C.Y.³, Balkan S.⁸, Lemasson D.⁸, Quillet C.², Delfraissy J.-F.⁹
Positive results for HAART after 2 years in an observational cohort of severely ill HIV patients are comparable to those obtained in recent clinical trials and strongly support the urgent need of implementing such programmes in resource-poor settings.

MoPeLB11.7C02 HEALTH SYSTEMS CHALLENGES RELATED TO IMPLEMENTING THE COMPREHENSIVE HIV AND AIDS CARE, MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT PROGRAMME IN SOUTH AFRICA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPeLB11.7C02)
Makubalo L., Xundu N.
South Africa is experiencing an epidemiological transition with a triple burden of disease including communicable disease, chronic diseases, and violence and injury related diseases. It is estimated that there are approximately 5.3 million individuals infected with HIV in South Africa.

MoPeLB11.7C03 EVALUATION OF NOVEL E-LEARNING PROGRAM FOR AIDS TREATMENT AND CARE PROVIDERS IN RESOURCE POOR SETTINGS: LONG TERM EFFECTS OF TRAINING
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPeLB11.7C03)
van der Waals F.¹, Pakker N.², Lange J.³, Weaver M.⁴
The HIVeDucation training program increased the clinical capacity of the participants with a lasting effect. Trainees also developed the capacity to present and discuss clinical cases. Broad-based discussions modeled a team approach to HIV/AIDS treatment and care.

MoPeLB14.2B01 HIV-1 GENETIC DIVERSITY AND CLADE INTRODUCTION IN AN ANTENATAL COHORT IN MONTREAL, CANADA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPeLB14.2B01)
Akouamba B.S.¹, Merindol N.¹, Charest H.², Deroy K.¹, Samson J.¹, Lapointe N.¹, Brenner B.G.³, Lalonde R.⁴, Harrigan P.R.⁵, Boucher M.¹, Soudeyns H.¹
These results highlight the rising epidemiological importance of non-B variants in antenatal populations in a large North American urban center, underscore the influence of recent population movements on HIV-1 clade intermixing at the population level and identify a group of subjects that could be preferentially targeted for surveillance of HIV-1 genetic diversity and drug therapy follow-up.

MoPeLB15.1C01 EVALUATION OF THE CD4 ABSOLUTE AND PERCENTAGE ON A NOVEL LOW THROUGHPUT FLOWCYTOMETRY PLATFORM
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPeLB15.1C01)
Branch S.¹, Carmichael K.¹, Marshall S.¹, Sippy N.¹, Abayomi A.²
This platform has proved to be an accurate low throughput platform for the determination of both CD4 and CD4% enumerations. CD4% is the preferred parameter for paediatric treatment and care.

MoPeLB15.1C02 A NEW PROTOCOL TO FOLLOW-UP IMMUNE IMPAIRMENT IN HIV/AIDS-CHILDREN
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. MoPeLB15.1C02)
Göhde W.
The results of conventional flow cytometric protocols correlate well with the new protocol to monitor the CD4% in HIV-infected children. The modified protocol is feasible, precise and accurate in determination of leukocytes, lymphocytes and CD4%. The sample preparation can easily be performed in resource poor settings and in remote areas. It allows to analyse blood from children with a cheap flow cytometer and at reagent costs of only 2.5 € per test.

Tuesday
FORUM • 01

TuFo01
Complications of HIV therapy

TuFo0101 CARDIOVASCULAR RISK OF HIV THERAPY
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuFo0101)
Bruno Caramelli
This is a Power Point presentation. There is no abstract available.

TuFo0102 IMPLICATIONS OF METABOLIC TOXICITY IN RESOURCE-LIMITED SETTINGS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuFo0102)
Elly Katabira
This is a Power Point presentation. There is no abstract available.

TuFo0103 RENAL EFFECTS OF HIV THERAPY
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuFo0103)
Marianne Harris
This is a Power Point presentation. There is no abstract available.

TuFo0105 SHIFT FROM PROTEASE INHIBITOR- TOWARDS NON-NUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR-BASED HAART VERSUS LIPID-LOWERING TREATMENT, FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF HAART-RELATED DYSLIPIDEMIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuFo0105)
Calza L., Manfredi R., Colangeli V., Tampellini L., Sebastiani T., Pocaterra D., Chiodo F.
Pravastatin and bezafibrate proved significantly more effective in the management of HAART-related hyperlipidemia, than the switching therapy from a protease inhibitor-based regimen, toward a nevirapine- or efavirenz-based one. Further studies are needed to elaborate guidelines for pharmacological management of HAART-associated hyperlipidemia.

TuFo0106 CHARACTERIZATION OF ANEMIA IN HIV-INFECTED (HIV+) SUBJECTS TREATED WITH ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (ART) WITH AND WITHOUT ZIDOVUDINE (+/- ZDV) IN 54 CLINICAL TRIALS.
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuFo0106)
Edwards M., Burkle W., Cutrell A., Liao Q., Brothers C., Hernandez J.
The overall incidence of anemia in this cohort was low (1%). Subjects treated with ZDV had a higher incidence of anemia compared to subjects not treated with ZDV. This incidence, however, was low and appeared to be lower when COM/TZV were used.

FORUM • 02

TuFo02
PMTCT toxicity and resistance

TuFo0202 ADVERSE PREGNANCY OUTCOMES IN HIV INFECTED WOMEN TREATED WITH HAART IN ABIDJAN CÔTE d'IVOIRE
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuFo0202)
Tonwe-Gold B., Becquet R., Kone M., Ayekoe I., Viho I., Toure P., Ekouevi D.K., Abrams E.J., Dabis F., Leroy V.
We found a higher rate of low birth weight in HAART treated women compared to women not eligible for HAART treatment, but no difference in stillbirth and neonatal mortality rates. Further larger scale investigations should be performed to assess the risk of HAART on pregnant women in the context of scaling up in low-income countries.

TuFo0203 VIRAL RESISTANCE AND PMTCT ANTIRETROVIRAL REGIMENS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuFo0203)
Christine Rouzioux
Power Point Presentation

TuFo0204 ADDITION OF SHORT COURSE COMBIVIR (CBV) TO SINGLE DOSE VIRAMUNE (SDNVP) FOR THE PREVENTION OF MOTHER TO CHILD TRANSMISSION (PMTCT) OF HIV-1 CAN SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASE THE SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT OF MATERNAL AND PAEDIATRIC NNRTI-RESISTANT VIRUS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuFo0204)
McIntyre J.A.¹, Martinson N., Gray G.E., Hopley M., Kimura T., Robinson P., Mayers D.
SdNVP+CBV can significantly decrease the subsequent development of maternal and paediatric drug resistant HIV-1. The optimal duration of CBV is uncertain and the two sdNVP+CBV arms remain open to accrual.

FORUM • 03

TuFo03
New challenges in HIV co-infections

TuFo0301 MALARIA & HIV CO-INFECTION
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuFo0301)
Jimmy Whitworth
Power Point Presentation.

TuFo0302 IMMUNE RECONSTITUTION DISEASE: CURRENT ISSUES
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuFo0302)
Bill Powderly MD
Power Point Presentation.

TuFo0303 MANAGEMENT OF THE HIV PATIENT CO-INFECTED WITH HBV/HCV WITH END STAGE LIVER DISEASE (ESLD)
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuFo0303)
José M. Miró, MD, PhD
Power Point Presentation.

TuFo0304 CHANGING INFLUENCE OF ART ON OPPORTUNISTIC ILLNESSES (OIS) IN THE UNITED STATES, 1994-2003
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuFo0304)
A.D. McNaghten, Debra L. Hanson, Patrick S. Sullivan
Power Point Presentation.

FORUM • 04

TuFo04
Role of adaptive immunity and viral evolution in vaccine design

TuFo0403 IMMUNE SELECTION OF VIRAL VARIANTS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuFo0403)
Simon Mallal
Power Point Presentation.

ORAL ABSTRACTS • 01

TuOa01
HIV vaccine development trials

TuOa0101 CONTROL OF VIREMIA AFTER ANTIRETROVIRAL TREATMENT AND THERAPEUTIC VACCINATION WITH NOVEL FORMS OF DNA VACCINES IN CHRONICALLY SIVMAC251-INFECTED MACAQUES
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuOa0101)
Felber B.¹, von Gegerfelt A.¹, Rosati M.¹, Alicea C.¹, Roth P.¹, Bear J.¹, Valentin A.¹, Boyer J.², Weiner D.³, Bischofberger N.⁴, Markham P.⁵, Albert P.⁶, Franchini G.⁶, Pavlakis G.¹
The combination of novel forms of DNA vaccines administered during ART treatment induced an immune response able to control viremia after removal of ART. Importantly, animals able to control virus maintained this ability for two years after ART termination. Optimized DNA vectors may be beneficial either alone or in combination with other vaccine modalities as an addition to antiretroviral treatment.

TuOa0102 IMMUNE MODULATION IN HAART-NAÏVE, ASYMPTOMATIC HIV-INFECTED INDIVIDUALS UNDERGOING THERAPEUTIC VACCINATION WITH HIV-1 WHOLE KILLED VACCINE
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuOa0102)
Gori A.¹, Trabattoni D.², Rizzardini G.³, Maserati R.⁴, Schenal M.², Fasano F.², Mazzotta F.⁵, Theofan G.⁶, Bray D.H.⁷, Clerici M.²
Immunotherapy with REMUNE is associated with changes in circulating lymphocytes phenotype and, possibly, with a positive effect on thymic functions. Data from larger cohorts of subjects are required to assess clinical significance of these observations.

TuOa0103 CROSS CLADE CD8+ T CELL RESPONSES IN PRIMARY HIV-1 CLADE B INFECTION
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuOa0103)
Malhotra U.¹, Nolin J.¹, Maenza J.¹, McElrath M.J.¹
Extensive cross-clade T-cell responses exist in primary HIV-1 infection. Surprisingly, responses to both clade-specific and cross-clade peptides were detected with similar sensitivity, despite significantly smaller amino-acid diversity between isolate and clade-specific consensus-sequences compared to cross-clade sequences (3-8% vs. 15-30%). Finally, we conclude that new strategies to augment T-cell epitope coverage provided by consensus sequences, specifically in domains with moderate and high sequence variability, are needed.

TuOa0104 HOST GENETICS, VIRAL SEQUENCE DIVERSITY AND ANTIVIRAL CELLULAR AND HUMORAL IMMUNITY IN HIV-1 CLADE B INFECTED INDIVIDUALS IN PERU
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuOa0104)
Zuniga R.¹, Lucchetti A.¹, Galvan P.¹, Sanchez S.¹, Peinado J.¹, Frahm N.², Linde C.², Hewitt H.², Hildebrand W.H.³, Montefiori D.⁴, Allen T.², Altfeld M.², Walker B.D.², Sanchez J.¹, Brander C.²
Together, this is the first study to combine a detailed assessment of nAb, CTL and Th-cell responses, viral sequence analysis and host genetics to guide HVI vaccine design and highlight the importance of defining these factors for the design of potential vaccine candidates.

TuOa0105 AN EXTREMELY COMMON MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX CLASS I ALLELE IN MAURITIAN CYNOMOLGUS MACAQUES
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuOa0105)
Krebs K., Rudersdorf R., Jin Z., OConnor D.
These studies will lay the foundation for the use of Mauritian Cynomolgus macaques in AIDS vaccine studies that elicit CD8+ T cell responses. The HIV and SIV research communities stand to benefit considerably from the availability and reduced genetic diversity of Mauritian Cynomolgus macaques.

TuOa0107 ASSESSING POTENTIAL CANDIDATES FOR HIV PREVENTION TRIALS IN A VERY POOR AREA OF RIO DE JANEIRO STATE, BRAZIL
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuOa0107)
Velasco de Castro C.¹, Grinsztejn B.², Veloso V.G.², Bastos F.I.³, Pilotto J.H.⁴, Paiva M.², Friedman R.², Moreira R.I.², Morgado M.G.⁵
The high rate of incident infections we found indicates the vulnerability of poor population to HIV/AIDS. It also shows the usefulness of this assay to identify recent HIV infections. In Rio de Janeiro, VCTs attended by very poor population can be an adequate setting for recruitment of potential candidates to HIV prevention and therapeutic trials targeting recently infected individuals.

ORAL ABSTRACTS • 02

TuOa02
New antiretroviral agents

TuOa0201 SMALL MOLECULE HIV ENTRY INHIBITORS TARGETING GP41
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuOa0201)
Jiang S., Lu H., Liu S., Zhao Q., He Y., Debnath A.K.
These potent small molecule anti-HIV-1 compounds may interact with the components in the gp41 heptad repeat regions and block formation of the fusogenic core of six-helix bundle, thereby inhibiting gp41-mediated membrane fusion. These compounds will be used as leads for development of novel anti-HIV drugs, small molecule HIV entry inhibitors targeting gp41.

TuOa0202 IMMUNE THERAPY OF ADVANCED HIV-1 INFECTION BY TRANSDUCED AUTOLOGOUS T HELPER CELLS EXPRESSING A PEPTIDE WHICH INHIBITS VIRAL ENTRY. RESULTS OF A PHASE I PILOT STUDY
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuOa0202)
van Lunzen J.¹, Glaunsinger T.¹, Stahmer I.¹, Kühlcke K.², Schilz A.², Stellbrink H.J.¹, Mayr C.³, Dinauer N.⁴, Alexandrov A.⁴, von Laer D.⁵
This first gene therapeutic approach for HIV infection based on entry inhibition shows promising results. Transduced CD4+ T cells have been transfused safely leading to an increase of circulating CD4+ T cells. This increase in app. 60% of these advanced patients warrant further trials in less immunocompromised cohorts.

TuOa0203 TREATMENT WITH GROWTH HORMONE LEADS TO IMPROVEMENT IN TOTAL AND NAÏVE CD4 LYMPHOCYTE RECOVERY IN HIV-INFECTED SUBJECTS WITH INCOMPLETE IMMUNE RECONSTITUTION ON HAART
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuOa0203)
Smith K.¹, Wang R.², Bosch R.², Margolis D.³, Tenorio A.¹, Pollard R.⁴, Stocker V.⁵, Gross B.⁶, Frances I.⁶, Muurahainen N.⁷, ACTG 5174 Protocol Team A.⁵
Treatment with rGH is associated with significant increases in total and naïve CD4 count compared to HAART alone. Treatment with rGH is associated with an increase in thymus size. This is the first randomized clinical trial to demonstrate immunologic effects of rGH combined with HAART.

TuOa0204 OVERVIEW OF PHASE 1 AND 2A SAFETY AND EFFICACY DATA OF MARAVIROC (UK-427,857)
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuOa0204)
McHale M., Abel S., Russell D., Gallagher J., van der Ryst E.
The development program to date has demonstrated that maraviroc is well tolerated at doses up to and including 300mg BID and that 10 day monotherapy resulted in significant reductions in viral load. These results indicate that further evaluation of maraviroc for the treatment of HIV infection is merited.

TuOa0205 SCH 417690: ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY OF A POTENT NEW CCR5 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuOa0205)
Schuermann D.¹, Pechardscheck C.¹, Rouzier R.², Nougarede R.², Faetkenheuer G.³, Ochlast I.³, Raffi F.⁴, Hoffman C.⁵, Greaves W.⁶, Sansone A.⁶
SCH 417690 demonstrated potent antiviral activity against CCR5-using HIV-1 strains at all doses studied. These findings, along with the marked post-antiviral effect which lasted a number of days after completion of dosing, support further clinical development of SCH 417690.

TuOa0206 ANTIVIRAL SYNERGY BETWEEN THE CCR5 MAB PRO 140 AND SMALL-MOLECULE CCR5 ANTAGONISTS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuOa0206)
Murga J., Olson W., Pevear D.
PRO 140 inhibits HIV-1 entry synergistically with small-molecule CCR5 antagonists and with T-20. The findings support the use of PRO 140 in combination with other HIV-1 entry inhibitors and suggest that PRO 140 represents a distinct CCR5 inhibitor subclass.

ORAL ABSTRACTS • 03

TuOa03
Prevention of mother-to-child transmission worldwide

TuOa0301 HIV-INFECTED PREGNANT WOMEN AND MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION IN EUROPE: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EPIDEMICS IN WESTERN, CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuOa0301)
Thorne C.¹, Patel D.¹, Malyuta R.², Semenenko I.², Newell M.-L.¹, European Collaborative Study T.¹
There is substantial sub-regional variation in the HIV epidemic among pregnant women across Europe. MTCT rates in Western/Central Europe are now extremely low, while in Eastern Europe, rates are somewhat higher due to the use of less effective MTCT prophylaxis and fewer elective CS deliveries.

TuOa0302 CAN WE SCALE UP NATIONAL PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION (PMTCT) PROGRAM IN LOW RESOURCES SETTINGS ?: LESSONS LEARNED AND CHALLENGES FROM CAMEROON'S EXPERIENCE
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuOa0302)
Tsague L.¹, Njom Nlend A.², Zoung-Kanyi Bissek A.¹, Tchendjou P.³, Tejiokem M.³, Tih P.⁴, Tene G.⁵, Eteki N.⁶, Tonye R.⁶, Same Ekobo C.⁷, Engozo'o A.¹, Nokouni M.¹, Koulla S.⁸, Penda I.⁹, Tchendje T.¹⁰, Bella A.¹
The PMTCT program has effectively embarked into the scaling up phase, but some challenges remain: consolidate the existing activities and scaling up the interventions at the district level using the "district approach", Improve into the community awareness and commitment for PMTCT.

TuOa0303 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE ACCEPTANCE OF HIV VOLUNTARY COUNSELLING AND TESTING AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN IN CAMEROON'S PMTCT PROGRAM.
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuOa0303)
Tsague L.¹, Njom Nlend A.², Zoung-Kanyi A.C.¹, Engozo'o A.¹, Nokouni M.¹, Tene G.³, Eteki N.⁴, Penda I.⁵, Same Ekobo C.⁶, Tejioken M.⁷, Tchendjou P.⁷, Tih P.⁸, Bella Hiag A.¹
The number of trained counsellors seems to influence HIVTU in our program more than the cost of HIV testing which is only correlated. Emphasis should be made on increasing the number of well trained cousellors at PMTCT sites to ensure a quality comprehensive PMTCT package and increase the number of pregnant women accepting HIV testing.

TuOa0304 ACCEPTABILITY OF ROUTINE HIV TESTING IN ANTENATAL SERVICES IN ZIMBABWE
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuOa0304)
Perez F.¹, Zvandaziva C.², Engelsmann B.³, Marchand D.¹, Dabis F.¹
Introduction of routine HIV testing in antenatal care is acceptable to most women and would increase uptake of PMTCT services. In Zimbabwe, where 25% of pregnant women are HIV infected, introduction of these strategies would have a far reaching public health impact. Issues regarding, stigma, quality of post-testing counselling and staffing will need to be considered.

TuOa0305 DISCORDANT COUPLES AMONG HIV POSITIVE PREGNANT WOMEN IN PMTCT PROGRAM
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuOa0305)
Vijayakumari J.¹, Rukmani R.¹, Anuradha G.², Jacob M.¹, Srijeyanth P.¹, Samuel N.M.¹
HIV discordant couples where the husbands are negative exist in the rural Indian population. In spite of discordance, the couples live together. Repeated couple counseling is essential for providing psychosocial support and for preventing seroconversion.

TuOa0306 TREATMENT OUTCOMES OF NON-NUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR (NNRTI)-BASED COMBINATION THERAPY IN THAI MTCT-PLUS PATIENTS FOLLOWED UP WITH LOW-COST TOOL: RESULTS AT 12 MONTHS.
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuOa0306)
Phanuphak N., Apornpong T., Teeratakulpisarn S., Phanuphak P.
MTCT-Plus model of care in the setting of developing country, using strong adherence support provided by highly effective teamwork and low-cost follow-up tool, provides very high adherence rate among patients receiving NNRTI-based combination therapy along with significant improvement in CD4 counts over 12 months.

ORAL ABSTRACTS • 04

TuOa04
Sexual transmission

TuOa0401 FEMALE CIRCUMCISION AND HIV INFECTION IN TANZANIA: FOR BETTER OR FOR WORSE?
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuOa0401)
Stallings R.Y.¹, Karugendo E.²
A lowered risk of HIV infection among circumcised women was not attributable to confounding with another risk factor in these data. Anthropological insights on female circumcision as practiced in Tanzania may shed light on this conundrum.

TuOa0402 IMPACT OF MALE CIRCUMCISION ON THE FEMALE-TO-MALE TRANSMISSION OF HIV
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuOa0402)
Auvert B.¹, Puren A.², Taljaard D.³, Lagarde E.⁴, Sitta R.⁴, Tambekou J.⁴
Male circumcision provides a high degree of protection against HIV infection acquisition. Male circumcision is equivalent to a vaccine with a 63% efficacy. The promotion of male circumcision in uncircumcised males will reduce HIV incidence among men and indirectly will protect females and children from HIV infection. Male circumcision must be recognized as an important means to fight the spread of HIV infection and the international community must mobilize to promote it.

TuOa0403 HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS IS ASSOCIATED WITH HIV ACQUISITION: THE EXPLORE STUDY
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuOa0403)
Chin-Hong P.¹, Husnik M.², Benet D.³, Buchbinder S.⁴, Colfax G.⁴, Cranston R.⁵, Da Costa M.¹, Darragh T.¹, Judson F.⁶, Koblin B.⁷, Mayer K.⁸, Vittinghoff E.¹, Palefsky J.¹
Anal HPV and ASC on anal cytology are independently associated with HIV acquisition. Prospective studies that incorporate high-resolution anoscopy for more sensitive visual and histologic identification of AIN are needed to extend these cytologic findings. Identification of HPV and HPV-associated lesions may improve assessment of HIV transmission risk.

TuOa0404 EXPLORING SEXUAL BEHAVIOR OF PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV PRIOR TO HAART: EXPERIENCES FROM THAILAND
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuOa0404)
Oberdorfer A.¹, Chariyalertsak S.², Thapinta D.³, Suwantherangoon J.¹, Guest P.⁴, Wu A.⁵, Sarna A.⁶
Consistent condom use was lower among some specific participants especially those who did not know about the HIV status of their partners as well as those couples who both were HIV positive. Disclosure and consistent condom use should be encouraged among these groups.

TuOa0405 WOMEN SURVIVAL SEX WORKERS IN VANCOUVER'S DOWNTOWN EASTSIDE: A HIDDEN HIV EPIDEMIC
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuOa0405)
Shannon K.¹, Bright V.², Duddy J.³, Oleson M.¹, Gibson K.⁴, Tyndall M.W.⁵
HIV infection among survival sex workers in Vancouver is associated with risky drug use patterns, inconsistent condom use, and early age of initiation into sex work. Given the high levels of mobility along with inconsistent condom use, there is a growing potential for HIV transmission to clients in other parts of the city. With 26% of women already HIV positive, there is an urgent need to expand HIV prevention and care strategies that address the multiple risks faced by these women as well as the serious public health consequences of continued neglect.

TuOa0406 THE FIRST SEXUAL EXPERIENCE OF UNMARRIED MALES IN IBADAN,NIGERIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuOa0406)
Adewole D.A.¹, Lawoyin T.O.²
Family life education should be given before the age of 17 years and certainly before university education when most would have been sexually experienced. Adolescents and youths need to be given skills to resist unplanned SI as condoms are less likely to be used.

POSTER PRESENTATION • 01

TuPp01
HIV-specific cellular immunity

TuPp0101 HIGH DEGREE OF INTER-CLADE CROSS-REACTIVITY OF HIV-1-SPECIFIC T CELL RESPONSES ON THE SINGLE PEPTIDE LEVEL
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPp0101)
Yu X., Lichterfeld M., Perkins B., Chen J., Cheng M., Kang W., Brander C., Walker B., Altfeld M.
Viral epitopes within regions of low HIV-1 clade B diversity and high inter-clade homology can be recognized in the clade A, B and C variants and indicate a wide degree of cross-isolate and cross-clade recognition by HIV-1-specific T cells. These regions may therefore be of particular relevance for the design of HIV-1 vaccines.

TuPp0102 IMMUNODOMINANCE AND CROSS-RECOGNITION OF CD8+ T CELL REPONSES IN HIV-1-INFECTED CHINESE
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPp0102)
Kang W.¹, Yu X.G.², Zhai S.¹, Zhuang Y.¹, Wang S.¹, Li X.¹, Altfeld M.², Wu X.¹, Perkins B.A.², Walker B.D.², Sun Y.¹
These studies indicate that the HIV-1-specific T cell responses cluster in ^Gag and ^Nef proteins, which is in line with previous studies in infected Caucasians and other ethnics. There are cross-recognition of CD8+ T cell responses between HIV-1 clade B and C. More detailed studies are needed to investigate the impact of HLA genetic background and infecting clades on the cellular responses in infected Chinese, however, it is promising to be able to design a vaccine covering the different strains circulating in China.

TuPp0103 DURATION OF HIV EXPOSURE MODULATES THE BREADTH AND THE MAGNITUDE OF HIV-SPECIFIC MEMORY CD4+ T CELLS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPp0103)
Younes S.-A.¹, Trautmann L.², Diab B.Y.², Dumont A.², Kalfayan L.², Kernaleguen A.-E.², Lainesse M.², Boulassel R.³, Routy J.-P.³, Sékaly R.-P.²
Our data indicate that a short or prolonged exposure to high levels of HIV leads to diminishing HIV-specific CD4+ T cell responses. A better understanding of HIV-specific CD4+ T cell responses in early HAART treated patients could contribute to the design of a vaccine against HIV to restaure a memory compartment efficient and stable in time.

TuPp0104 THE LYSISPOT ASSAY REVEALS HIV-SPECIFIC T CELLS CAN LYSE TARGETS WITHOUT SECRETING IFN-γ DIRECTLY EX VIVO, AND THE RELATIVE FREQUENCIES OF IFN-γ SECRETING AND CYTOTOXIC CELLS VARY BOTH AMONGST HIV-SPECIFIC AND IN COMPARISON TO CMV, EBV RESPONSES WITHIN INDIVIDUAL PATIENTS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no.TuPp0104)
Snyder-Cappione J.E., Divekar A.A., Maupin G.M., Jin X., Demeter L.M., Mosmann T.R.
The IFN-γ and cytotoxic effector functions are independently exerted by individual HIV-specific T cells directly ex vivo from chronically infected subjects. Also, comparisons of these two effector functions between HIV-specific T cells and T cells specific for other chronic infections within individual subjects indicate the HIV-specific T cells are not 'pre-terminally differentiated' as previously suggested. Further analysis of the frequencies of directly cytotoxic T cells may be of considerable value in the assessment of disease progression and the efficacy of HIV vaccines.

TuPp0105 EVALUATION OF VIRAL-SPECIFIC CD8 T CELL RESPONSES IN HIV-1+ PATIENTS WITH DIFFERENT EFFECT OF LONG-TERM HAART
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPp0105)
Magaev S.¹, Nikolova M.¹, Kostov K.2, Beshkov D.¹, Varleva T.³, Taskov H.¹
A good response to HAART results in viral load suppression and promotes the functional differentiation of CTL (group A). In contrast, persisting viral replication results in accumulation of intermediately differentiated effectors (group C). The combination of CD4 depletion and viral overload (group B) ends with the exhaustion of the CD8 T cell functional pool and the accumulation of activation-resistant senile cells.

TuPp0106 ROLE OF THE THYMUS IN HIV PATHOGENESIS AND IN IMMUNE RECONSTITUTION
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPp0106)
Grossman Z.¹, Dion M.-L.², Alon H.¹, Routy J.-P.³, Sekaly R.-P.⁴, Cheynier R.⁵
Suppression of thymic production by HIV may contribute to disease progression, contrary to what has recently been suggested by others. Under HAART, the thymus probably contributes to immune reconstitution both numerically and by providing clones with a diverse repertoire.

POSTER PRESENTATION • 02

TuPp02
Strategies to increase VCT uptake

TuPp0201 TAKING IT TO THE STREETS: MOBILE UNITS FOR COUPLES VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPp0201)
Casanova D.¹, Rwanda Zambia HIV Research Group Z.E.H.R.P.²
Successful MU sites depend on the participation of community and political/administrative leaders as well as the type of site. In Kigali, the most successful MU benefited from strong INL involvement and additional leaders at the grassroots level. In Lusaka, bringing services closer to the community through MUs has not been successful. Additional political/administrative and grassroots leaders have not been fully utilized in promoting MUs and these sites may not be far enough away from the fixed site.

TuPp0202 WHAT INFLUENCES COUPLES TO GET TESTED AT COUPLES VCT CENTERS IN KIGALI, RWANDA AND LUSAKA, ZAMBIA.
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPp0202)
Sardar G.¹, Rwanda Zambia HIV Research Group Z.²
The same promotional activities yielded very different results in the two cities. One-on-one contact with an INA is an effective means of promoting CVCT in both Kigali and Lusaka. The hoped for 'snowball effect' only occurred in Kigali, with tested couples referring many friends for CVCT. Radio was also a more effective strategy in Kigali, where there is only one local language. In Lusaka, 5 major language groups and 72 dialects are represented in a large number of radio stations.

TuPp0203 UNDERSTANDING MALE AND FEMALE EXPERIENCE AND NEEDS IN RELATION TO HIV TESTING IN RURAL ZIMBABWE
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPp0203)
SHerr L.¹, Gregson S.², Nyamukapa C.³, Oberzaucher N.⁴, Lopman B.⁵, Mushati P.³, Garnett G.⁵, Chandiwana S.³
This data has implications for strategy, the quality of provision of VCT and a reappraisal of stereotypes in the literature – especially in relation to men.

TuPp0204 HIGH UPTAKE OF VOLUNTARY COUNSELLING AND TESTING (VCT) SERVICES USING THE MOBILE AND HOME-TO-HOME (M&H-H) APPROACHES IN 2 TWO DISTRICTS IN EASTERN UGANDA, THROUGH THE AIDS INFORMATION CENTRE (AIC)
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPp0204)
Murana E., Okello B.N.
Partnerships with local stakeholders and agencies providing care and support services are crucial for sustainability of this service. Capacity building for CORPs is vital.

TuPp0205 CREATING DEMAND FOR VCT: A MULTI-COUNTRY EXAMINATION OF SOCIAL MARKETING PROGRAMS FOR VCT
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPp0205)
Joseph D., Richter K., England S.
Social marketing of VCT using mass media and IPC focusing on the positive benefits and importance of VCT are an effective means of promoting VCT and decreasing stigma around HIV-testing. However, more analysis is needed to assess the best way to promote and deliver cost-effective VCT to high-risk groups in lower-prevalence settings.

TuPp0206 COMPLIMENTARITY OF VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING (VCT) SERVICES AND HIV CARE AND TREATMENT PROGRAMS IN TANZANIA.
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPp0206)
Mduma B., Dulle R., Temu F., Didi A., Ocheng D., Gavyole A.
Rapid HIV testing is now acceptable countrywide, and feasible to many people. This has increased the number of people accessing VCT services and consequently referred to among others, care and treatment services.

POSTER PRESENTATION • 03

TuPp03
HIV drug resistance around the world

TuPp0301 PATTERNS OF HIV-1 GENOTYPIC ANTIRETROVIRAL RESISTANCE IN CLINICAL PRACTICE: A SURVEY OF THE BRAZILIAN NETWORK FOR GENOTYPIC RESISTANCE
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPp0301)
Munerato P.¹, Andreo S.M.¹, Sucupira M.C.¹, Mamede S.², Mota G.¹, Sá Filho D.¹, Cavalieri E.¹, Arakaki D.², Marins J.R.P.², Diaz R.S.¹
We found high prevalence of TAM. Almost half of patients failing Nelfinavir had limited chances of salvage by other PI. Resistance to Nelfinavir in non-B strains most frequently related to other mutations than 30N or 90M. The genotypic patterns of resistance between clades B and F are distinct in protease, revealing a poor understanding of resistance correlates in F strains.

TuPp0302 HIV-1 DRUG RESISTANCE IN CHINA: NATION-WIDE SURVEY AND ANALYSIS OF IMPACTING FACTORS IN THE NATIONAL ARV TREATMENT PROGRAM
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPp0302)
Xing H.¹, Jiang S.¹, Si X.¹, Cheng H.¹, Shang H.², Li J.³, Kang L.⁴, Zhong P.⁴4, Shao Y.¹
The frequency of HIV DR-related mutation is very low in drug naïve HIV-1 infected subjects in China. The regimens of AZT/3TC/NVP and D4T/DDI/EFV are better than AZT/DDI/NVP and D4T/DDI/NVP measured by viral control and inhibition of HIV DR-related mutations. The emergence of DR-related mutation was the cause of ART treatment failure.

TuPp0303 THE PRESENCE OF A SINGLE CANONICAL NNRTI RESISTANCE MUTATION IN NAÏVE HIV-1 INFECTED PATIENTS REDUCES THE PROPORTION ACHIEVING VIROLOGICAL SUCCESS WHEN STARTING NNRTI-BASED REGIMENS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPp0303)
Price H., Jones R., Mandalia S., Bower M., Nelson M., Gazzard B.
More than half the patients treated with NNRTI regimens responded despite pre-existing resistance although response to a PI containing regimen was better.

TuPp0304 HIV-PROVIRAL DNA AND PLASMA-RNA SEQUENCING FOR DETECTION OF DRUG RESISTANCE MUTATIONS IN ANTIRETROVIRAL NAÏVE PATIENTS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPp0304)
Parisi S.G.¹, Mazzi R.², Zazzi M.³, Manfrin V.⁴, Nicolini G.⁵, Carolo G.⁶, Boldrin C.¹, Franchin E.¹, Dal Bello F.¹, Gatti F.², Palù G.¹
We found drug resistance in 21 out of 60 naïve-pts (35%), but only in 6 Copts and 9 Dipts (25%) this resistance was at least partially evident with conventional PL-analysis. A substantially different virus was found in PBMCs of 10 Dipts, revealing a dual infection, a recent superinfection or a reversion of an originally infecting resistant virus, with the storage of the less fit variant, still detectable as transient prevalent population in the PBMC-archive. We suggest that PBMCs analysis is useful in naïve pts to detect stored resistant variants that may compromise future therapy options.

TuPp0305 LACK OF RESISTANCE TO TENOFOVIR AT WEEK 48 AND IMPACT OF BASELINE RESISTANCE MUTATIONS ON TREATMENT RESPONSE IN STUDY 934
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPp0305)
McColl D., Margot N., Lu B., Cheng A., Miller M.
Resistance development occurred less frequently in the TDF/FTC arm of study 934 compared to the CBV arm (3.7% versus 7%, mITT). Fewer pts on TDF/FTC developed M184V and no pt developed K65R through 48 weeks. A significantly greater proportion of pts with BL NNRTI-R met RA criteria and then developed further NNRTI-R and/or M184V. The effectiveness in ART-naïve HIV patients of combination regimens including an NNRTI would be improved by the use of genotyping prior to starting therapy.

TuPp0306 HIGH RATE OF VIROLOGICAL FAILURE DURING ONCE DAILY THERAPY WITH TENOFOVIR + DIDANOSINE 250MG + EFAVIRENZ IN ANTIRETROVIRAL NAÏVE PATIENTS – RESULTS OF THE 12 WEEK INTERIM ANALYSIS OF THE TEDDI TRIAL
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPp0306)
van Lunzen J.¹, Schewe K.², Kuhlmann B.³, Hoffmann C.⁴, Stoll M.⁵, Dellamonica P.⁶, Prazuck T.⁷, Benech H.⁸, Taburet A.M.⁹, Delfraissy J.F.⁹
OD TDF/ddI/EFV was safe and led to a strong CD4 cell recovery. However, an unexpected high rate of virological failure was observed in patients with high BL viral loads and low CD4 counts. Thus this regimen should not be recommended in these patients.

POSTER PRESENTATION • 04
TuPp04 -

TuPp04
Understanding prevention of mother-to-child transmission

TuPp0401 PREGNANCY OUTCOMES IN HIV-INFECTED AND UNINFECTED WOMEN IN URBAN AND RURAL SOUTH AFRICA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPp0401)
Rollins N.¹, Coovadia H.², van den Broeck J.³, Bland R.³, Bennish M.³, Newell M.L.⁴, for the Vertical Transmission Study ³
Maternal HIV infection is associated with an increased risk of miscarriages, stillbirths but not neonatal mortality. HIV-exposed infants were lighter and more likely of low birth weight. Optimising antenatal care of HIV-infected women including appropriate antiretroviral drugs may reduce early fetal losses and improve birthweight in their offspring.

TuPp0402 NEVIRAPINE CONCENTRATION IN CERVICO-VAGINAL AND OROPHARYNGEAL SECRETIONS IN A MOTHER-CHILD COHORT IN UGANDA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPp0402)
Kunz A.¹, Karcher H.¹, Mayer A.¹, Simo S.¹, Mugenyi K.², Kurowski M.³, Stocker H.³, Mashate S.², Harms G.¹
Cervico-vaginal and oropharyngeal secretions contained high concentrations of nevirapine after single dose application to the mother. Nevirapine levels in these body compartments may contribute to the protective effect of the drug towards HIV mother to child transmission.

TuPp0403 HIV DRUG RESISTANCE AMONG WOMEN USING PROPHYLACTIC ANTIRETROVIRALS DURING PREGNANCY: A POST-PARTUM ANALYSIS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPp0403)
Kakehasi F., Aleixo A., Cleto S., Lin E., Melo V.H., Peret F., Romanelli R., Teatinni M.d.C., Pinto J.
In this group of women the exposure to ARTs during pregnancy was very efficient to block MTCT with a low level of drug resistance mutation. The finding of low ART resistance rates is probably associated with the low viral load achieved observed in these women.

TuPp0404 ROUTINE USE OF COMBINED ZIDOVUDINE AND NEVIRAPINE REGIMEN IN MTCT-PLUS PROGRAM
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPp0404)
Marcy O.¹, Mafoua A.², Halembokaka G.², Tran-Minh T.¹, Courpotin C.¹, Lingouala G.³, Adam G.¹, Mattei J.-F.¹
In routine MTCT program, combined ZDV NVP regimen proves to be feasible and effective in reducing MTCT but efficacy is impaired by low adherence to one of the stages. Adherence support through counseling and education should be emphasized even when using short course MTCT regimen.

TuPp0405 TIMING OF MATERNAL AND INFANT NEVIRAPINE AND THE RISK OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION OF HIV-1: HIVNET 024
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPp0405)
Chi B.H.¹, Wang L.², Read J.S.³, Sheriff M.⁴, Fiscus S.⁵, Brown E.⁶, Valentine M.⁷, Adeniyi-Jones S.⁸, Goldenberg R.L.⁹
Variations in the timing of maternal and infant NVP doses (within reasonable proximity to delivery) do not appear to affect the risk of MTCT.

TuPp0406 THE EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF CESAREAN DELIVERY FOR PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION OF HIV-1: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW (COCHRANE COLLABORATION)
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPp0406)
Read J.¹, Newell M.-L.²
ECS is an efficacious intervention for the prevention of MTCT. The risk of PPM with ECS is higher than that associated with vaginal delivery, yet lower than with NECS. Among HIV-1-infected women, more advanced maternal HIV-1 disease stage and concomitant medical conditions (e.g., diabetes) are independent risk factors for PPM.

POSTER EXHIBIT

TuPe1.1C
Hepatitis viruses

TuPe1.1C01 EFFICACY OF ACUTE HCV TREATMENT WITH PEG-INTERFERON α-2B AND RIBAVIRIN IN HIV INFECTED PATIENTS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPe1.1C01)
Kruk A.
After 24 weeks of acute HCV treatment with peg-interferon alfa-2b and ribavirin 15 (88%) of treated patients were HCV RNA negative. Peg-interferon and ribavirin show good antiviral efficacy in HIV/HCV co-infected patients. Discontinuation rate is low, but depression is a major problem in this cohort with a high proportion of drug users.

TuPe1.1C02 SOCIAL CORRELATES OF CO-INFECTION WITH HIV AND HEPATITIS C
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPe1.1C02)
Grierson J.¹, Pitts M.¹, Thorpe R.¹, O'Brien M.²
While many aspects of living with HIV are shared regardless of hepatitis C status, some issues are likely to affect co-infected PLWHA more than their peers. This has important implications for responses by community organisations (both HIV specific and hepatitis specific) and for those involved in clinical and health management.

TuPe1.1C03 SAFETY OF A FOSAMPRENAVIR/RITONAVIR (FPV/R) CONTAINING REGIMEN OVER 120 WEEKS IN HIV-1 INFECTED THERAPY-NAÏVE ADULTS WITH OR WITHOUT HEPATITIS B (HBV) AND/OR C (HCV) CO-INFECTION
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPe1.1C03)
DeJesus E.¹, Gladysz A.², Vera J.³, Pulido F.⁴, Carosi G.⁵, Garris C.⁶, Givens N.⁷, Yeo J.⁷, Felton M.⁷
• Subjects in both the co-infected and non co-infected groups who completed at least 120 weeks had a median decrease in ALT and AST. • Incidence of AEs was comparable between co-infected subjects and those without co-infection. • In co-infected subjects, minimal additional liver toxicity was observed with longer term FPV/r QD therapy.

TuPe1.1C04 THE PREVALENCE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF GBV-C VIRUS INFECTION IN HIV-INFECTED KENYAN MOTHERS AND THEIR INFANTS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPe1.1C04)
Low A., Essajee S.
Contrary to a recent study in Tanzania, this demonstrates a trend towards a decrease in vertical transmission of HIV in GBV-C co-infected mothers in Kenya. A larger cohort is currently being studied to see if this phenomenon is duplicated. In addition, this group will be followed for a four year period to investigate the outcome of GBV-C/HIV co-infection over time.

TuPe1.1C05 EFFECT OF HEPATITIS C INFECTION ON IMMUNOLOGIC AND VIROLOGIC RESPONSE AMONG PERSONS WITH HIV INFECTION INITIATING HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (HAART)
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPe1.1C05)
Sullivan P.¹, Hanson D.¹, Teshale E.¹, Wotring L.²
In our cohort, prevalent HCV infection was not associated with attenuated virologic or immunologic response after HAART initiation, except among persons with previously diagnosed alcoholism. Although HCV infection may adversely impact progression of HIV disease, it does not appear to lessen response to HAART in the first year after initiation. Understanding durability of VL suppression and long term trends in CD4 for those with HCV is important.

TuPe1.1C06 IMPACT OF LAMIVUDINE (3TC) ON THE RISK OF LIVER RELATED DEATH (LRD) IN 2,041 HBSAG AND HIV-POSITIVE INDIVIDUALS. RESULTS OF AN INTERCOHORT ANALYSIS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPe1.1C06)
Puoti M.¹, Cozzi-Lepri A.², Paraninfo G.³, Lundgren J.⁴, Rickenbach M.⁵, Suarez-Lozano I.⁶, Winnock M.⁷, Gervais A.⁸, Gill J.⁹, Rockstroh J.¹⁰, Mussini C.¹¹, Castagna A.¹², De Luca A.¹³, d'Arminio Monforte A.¹⁴
The use of 3TC was associated with a reduced risk of LRD over a median of 4 yrs. Data need to be re-assessed after longer follow-up to verify if this effect is retained in spite of the development of YMDD mutations.

TuPe1.1C07 IS FIRST LINE COMBINATION THERAPY OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS B WITH TENOFOVIR PLUS LAMIVUDINE SUPERIOR TO SEQUENTIAL THERAPY WITH TENOFOVIR AFTER RESISTANCE TO LAMIVUDINE IN HBV/HIV-COINFECTION?
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPe1.1C07)
Mauss S.¹, Nelson M.², Lutz T.³, Sheldon J.⁴, Bruno R.⁵, van Boemmel F.⁶, Rockstroh J.⁷, Stoehr A.⁸, Soriano V.⁴, Berger F.¹, Berg T.⁶, Carlebach A.³, Schwarze-Zander C.⁷, Wunsche T.⁶, Schmutz G.¹
In this cohort of HBV/HIV-coinfected individuals, strong HBV-DNA suppression was achieved in the majority of patients independent of treatment allocation. In addition HBe- and HBs-antigen loss was not different in both arms. TDF after the occurrence of 3TC-resistance was as effective as 3TC+TDF in coinfected patients with highly replicative HBV-infection. Longer follow-up will be needed to compare the durability of the viral suppression in both arms.

TuPe1.1C08 CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND OUTCOME OF DECOMPENSATED LIVER CIRRHOSIS IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPe1.1C08)
Euba G., Shaw E., Castellote J.1, Xiol X., Podzamczer D., Santin M.
Decompensated liver cirrhosis implies a poor prognosis in HIV-infected pts. In the HAART era, mortality of HIV-cirrhotic pts is mostly related to liver disease. Due to the short survival after decompensation occurs, liver transplantation should be considered as soon as possible in these pts.

TuPe1.1C09 HEPATITIS C INFECTION IS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH SYSTEMIC HIV-ASSOCIATED NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA: A COHORT STUDY
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPe1.1C09)
Waters L., Stebbing J., Mandalia S., Young A.-M., Nelson M., Gazzard B., Bower M.
In this immunocompromised patient population, there was no association between HCV infection and an increased risk of lymphoma.

TuPe1.1C10 IS THE TREATMENT OF ACUTE HEPATITIS C IN HIV POSITIVE INDIVIDUALS EFFECTIVE?
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPe1.1C10)
Nelson M., Gilleece Y., Browne R., Asboe D., Atkins M., Mandalia S., Bower M., Gazzard B.
SVR rates in HIV positive patients treated acutely for hepatitis C are lower than in HIV negative subjects. A high percentage of individuals seroconvert spontaneously.

TuPe1.1C11 THE CORRELATION BETWEEN HCV AND HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION AMONG HIV POSITIVE AND HIV NEGATIVE PATIENTS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPe1.1C11)
Kowalska J.D., Podlasin R.B.
The statistically proven correlations, between HCV and HpI among HIV+ and HIV(-) patients, were of weak strength. That is why no conclusions of clinical outcome should be made on this basis. As there are no other data about HpI prevalence in HIV/HCV co-infected patients it seems that we need more studies in this area. Frequent use of proton pomp inhibitors among patients with GI disorders may lead to serious drug-to-drug interactions, especially with ARV therapy. Thus evaluating the HpI status, among the high risk group of HCVAb(+) patients, by routine check-up of symptomatic ones and consequent eradication of H.pylori should be considered.

TuPe1.1C12 PREVALENCE OF HIV, HEPATITIS B AND C VIRUSES IN HIGH RISK POPULATION IN ST. PETERSBURG, RUSSIA
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPe1.1C12)
Lioznov D., Nikolaenko S., Sabadash N., Antonova T., Belayeva T.
These data indicate that hepatitis C is the most frequent pathogen in this high-risk population. High prevalence of coinfection among subjects and there social status impede access to lifesaving treatment and/or limit its effectiveness. There is need in effective prevention and care programs for this population.

TuPe1.1C13 THE DIFFICULTIES OF INVESTIGATING THE ROLE OF HCV COINFECTION ON SURVIVAL AND RESPONSE TO HAART
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPe1.1C13)
Bhaskaran K.
We found no evidence of an independent effect of HCV on time to viral load suppression. However, it is possible that HCV-positive status contributes to the longer time to viral suppression in IDUs. It is difficult to separate these effects, given the high prevalence of HCV in IDUs. Natural history studies must tackle the problem that those tested for HCV in the pre-HAART era may be an extremely selected group with better prognosis.

TuPe1.1C14 LIVER ENZYME ELEVATION AFTER SINGE PI VS. BOOSTED PI VS. NNRTI-BASED HAART IN A COHORT OF 1038 HCV/HIV CO-INFECTED PATIENTS: RESULTS OF THE MASTER-EPOKA-A COHORT
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPe1.1C14)
Torti C.¹, Lapadula G.¹, Casari S.¹, Puoti M.¹, Quiros-Roldan E.¹, Bella D.¹, Pastore G.², Ladisa N.², Minoli L.³, Sotgiu G.³, Mazzotta F.⁴, Lo Caputo S.⁴, Bonora S.⁵, Filice G.³, Carosi G.¹
Higher risk of hepatotoxicity and different pattern of risk factors appeared in N compared to E patients. Single or multiple PI-based regimens were not associated with risk of hepatotoxicity either in N or E groups. A cautious approach and strict monitoring should be applied in HIV/HCV E patients with a previous hepatotoxicity, higher baseline ALT and prescribed NNRTI-containing regimens, who have an high risk of liver toxicity.

TuPe1.1C15 STRATIFICATION OF RISK FOR MORTALITY BY BASELINE CD4 CELL COUNTS IN HEPATITIS C POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE INDIVIDUALS INITIATING HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (HAART)
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPe1.1C15)
Moore D., Braitstein P., Yip B., Montaner J., Hogg R.
Baseline CD4 strata which are associated with increased non-accidental mortality appear to be similar for HCV negative and HCV positive receiving HAART, suggesting no benefit to earlier treatment of HCV positive individuals.

TuPe1.1C16 SAFETY OF ABACAVIR (ABC)+LAMIVUDINE (3TC)-BASED HAART IN ART-NAÏVE HIV-INFECTED SUBJECTS WITH AND WITHOUT HEPATITIS B (HBV) AND/OR HEPATITIS C (HCV) CO-INFECTION
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPe1.1C16)
Zhao H., Hernandez J., Cutrell A., Givens N., Wakeford J., Scott T.
In subjects treated with ABC+3TC based HAART, there was no significant difference in the incidence and/or type of AEs, grade 2-4 AEs or treatment emergent AEs, regardless of whether subjects were HBV and/or HCV co-infected or not. In addition, the incidence of specific adverse events in co-infected subjects did not differ between subjects taking ABC QD and those taking ABC BID.

TuPe1.1C17 HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN 40 HIV/HCV-COINFECTED VERSUS 50 HCV-MONOINFECTED PATIENTS. NORTH AMERICAN HCC IN HIV STUDY GROUP
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPe1.1C17)
Bräu N.¹, Xiao P.², Naqvi Z.³, Taylor L.E.⁴, Sulkowski M.S.⁵, Sherman M.⁶, Trikha A.¹, Rigsby M.O.⁷, Martyn C.³, Dieterich D.T.⁸, Wright T.L.⁹, Brown S.T.¹, Bini E.J.¹⁰
HIV/HCV-coinfected patients develop HCC at a younger age than HCV-monoinfected patients due to a shorter interval from HCV infection to HCC. In contrast to the European study, we did not find a difference in survival between HIV/HCV and HCV patients.

TuPe1.1C18 EFFECT OF HIV CO-INFECTION ON SPONTANEOUS CLEARANCE OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) IN THE DOWNTOWN EASTSIDE OF VANCOUVER
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPe1.1C18)
Grebely J.¹, Conway B.¹, Raffa J.², Lai C.³, Krajden M.⁴, Kerr T.³, Wood E.³, Tyndall M.³
In this large community cohort, the prevalence of HCV and HIV/HCV co-infection were high at 63.5% and 18.5%, respectively. Co-infection with HIV and male gender decreases the likelihood of spontaneous clearance of HCV, while the presence of previous co-infection with HBV increases its likelihood.

TuPe1.1C19 IMPACT OF SAFETY EVENTS ON SUSTAINED VIROLOGICAL RESPONSE (SVR) IN PATIENTS WITH HIV-HCV CO-INFECTION ENROLLED IN THE AIDS PEGASYS RIBAVIRIN INTERNATIONAL CO-INFECTION TRIAL (APRICOT)
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPe1.1C19)
Sulkowski M.¹, Pérez-Guzmán E.², Moreno S.³, Marinos G.⁴, Dieterich D.T.⁵, Clumeck N.⁶, Opravil M.⁷
If AEs can be prevented or treated without the need for premature withdrawal, it may be possible to improve SVR rates.

TuPe1.1C20 EFFECT OF HIV INFECTION ON LIVER ENZYMES OF HCV INFECTED PATIENTS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPe1.1C20)
Langohr K., Sanvisens A., Santesmases J., Tor J., Rey-Joly C., Muga R.
In individuals with chronic hepatitis C, HIV infection modifies the predictors of liver enzyme elevations.

TuPe1.1C21 HISTOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO PEGINTERFERON α-2A (40KD) (PEGASYS®) PLUS RIBAVIRIN (COPEGUS®) IN HIV-HCV CO-INFECTED PATIENTS WITH BRIDGING FIBROSIS OR CIRRHOSIS IN THE AIDS PEGASYS RIBAVIRIN INTERNATIONAL CO-INFECTION TRIAL (APRICOT)
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPe1.1C21)
Lissen E.¹, Clumeck N.², Sola R.³, Mendes-Correa M.⁴, Montaner J.⁵, Nelson M.⁶, Sette Jr. H.⁷, Buggisch P.⁸, Main J.⁹, DePamphilis J.¹⁰, Dieterich D.T.¹¹
Consistent with the overall population, HR was greatest in patients with bridging fibrosis/cirrhosis who received PEGASYS® plus COPEGUS®. Thus, even in patients with advanced liver disease, fibrosis and HAI inflammation scores can be improved with PEGASYS® plus COPEGUS®.

TuPe1.1C22 HEPATOTOXICITY OF LOPINAVIR/RITONAVIR (LPV/R) BASED REGIMENS IN PATIENTS ATTENDING A HIV/HEPATITIS C/B CO-INFECTION CLINIC IN MIAMI
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPe1.1C22)
Moreno J., Zambrano J., Jayaweera D.
In this cohort of patients infected with HCV, HBV or both, no hepatotoxicity was seen, irrespective of the HAART regimen used. There was no difference in hepatotoxicity.

TuPe1.1C23 EFFICACY OF PEGINTERFERON ALFA-2A (40KD) (PEGASYS®) PLUS RIBAVIRIN (COPEGUS®) IN PATIENTS WITH HCV GENOTYPE 4 INFECTION IN THE AIDS PEGASYS® RIBAVIRIN INTERNATIONAL CO-INFECTION TRIAL (APRICOT)
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPe1.1C23)
Soriano V.¹, Mendes-Correa M.C.², Gonçales Jr. F.L.³, Torriani F.J.⁴, Dieterich D.T.⁵, Cahn P.⁶, Findor J.A.⁷, Cassetti I.⁸, Sette Jr. H.⁹
Although the number of patients in APRICOT with genotype 4 was small, a 38% SVR rate in genotype 4 patients reflects the overall virological response rates in APRICOT (40%) for patients treated with PEGASYS®/COPEGUS®. This 38% SVR rate in genotype 4 patients treated with PEGASYS®/COPEGUS® is higher than that achieved in patients treated with genotype 1 infection.

TuPe1.1C24 RISK FACTORS FOR DECOMPENSATED CIRRHOSIS AND ASSOCIATED MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN I.CO.N.A.
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPe1.1C24)
Cicconi P.¹, Puoti M.², Cozzi Lepri A.³, Cosco L.⁴, Morsica G.⁵, Santantonio T.⁶, Ancarani F.⁷, Cargnel A.⁸, d'Arminio Monforte A.¹
DC incidence in I.Co.N.A. is constant over calendar year and is affected by IDU and age. HAART doesn't influence DC incidence. DC-patients spend more time in hospital but the length of each stay is comparable to non-cirrhotics. DC-patients have an 8.5-fold increase in the risk of death and their survival is very poor.

TuPe1.1C25 EFFECT OF RITONAVIR-BOOSTED ATAZANAVIR (ATV/R) IN EXPERIENCED HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS REGARDING CHRONIC HEPATITIS B/C STATUS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPe1.1C25)
Perez-Elias M.J.¹, Gatell J.M.², Flores J.³, Santos J.⁴, Vera F.J.⁵, Clotet B.⁶, Moreno A.¹, Vendrell B.⁷, Perez-Molina J.A.⁷, Alvarez C.⁷, Ledesma E.⁸, Serrano O.⁷
In this relatively large cohort, ATV/r-containing HAART in co-infected patients was not associated with worsening liver function tests (including transaminases and bilirubin) vs non-co-infected patients. Virologic failure was uncommon in both groups. Therefore, ATV/r was a generally safe and well tolerated treatment option in patients with HBV and/or HCV co-infection.

TuPe1.1C26 DIFFERENTIAL INFLUENCE OF THE DIFFERENT HEPATITIS VIRUSES ON QUALITY OF LIFE (QOL) IN HIV INFECTED INDIVIDUALS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPe1.1C26)
Tillmann H.L.¹, Kaiser T.¹, Heiken H.², Schmidt R.E.², Stoll M.², Manns M.P.²
While HBV seems to play no role concerning QOL in HIV-infected patients, the falvi-viruses HCV and GBV-C differentially influence QoL. Thus maintenance of GBV-C viremia in HIV-infected patients may be beneficial for improved QoOL.

TuPe1.1C27 INFLUENCE OF HTLV-2 INFECTION ON HEPATITIS C VIRUS REPLICATION IN HIV-POSITIVE PATIENTS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPe1.1C27)
Toro C., Bassani S., Ríos P., Jiménez V., Camino N., Soriano V.
Although HTLV-2 infection is frequently found in coinfection with HIV and HCV, our data suggest that it will not influence the rate of natural clearance of HCV in this population. HIV rather than HTLV-2 is the main cause for the lower HCV spontaneous clearance and higher HCV-RNA level noticed in patients with triple HCV, HTLV-2 and HIV infection.

TuPe1.1C28 HCV CO-INFECTION AMONG HIV-1 INFECTED PERSONS IN AN ARGENTINEAN PROVINCE: DISTRIBUTION OF HCV-GENOTYPE IN DIFFERENT RISK GROUPS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPe1.1C28)
Fay F.¹, Campodonico M.¹, Benetti S.¹, Lejona S.¹, Bortolozzi R.², Gambino P.³, Amin M.⁴, Fay O.⁵
Observed global HCV co-infection prevalence among HIV-1 infected people in Santa Fe was 48% (95% CI: [41.7;54.3]). HCV replication was observed in 87.5% (95% CI: [81.6;93.4]) of co-infected patients without significant difference among risk groups (p>0.05). Genotype 1 was prevalent (72% [63.4;80.6]) despite risk group (p>0.05). Anti-HCV(-) with HCV-RNA(+) observed in 15% of co-infected patients emphasizes the importance of using PCR as HCV screening tool in HIV-1 infected patients.

TuPe1.1C29 THE RELATIVE ROLE OF HCV-COINFECTION, ADHERENCE TO ANTIRETROVIRALS AND PLASMA DRUG LEVELS ON THE INCIDENCE OF ALT ELEVATION DURING HAART
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPe1.1C29)
Ammassari A.¹, Cozzi-lepri A.², Trotta M.P.³, Bonora S.⁴, Marconi P.³, Repetto D.⁵, Nasta P.⁶, Di Perri G.⁴, d'Arminio Monforte A.⁵, Antinori A.³
HCV co-infection and longer duration of ART, rather than use of specific drugs, seem to be associated with an increased risk of ALT elevation. These associations could not be explained by differences in adherence behaviour or antiretroviral levels.

TuPe1.1C30 ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY AND THE DETECTABILITY OF HCV RNA IN A POPULATION-BASED COHORT OF HIV-INFECTED ADULTS INITIATING HIV TREATMENT
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPe1.1C30)
Braitstein P.¹, Krajden M.², Sherlock C.³, Yip B.⁴, Galli R.⁴, Harrigan P.R.³, Schechter M.T.³, Montaner J.S.G.⁴, Hogg R.S.⁴
There is a very high prevalence of HCV-positive Ab (51%) in this population-based cohort of HIV-infected individuals, and a high prevalence of Ab+/RNA- discordance (25%). Our study suggests some individuals with undetectable HCV RNA at baseline may develop detectable HCV RNA post-ART initiation.

TuPe1.1C31 OCCULT HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION IN A COHORT OF HIV INFECTED PATIENTS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPe1.1C31)
Marino N.¹, Lo Caputo S.¹, Pierotti P.¹, Blé C.¹, Riccardi M.P.², Trezzi M.², Toti M.², De Gennaro M.³, Scasso A.³, Vivarelli A.⁴, Dionisio D.⁴, Mazzotta F.¹
Occult HBV infection is frequent in HIV-infected patients; HBV-DNA was positive in 14,3% of anti-HBc + patients, but longitudinal evaluation of HBV-DNA is necessary for correct diagnosis of occult HBV infection.

TuPe1.1C32 REDUCTION IN LIVER-RELATED HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS AND DEATHS IN HIV+ PATIENTS SINCE YEAR 2001
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPe1.1C32)
Sanchez-Somolinos M.¹, Martin-Carbonero L.¹, Valencia M.E.¹, Samaniego J.¹, Romero M.¹, Nuñez M.J.², González-Lahoz J.¹, Soriano V.¹
Overall, liver-related complications currently are the 2nd cause of hospital admission for HIV+ patients, following bacterial respiratory infections and preceding tuberculosis. Chronic hepatitis C is by far involved in most cases of CVLD in our series. Liver-related deaths increased from 9% (5/54) in 1996 to 53% (9/17) in 2001, but steadily declined since then, being of 23% (4/17) in 2004. The rate of liver-related hospital admissions and deaths among HIV+ patients peaked in year 2001, and have steadily declined since then.

TuPe1.1C33 HIV/HCV AND HIV/HBV CO-INFECTIONS PREVALENCE IN A COHORT OF ROMANIAN ADULT PATIENTS
IAS Conf HIV Pathog Treat 2005 Jul 24-27;3rd:(abstract no. TuPe1.1C33)
Benea E., Popescu G.-A., Popescu C., Badea G., Ivan M., Gavriliu L.C.
The prevalence of HIV/HCV co-infection is very low compared with European Western countries, associated with the low level of intravenous drug HIV-acquired infection in Romania. The situation of HIV/HBV is opposite: high level, similar with other Southern European countries. The raised level of HIV/HBV co-infection in patients born between 1981-1990 could be correlated with some gaps in infection-control practices in the last years of communist period in Romania (1985-1990).