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8th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic InfectionsChicago, IL - February 4 -February 8, 2001 |
Cite as: Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect. 2001 Feb 4-8;8th:Abstract No. xx
| Session 1 — Opening Session |
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| L1 | BERNARD FIELDS MEMORIAL LECTURE: AVOIDANCE OF ANTIBODY RECOGNITION BY SIV- AND HIV-ENCODED ENVELOPE PROTEINS Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:279 (abstract no. L1) Desrosiers R Our results indicate that a variety of mutational changes can impart neutralization sensitivity and that these changes result in more effective immunological control. These results are important at a fundamental level for better understanding of how immune evasion strategies contribute to pathogenesis. |
| L2 | KEYNOTE LECTURE: HETEROGENEITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH IN THE GLOBAL HIV/AIDS EPIDEMIC Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:279 (abstract no. L2) DeCock K The global response to HIV/AIDS has to accommodate recent biomedical developments such as interventions to prevent mother-to-child transmission, HIV testing technologies, and antiretroviral therapy, as well as epidemiologic trends such as behavioral changes in men who have sex with men and the disproportionate impact of HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. If we are to influence the course of the international epidemic and exploit recent technical advances, greater investment will be required in public health and public health infrastructure whose importance have been underemphasized in the necessary multisectoral approach. |
| L3 | KEYNOTE LECTURE: FROM TALK TO ACTION IN FIGHTING AIDS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:279 (abstract no. L3) Sachs JD The total level of donor support necessary to introduce such a comprehensive effort may be estimated at around $7.5 - $10 billion per year. This would permit millions of people in the very poorest countries to receive HAART, and would also finance the scaling up of other needed interventions. It would be readily affordable by the high-income countries, as it would constitute less than 0.05% of gross national product of these countries (now close to $24 trillion annually). |
| Session 2 — State-of-the-Art Lecture Closing the Door on HIV Entry |
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| L4 | CLOSING THE DOOR ON HIV ENTRY Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:280 (abstract no. L4) Doms R Details of the entry process suggest that the use of coreceptor antagonists may slow the rate of membrane fusion by reducing receptor density, thereby prolonging exposure of conserved, critically important domains such as those on the surface of the triple stranded coiled-coil in the gp41 subunit of Env. Combination chemotherapy with different classes of entry inhibitors may therefore result in synergistic inhibition of virus infection. |
| Session 3 — State-of-the-Art Lecture Viral Reservoirs and Ongoing Virus Replication in Patients on HAART: Implications for Clinical Management |
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| L5 | VIRAL RESERVOIRS AND ONGOING VIRUS REPLICATION IN PATIENTS ON HAART: IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL MANAGEMENT Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:280 (abstract no. L5) Siliciano R Low-level viremia in patients on HAART with <50 copies/ml of HIV-1 RNA results primarily from release of archival, pre-HAART viruses rather than new, HAART-selected, partially resistant mutants. The results indicate that long-term suppression on HAART may be possible. However, the continued release of archival, drug-resistant viruses selected by prior non-suppressive regimens may limit the effectiveness of the "recycling" of antiretroviral drugs. |
| Session 4 — Slide NeuroAIDS |
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| 1 | Viral persistence in the CSF under HAART despite adequate plasma response associated with symptomatic HIV-1 infection of the CNS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8;8:43 (abstract no. 1) Eggers C, Hertogs K, Sturenburg HJ, Stellbrink HJ, Van Lunzen J; Univ Hosp Hamburg, Germany Antiviral treatment must consider the CNS to prevent or treat HIV dementia and to respond to the role of the CNS as a viral reservoir. In most patients HAART leads to a rapid decay of plasma as well as CSF virus. It was suggested that the source of the CSF virus in these patients is outside the CSF spaces. |
| 2 | Cerebrospinal fluid T lymphocytes: expression of phenotypic activation markers in HIV infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:43 (abstract no. 2) Price RW, Neuenburg J, Nilsson A, Pearce R, Grant RM, Hebert S, McCune JM, Sinclair E; Univ of California, San Francisco. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space can be a site of compartmentalized HIV infection with respect to both virus and lymphocyte traffic. This study was undertaken to assess expression of activation markers on T cells in CSF compared to blood in HIV infection, and to compare this expression to that in HIV-... |
| 3 | Cerebrospinal fluid HIV-1 RNA levels peak during primary HIV-1 infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:43 (abstract no. 3) Pilcher CD, Robertson K, Hall C, Menezes P, Fiscus SA, Hicks CB, Eron JJ; Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Primary HIV infection (PHI) is characterized by rapid infection of lymphoid organs and secondary dissemination to peripheral tissues. In this study we investigated the timing and extent of viral dissemination to the CNS during PHI and assessed the effects of ART initiated during PHI within the CNS. |
| 4 | Macrophage chemotaxis and activation by fractalkine: a role for neuronal injury in brain immunity during HIV-1 associated dementia. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:44 (abstract no. 4) Zheng J, Lopez A, Erichsen D, Bauer M, Cotter RL, Ryan LA, Williams C, Ghorpade A, Morgello S, Gendelman HE; Univ of Nebraska Med Ctr, Omaha. Mononuclear phagocyte (MP; brain macrophage and microglia) activation and neuronal injury are major features of HIV-1 encephalitis (HIVE), the histopathological correlate for HIV-1-associated dementia (HAD). MP activation plays a significant role in disease causation and propagation. |
| 5 | Tropism of primary brain-derived HIV-1 isolates for microglia and macrophages and relationship to neuropathicity. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:44 (abstract no. 5) Gorry P, Ohagen A, Holm G, Birch C, Bell J, Kunstman K, Wolinsky S, Gabuzda D; Dana-Farber Cancer Inst, Boston, MA. The viral determinants that underlie neurotropism and neurovirulence of HIV-1 are unknown, due in part to limited studies on primary brain isolates. To better understand neuropathogenic mechanisms of HIV-1, we isolated primary viruses from brain, CSF, spinal cord, spleen, and lymph node autopsy samples ... |
| 6 | Differential regulation of CCR5 and cxcr 4 on macrophages and microglia: implications for HIV-1 pathogenesis in the CNS and other tissue reservoirs. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:44 (abstract no. 6) Wang J, Crawford K, Gabuzda D; Dana-Farber Cancer Inst. Macrophages, microglia, and other mononuclear phagocytes are targets for HIV-1 infection and serve as vehicles for virus dissemination and persistence. Methods: To understand host factors that influence HIV-1 pathogenesis in the CNS and other tissue reservoirs by regulating expression and function of HIV-1 ... |
| 7 | Elevated levels of soluble CD14 and TNF-α receptor two in HIV-1 infected patients with brain atrophy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:44 (abstract no. 7) Ryan LA, Zheng J, Brester M, Bohac D, Hahn F, Gendelman HE, Swindells S; Univ of Nebraska Med Ctr, Omaha. The role of peripheral immune responses in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 associated dementia (HAD) was investigated through a prospective study of 28 patients with advanced HIV-1 disease with or without neurological dysfunction. All patients were on potent antiretroviral therapy. Methods: Clinical, immune, ... |
| 8 | Shift of prevalence and selected characteristic in HIV-1-related neurologic disorders in HAART era: data from Italian Register Investigative Neuro Aids (IRINA). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:45 (abstract no. 8) Antinori A, Ammassari A, Cinque P, Toma L, Govoni A, Soldani F, Giancola ML, Grisetti S, Pierotti C, Fausti C, Finazzi MG, Bini T, Del Grosso B, Cristiano L, Corsi P, Fasulo G, Mena M, Guaraldi G, Arcidiacono MI, Monno L, Gigli B, Fibbia GC, Gentile M, Mastroianni A, Speranza F, d'Arminio Monforte A, Rezza G, Ippolito G; Italian Register Investigative Neuro AIDS, Natl Inst of Infectious Diseases L Spallanzani, Rome, Italy. This study involved evaluation of the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and relationship with antiretroviral therapy in newly registered HIV-1-related neurologic diseases in Italy . Methods: Multicenter study conducted in 65 clinical centers from January 2000. Main characteristics at neurological ... |
| 9 | Lactate concentrations distinguish between nucleoside neuropathy and HIV distal symmetrical sensory polyneuropathy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:45 (abstract no. 9) Brew B, Tisch S, Law M; St Vincent's Hosp. The clinical distinction between nucleoside neuropathy (NN), which may be related to mitochondrial dysfunction, and distal symmetrical polyneuropathy (DSPN), which may be related to active viral replication, is difficult. We sought to determine whether an elevated serum lactate concentration (a marker of ... |
| 10 | Clinical course and prognostic factors of AIDS-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in patients treated with HAART (GESIDA 11/99). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:45 (abstract no. 10) Berenguer J, Miralles P, Arrizabalaga J, Ribera E, Dronda F, Baraia J, Domingo P, Marquez M, Rodriguez-Arrondo FJ, Laguna F, Rubio R, Lopez-Aldeguer J, De Miguel V; Hosp G Maranon, Madrid. We analyzed survival, neurologic function and prognostic factors of patients with AIDS-associated PML treated with HAART. Methods: 118 patients with PML treated with HAART from 11 centers in Spain were included in the study. The diagnosis of PML was established by brain biopsy and/or PCR confirmation in 42 ... |
| Session 5 — Slide Antiretroviral Chemotherapy |
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| 11 | DPC 681 and DPC 684: resistance and cross-resistance profiles of second generation HIV protease inhibitors. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:46 (abstract no. 11) Erickson-Viitanen S, Kaltenbach R, Getman D, Garber S, Logue K, Jeffrey S, Bacheler L, Diamond S, Albright A, Gonzalez-Scarano F, Davies M, Harris G, Trainor G; DuPont Pharmaceuticals Co, Wilmington, DE. HIV protease inhibitors (PIs) are important components of many HAART regimens. However, development of phenotypic and/or genotypic resistance can occur, including cross- resistance to other PIs. Development of resistance takes place because trough levels of free drug are inadequate. |
| 12 | A femtomolar HIV-1 protease inhibitor with subnanomolar activity against multidrug resistant HIV- 1 strains. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:46 (abstract no. 12) Erickson J, Gulnik S, Suvorov L, Gustchina E, Xie D, Wang G, Eissenstat MA, De Bethune MP, Jonckheere H, De Meyer S, Azijn H, Pauwels R, Wigerinck P, Surleraux D, Verschueren W, Tahri A, Ghosh A, Yoshimura K, Mitsuya H; Tibotec, Rockville, MD. The widespread clinical use of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors (PIs) has resulted in the emergence of resistant strains of HIV-1 that severely compromise the usefulness of such drugs. Cross-resistance within a mechanistic class of inhibitors is the rule, rather than the exception, and ... |
| 13 | TMC120, a new non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, is a potent antiretroviral in treatment naïve, HIV-1 infected subjects. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:46 (abstract no. 13) Gruzdev B, Horban A, Boron-Kaczmarska A, Gille D, Van't Klooster G, Pauwels R; Infectious Disease Hosp, Moscow, Russia. TMC120 (R147681), a dianilinopyrimidine (DAPY) derivative, is a novel, non- nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) with equipotent in vitro activity (IC50 = 1-10 nM) against wild-type HIV-1 and NNRTI-resistant variants encoding K103N, Y181C or G190A/S mutations. Methods: Randomized, double-blind... |
| 14 | A 14-day assessment of the safety, pharmacokinetics, and antiviral activity of T-1249, a peptide inhibitor of membrane fusion. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:47 (abstract no. 14) Eron J, Merigan T, Kilby M, Yangco B, Gleavy J, Rusnak P, Dimassimo B, Smith R, Baker B, Duff F, Drucker J, Matthews T, Hopkins S; Univ of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. T-1249 is a peptide fusion inhibitor developed as a follow on compound to T-20. In laboratory and animal studies, T-1249 has demonstrated unique potency against a broad range of HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV isolates, favorable PK characteristics, and a non-overlapping resistance profile with respect to T-20. |
| 15 | AI424-007: 48-week safety and efficacy results from a phase II study of a once-daily HIV-1 protease inhibitor (PI), BMS-232632. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:47 (abstract no. 15) Squires K, Gatell J, Piliero P, Sanne I, Wood R, Schnittman SM; Univ of Alabama at Birmingham. BMS-232632 (BMS) is a PI with potent activity in vitro (EC50 2-5 nM), a favorable resistance profile, and a PK profile that supports once-daily dosing. Methods: This phase II, 2-staged randomized study compares the safety and antiretroviral activity of 3 dose levels of BMS with nelfinavir (NFV) 750 mg tid ... |
| 16 | Antiretroviral therapy (ART) plus cyclophosphamide (CTX) to diminish HIV DNA in lymphoid tissue. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:47 (abstract no. 16) Bartlett JA, Silberman M, Miralles GD, Sevin A, Pruitt S, Ottinger J, Gryszowka V, Fiscus S, Bucy RP; Duke Univ Med Ctr, Durham, NC. ART can decrease HIV RNA in peripheral blood and lymphoid tissue but HIV DNA does not decrease in either compartment. Methods: ART ( stavudine , lamivudine and nelfinavir) was initiated in 10 treatment-naïve subjects with CD4 cells >200/mm3. Subjects received ART until plasma HIV RNA ... |
| 17 | Prospective, randomized, controlled phase II study of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) with continuous IV (CIV) or subcutaneous (SC) interleukin-2 (IL-2) in HIV-infected patients with CD4+ counts of 50-350 cells/mm3: ACTG 328-final results at 84 weeks. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:48 (abstract no. 17) Mitsuyasu R, Pollard R, Gelman R, Weng D; Univ of California, Los Angeles. The objectives of this study were to ascertain the effects of IL-2 given by either CIV or SC routes added to HAART vs HAART alone on CD4 response, immune phenotype and function, antiviral effectiveness of HAART, tolerability and quality of life in patients (pts) with advanced HIV. Methods: 204 protease ... |
| 18 | Two randomized, controlled, equivalence trials of emtricitibine (FTC) to lamivudine (3TC). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:48 (abstract no. 18) Van Der Horst C, Sanne I, Wakeford C, Quinn J, Rousseau F; Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. FTC is a NRTI that has in vitro potency against HIV which is 4-10 times greater than 3TC and has shown approximately a 2 log10 median decrease in viral load when used at 200 mg once daily (QD) in a two week monotherapy study. To examine the efficacy and safety of FTC, we conducted two randomized, controlled ... |
| 19 | Severe liver toxicity in patients receiving two nucleoside analogues and a non-nucleoside reverse treanscriptase inhibitor. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:48 (abstract no. 19) Bartlett J; Duke Univ, Durham, NC. The use of specific antiretroviral agents may result in drug related hepatotoxicity. This toxicity has been associated with concomitant chronic viral hepatitis, alcohol use, hypersensitivity reactions and lactic acidosis. Methods: FTC-302 was a randomized, double-blind study comparing emtricitabine (FTC) ... |
| 20 | Successful substitution of protease inhibitors with efavirenz (EFV) in patients with undetectable viral loads--a prospective, randomized, multicenter, open-label study (DMP 049). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:49 (abstract no. 20) Becker S, Rachlis A, Gill J, Dejesus E, Pierone G, Kirkland L, Koosian S, Farina D, Labriola D, Ruiz N, Bessen L, Villano S; Pacific Horizon Med Group, San Francisco, CA. Simple, potent antiretroviral (ARV) regimens that enhance adherence and are well tolerated are needed. Methods: Prospective, randomized, multicenter, open-label, 48-week study comparing the duration of viral load (VL) suppression of a continued PI + 2 NRTIs regimen to an EFV substitution regimen. |
| Session 6 — Slide Progress in AIDS Vaccine Development |
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| 21 | Safety and immunogenicity study of vCP1452/rgp160 therapeutic vaccines in patients treated with HAART for over two years. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:49 (abstract no. 21) Jin X, Ramanathan Jr M, Barsoum S, Deschenes G, Ba L, Binley J, Hurley A, El Habib R, Caudrelierl P, Zhang L, Ho DD, Markowitz M; Aaron Diamond AIDS Res Ctr, Rockefeller Univ, New York, NY. To examine whether immune responses can be adequately boosted in patients on prolonged HAART, we conducted a safety and immunogenicity study using vCP1452, a recombinant canarypox vaccine carrying HIV-1 genes (gag, pol, env and nef), together with recombinant gp160. |
| 22 | Next generation enhanced DNA and protein vaccine approaches stimulate potent immune responses against HIV antigens. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:49 (abstract no. 22) Barnett SW, Srivastava I, Stamatatos L, Zur Megede J, Otten G, Singh M, O'Hagan D, Ulmer J, Donnelly J; Chiron Corp, Emeryville, CA. The challenge for developing effective vaccines against HIV infection and disease lies in the generation of potent, broad, and durable immune responses. Toward this end, the HIV vaccine research group at Chiron has focused on increasing the potency of both DNA and adjuvanted subunit protein vaccine ... |
| 23 | Vaccination with VSV G protein exchange vectors expressing HIV env and SIV gag proteins protects rhesus macaques from challenge with highly pathogenic SHIV 89.6P. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:50 (abstract no. 23) Rose NF, Marx PA, Luckay A, Nixon DF, Moretto WJ, Donahoe SM, Rose JK; Yale Univ Sch of Med, New Haven, CT. Rhesus macaques were vaccinated and boosted with live, recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) vectors (serotype Indiana) expressing the HIV-1 (89.6) env and SIV(mac239) gag genes. Methods: The boosts were performed with novel VSV vectors expressing the HIV and SIV proteins but expressing VSV G protein ... |
| 24 | Efficient containment of a highly pathogenic immunodeficiency virus challenge by DNA priming and recombinant MVA boosting. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:50 (abstract no. 24) Robinson H, Amara R, Moss B, McClure H, McNicholl J; Yerkes Regional Primate Res Ctr, Atlanta, GA. A vaccine consisting of DNA priming and recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (rMVA) booster immunizations has contained a highly pathogenic immunodeficiency virus challenge administered by a mucosal route. Two SHIV-89.6 DNA immunizations followed by a single rMVA booster have raised high frequencies ... |
| 25 | Protection from pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection correlates with the rapid induction of SIV-specific CD8+ T cells and antibodies in rhesus macaques immunized with a live, attenuated SIV vaccine. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:50 (abstract no. 25) Metzner KJ, Moretto WJ, Donahoe SM, Paluch M, Schiller D, Lee FV, Gettie A, Marx PA, Moore JP, Ho DD, Binley J, Nixon DF, Connor RI; Aaron Diamond AIDS Res Ctr, Rockefeller Univ, New York, NY. Previously, we have shown that in vivo depletion of CD8+ T cells resulted in a 1 to 2 log increase in replication of the live, attenuated vaccine strain SIVmac239 delta nef in immunized macaques. We now show that this transient viremia results in a significant boost in both SIV-specific T cell responses ... |
| 26 | Rhesus macaques vaccinated with phage-displayed HIV-1 epitopes and subsequently infected with SHIV-89.6PD are partially protected against disease progression. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:50 (abstract no. 26) Chen X, Scala G, Liu W, Quinto I, Cohen OJ, Van Cott TC, Iwanicki M, Lewis M, Montefiori DC, Fauci AS; NIH, Bethesda, MD. Methods: To identify HIV-specific epitopes, we screened random peptide libraries (RPL) displayed on phages by using HIV-positive sera. Results: By several criteria, these peptides behaved as antigenic mimics of conformational B-cell epitopes generated in vivo in the course of the natural HIV-1 infection. |
| 27 | Delivery technologies enhance plasmid DNA vacccination in a rhesus macaque model for HIV. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:51 (abstract no. 27) Otten G, Chen M, Doe B, Kazzaz J, Lian Y, Liu H, Leung L, Ott G, Polo J, Shaefer M, Selby M, Singh M, Sun Y, Ugozzoli M, Zur Megede J, Lewis M, Miller N, Widera G, Barnett S, Donnelly J, O'Hagan D, Ulmer J; Chiron Corp, Emeryville, CA. Plasmid DNA has several features that makes it attractive as a component of an HIV vaccine. However, clinical results suggest that the modest immunogenicity of plasmid DNA may limit its protective efficacy against HIV. We have developed and tested in rhesus macaques three distinct delivery technologies ... |
| 28 | A polyvalent envelope glycoprotein vaccine elicits a broader neutralizing antibody response, but is unable to provide sterilizing protection against a heterologous SHIV infection in pigtailed macaques. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:51 (abstract no. 28) Cho MW, Kim YB, Lee MK, Gupta KC, Ross W, Plishka R, Buckler-White A, Igarashi T, Theodore T, Byrum R, Kemp C, Montefiori DC, Martin MA; NIH, Bethesda, MD. The great difficulty in eliciting broadly cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) against HIV-1 isolates has been attributed to several intrinsic properties of their viral envelope glycoprotein, including its complex quaternary structure, extensive glycosylation, and marked genetic variability. |
| 29 | Interactions of human dendritic cells with ALVAC-HIV (vCP205), an HIV-1 vaccine candidate. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:51 (abstract no. 29) Marovich M, Mascola J, Louder M, Eller M, Limbach K, El Habib R, Caudrelier P, Robb M, McNeil J, Birx D, Frankel S; US Military HIV Res Program, Rockville, MD. Recombinant canarypox virus (CP) vectors encoding HIV-1 genes are promising vaccine candidates inducing modest (approximately 40%) CTL responses in vaccinees. Based on prior data using DC to deliver immunogens, we postulate that direct ex vivo targeting of human dendritic cells (DC) could enhance the ... |
| 30 | HIV-1 gag-CTL epitope mapping in clade A/E infected Thai patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:51 (abstract no. 30) Ruxrungtham K, Buranapraditkul S, Hansasutha P, Rowland-Jones S, Sirivichaykul S, Warachit P, Honda M, Phanuphak P; Chulalongkorn Univ, Bangkok, Thailand. Our previous study, using a Cr51 release classic CTL assay, has shown that HIV-1 gag is the most common antigen recognized by >90% of Thai patients infected by HIV-1 clade A/E. In addition, HIV-1 gag has a very high rate of cross-clade CTL activity between clade A and B among clade A/E infected Thai ... |
| Session 7 — Symposium Drug Transports |
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| S1 | Role of P-glycoprotein in CNS and genital tract penetration. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:280 (abstract no. S1) Kim R; Vanderbilt Univ Sch of Med, Nashville, TN. HIV protease inhibitors have proven remarkably effective in treating HIV-1 infection. However, some tissues such as the brain and testes (sanctuary sites) are possibly protected from exposure to HIV protease inhibitors (HIV-PIs) due to drug entry being limited by the membrane efflux transporter P-glycoprotein ... |
| S2 | Effect of multidrug-resistance associated protein 4 on antiviral nucleotide analogs. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:280 (abstract no. S2) Fridland A; Gilead Sciences, Boulder, CO. We have identified and characterized a novel member of the ATP binding cassette superfamily of transport proteins (MRP) that interacts with nucleotide analogs. The MRPs are organic anion transporters that can mediate the cellular extrusion of many structurally unrelated drugs and are an important defense mechanism ... |
| S3 | Potential clinical relevance of drug transporters in antiretroviral pharmacology. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:281 (abstract no. S3) Back D, Jones K, Hennessy M, Khoo S, Meaden R, Mulcahy F, Barry M; Univ of Liverpool, UK. Penetration of antiretrovirals into all HIV-infected cells and compartments at concentrations sufficient for antiviral effect is essential if drugs are to effectively inhibit replication and prevent re- emergence of virus in plasma. P-glycoprotein (P-gp ) and multidrug resistance protein (MRP1) can actively extrude ... |
| S4 | Role of multidrug transporters in HIV pathogenesis. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:281 (abstract no. S4) Flexner C, Speck RR; Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) are members of a class of highly conserved inducible transmembrane ATP-binding transporters; their physiologic function is poorly understood. Over-expression of these transporters is associated with cellular efflux of a variety of drugs. |
| Session 8 — Symposium HIV Vaccine Development |
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| S5 | Induction of mucosal CTL and their role in resistance against viral transmission. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:281 (abstract no. S5) Belyakov IM, Hel Z, Kelsall B, Ahlers JD, Nacsa J, Watkins DI, Allen TM, Sette A, Altman J, Woodward R, Markham P, Clements JD, Kuznetsov VA, Earl P, Moss B, Franchini G, Strober W, Berzofsky JA; NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD. We have examined the role of CTL induced by mucosal vaccines in protection against mucosal transmission of viruses in a murine model and in an SHIV-macaque model. Mice immunized intrarectally with a peptide HIV vaccine containing helper and CTL epitopes produced CTL in the Peyer s patches and lamina propria of the ... |
| S6 | Mucosal T-cell immunity in HIV-1 infection and vaccination. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:281 (abstract no. S6) McElrath MJ; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Res Ctr, Seattle, WA. Acquisition of HIV-1 infection occurs predominantly by sexual transmission. The factors essential for the prevention or control of HIV-1 infection in the mucosa are not well understood. Mucosal T cells may provide an important immune defense against local infection. Our studies demonstrate that HIV-1-specific ... |
| S7 | The biology of alphavirus vectors and their use as vaccines for HIV. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:282 (abstract no. S7) Johnston RE; Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. An expression system based on the alphavirus Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE) has been constructed. The RNA genome of VEE, in the form of a cDNA clone, is modified by substituting a gene of interest for the genes encoding the capsid and two glycoproteins which form the virion structure. In vitro transcripts ... |
| S8 | DNA-MVA/HIVA: A candidate HIV vaccine for Kenya. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:282 (abstract no. S8) Hanke T; Inst Molecular Med, Oxford, UK. Human immunodeficiency virus, the causative agent of AIDS, continues to spread throughout the world at an alarming rate. Development of a safe, efficient, affordable preventative HIV vaccine is the best hope for a long-term control of this pandemics. Using recent advances in biological and medical sciences, a novel ... |
| Session 9 — Slide Session and State-of-the-Art Lecture Co-Pathogens and Opportunistic Infections |
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| 31 | Pathogenesis of CMV immune recovery uveitis. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:52 (abstract no. 31) Schrier RD, Song MK, Karavellas M, Freeman WR, Durand D, Torriani FJ; Univ of California, San Diego. Successful control of HIV has literally provided a new lease on life for many infected patients who developed CMV retinitis prior to initiation of HAART. However, immune reconstitution in over half of treated retinitis patients has been accompanied at our institution by a debilitating ocular inflammation ... |
| 32 | Pharmacokinetic interactions between rifampin and efavirenz in patients with tuberculosis and HIV infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:52 (abstract no. 32) Lopez-Cortes LF, Ruiz R, Viciana P, Alarcon A, Leon E, Sarasa M, Lopez-Pua Y, Gomez J, Pachon J; Hosp Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla. Different therapeutic options have been recommended for the treatment of tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients; however, pharmacokinetic data for these combinations are very limited. Moreover, antituberculous treatment must ideally be given as fixed combinations. Our objective was to evaluate the ... |
| 33 | Amphotericin B lipid complex vs meglumine antimoniate in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-infected patients: a multicenter, open label, blinded, randomization, parallel controlled clinical trial. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:53 (abstract no. 33) Laguna F, Videla S, Jimenez-Mejias E, Sirera G, Torres-Cisneros J, Ribera E, Alvar J; Ctr Natl de Investigacion Clin, Madrid. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is common in patients with HIV infection living in endemic areas, but the most effective and safe treatment remains unknown. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC) versus meglumine antimoniate (MA) in HIV-infected ... |
| 34 | Effect of HCV coinfection on HIV disease progression and survival in HIV-infected adults. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:53 (abstract no. 34) Sulkowski M, Moore R, Mehta S, Thomas D; Johns Hopkins Univ Sch of Med, Baltimore, MD. Chronic HCV infection acts as an OI in HIV-infected persons, since both its incidence and the severity of HCV-related liver disease are increased. However, the reverse impact, namely, the effect of chronic HCV infection on the natural history of HIV disease, is less certain. The objective of this study ... |
| 35 | Hepatitis C virus (HCV) clearance, viral load (VL) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in HIV-infected and uninfected hemophiliacs. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:53 (abstract no. 35) Daar ES, Lynn H, Donfield S, Gomperts ED, Hilgartner MW, Hoots WK, Chernoff D, Arkin S, Wong WY, Winkler C; Cedars-Sinai Med Ctr/Univ of California, Los Angeles. Little is known regarding the determinants of HCV clearance, vl, and ALT levels in HIV-infected and uninfected individuals. Methods: We studied 207 HIV-infected and 121 uninfected hemophiliacs with HCV infection who in 1989-1990 enrolled in the Hemophilia Growth and Development Study. CD4+ cells, ... |
| 36 | An open label pilot study of the safety and efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil in HIV/HBV co-infected patients with lamivudine resistant HBV. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:54 (abstract no. 36) Benhamou Y, Bochet M, Thibault V, Calvez V, Vig P, Brosgart C, Fry J, Poynard T, Katlama C; Hosp Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France. Lamivudine resistance (LAM(R)) to HBV occurs in approximately 15%-32% of both immunocompetent HBV- and HIV-infected patients after one year of lamivudine (LAM) therapy. The four year incidence of LAM(R) HBV is 90% in HIV/HBV co-infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy containing LAM. |
| Session 10 — Poster Dendritic Cells, NK Cells, and γδ T-Cells |
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| 37 | Primary HIV-specific immune responses generated in vitro after priming with dendritic cells (DC) that have engulfed HIV-1-containing apoptotic bodies. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:54 (abstract no. 37) Spetz AL, Lore K, Rolen U, Flener Z, Holmgren L, Patterson BK, Andersson J; Karolinska Inst, Stockholm, Sweden. DC activates naïve T cells and efficiently presents antigens contained in apoptotic bodies. We have previously shown horizontal transfer of EBV-DNA and HIV-DNA by the uptake of apoptotic bodies in phagocytic cells. Virus-independent transfer of HIV-DNA by uptake of apoptotic bodies was demonstrated in human ... |
| 38 | Characterisation of in vitro derived dermal dendritic cells and Langerhans type cells for transduction with adenovirus vectors encoding HIV-1 clade C epitopes. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:54 (abstract no. 38) Perumal D, Roberts ML, Gilmour J, Dickson JG, Gotch F, Patterson S; ICSM. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in controlling immunity. In vitro derived DCs have been used to map CTL epitopes in uninfected individuals. These cells are proving successful as an adjuvant in experiment cancer vaccines and may be a route of stimulating specific T cells in HIV infected individuals ... |
| 39 | Characterization of myeloid and lymphoid blood dendritic cell subsets in HIV-infected individuals. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:55 (abstract no. 39) Barron MA, Blyveis N, Martin K, Wilson CC; Univ of Colorado Hlth Sci Ctr, Denver. Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells that activate CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Blood DCs, characterized by the absence of lineage markers and expression of HLA- DR, can be subcategorized into two functional subsets. Myeloid DCs, or DC1 (CD11c+ DR+ Lin-), preferentially stimulate Th1 ... |
| 40 | Can anti-retroviral therapy restore the dendritic cell numbers in HIV-1-infected patients? Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:55 (abstract no. 40) Donaghy H, Qasi N, Pozniak A, Gazzard B, Nelson M, Imami N, Gotch F, Patterson S; Imperial Coll Sch of Med. Dendritic cells (DC) are potent antigen presenting cells which are essential for the initiation of primary immune responses but which are severely depleted in HIV infection. This study analyses the recovery of blood DC numbers in patients undergoing anti-retroviral therapy. Methods: Blood samples were ... |
| 41 | Substance P antagonist (CP96,345) inhibits HIV replication in human mononuclear phagocytes. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:55 (abstract no. 41) Lai JP, Ho WZ, Zhan GX, Yi Y, Collman RG, Douglas SD; Children's Hosp of Philadelphia. Substance P (SP) is a potent modulator of neuroimmunoregulation. SP affects macrophage function in an autocrine manner. SP-NK-1R interaction is an important trigger of intracellular events and may be involved in modulation of HIV infection of human MDM. We investigated the hypothesis that interruption of ... |
| 42 | Acute infection of myeloid cells with HIV-1 alters transcription factor binding to the IL-12 promoter. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:56 (abstract no. 42) Chambers KA, Angel JB; Ottawa Hosp Res Inst, Ontario, Canada. Impaired cell-mediated immunity (CMI) observed in HIV infection is paralleled by decreased production of IL-12, a cytokine crucial to development of CMI and defense against a variety of pathogens. Here we examine whether suppression of IL-12 expression is a consequence of direct cellular infection and ... |
| 43 | Altered natural killer (NK) receptor expression is restored with antiretroviral therapy and can be induced in vitro by IL-10. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:56 (abstract no. 43) Parato KG, Young CD, Angel JB; Ottawa Hosp Res Inst, Univ of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Normalization of NK cell function occurs in patients on effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) (K. Parato et al., CROI, 200). Since NK function is in part regulated by NK receptor expression, this suggests that NK receptor expression may be influenced by viral replication. Altered cytokine production that ... |
| 44 | Abnormalities in gammadelta T cells persist in HIV-1-infected individuals despite prolonged treatment with HAART. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:56 (abstract no. 44) Zhang L, Yu W, Guo Y, Yu J, Kim A, He T, Irvin C, Talal A, Markowitz M, Ho DD; Aaron Diamond AIDS Res Ctr, Rockefeller Univ, New York, NY. Significant alterations in gammadelta T-cell composition in the peripheral blood of HIV-1-infected individuals have been described. Methods and Results: To study the impact of therapy on these abnormalities, blood samples were collected from 48 patients, including longitudinal samples from 8 patients ... |
| 45 | Sequence variation in an 8.1-kb region of the human CCR5 gene. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:57 (abstract no. 45) Liu H, Nakayama EE, Xin X, Kawana-Tachikawa A, Goto M, Taguchi H, Yamada T, Takebe Y, Nakamura T, Nagai Y, Iwamoto A, Shioda T; Res Inst for Microbial Diseases, Osaka Univ. Mutations in the genes of HIV-1 coreceptors and their natural ligands have been shown to affect HIV-1 disease progression differently in different ethnic groups. The goals of this study were to gain a better understanding of the type and amount of CCR5 sequence variation and to establish the basis for ... |
| 45B | Polymorphisms in CCR2, CCR5, and HLA class I genes influence the course of HIV-1 infection in Rwandans as in Caucasians. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:57 (abstract no. 45B) Kaslow RA, Tang J, Naik E, Karita E, Allen S; Univ of Alabama at Birmingham. Polymorphisms in CCR2, CCR5 and HLA class I genes affect the course of HIV-1 infection but could do so differently in Caucasians and Africans because of distinctive genetic background, HIV-1 subtypes and other host and environmental factors. We evaluated relationships of these genes to disease progression i |
| 46 | CCR5 promoter and open reading frame polymorphisms affect in vitro susceptibility to infection with X4-tropic HIV-1. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:57 (abstract no. 46) Salkowitz JR, Zimmerman PA, Meyerson HJ, Mosier DE, Lederman MM; Case Western Reserve Univ, Cleveland, OH. Our objective was to explore the relationship between CCR5 ORF (delta 32) and promoter (CCR5 59029-A or -G) polymorphisms and in vitro infection with the R5-tropic (JR-FL) and the X4-tropic (NL4-3) strains of HIV-1. Methods: PBMC of HIV-uninfected individuals were infected after near optimal and suboptimal ... |
| 47 | HIV-1 infection of macrophages induces production of platelet activating chemokines. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:58 (abstract no. 47) Olivieri KC, Suttitanamongkol S, Polanowska-Grabowska RK, Gear AR, Camerini D; Univ of Virginia Hlth Sci Ctr, Charlottesville. Thrombocytopenia (TP) occurs in as many as 40% of patients infected with HIV-1. Currently there is no well characterized mechanism to explain this phenomenon. In some cases of HIV-1 associated thrombocytopenia, anti-platelet antibodies have been isolated. These antibodies might be responsible for the platel ... |
| 48 | Inhibition of chemokine-directed megakaryocyte migration by HIV-1: a new mechanism for HIV- associated thrombocytopenia. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:58 (abstract no. 48) Domenech FN, Rafii S, Fakruddin MJ, Lane W, Zlatopolskiy A, Laurence J; Weill Med Coll of Cornell Univ, New York, NY. Current pathophysiologic models of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated thrombocytopenia purpura are based upon those of idiopathic immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). However, ITP is characterized by immunologic destruction of platelets, which is not characteristic of many patients with HIV-... |
| 49 | Differential CD4/CCR5 utilization, conformation and neutralization sensitivity between envelopes from a microglia-adapted HIV-1 and its parental isolate. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:58 (abstract no. 49) Martin J, Labranche C, Gonzalez-Scarano F; Univ of Pennsylvania Sch of Med, Philadelphia. A primary isolate (HIV-1 BORI was sequentially passaged in cultured microglia. The isolate recovered (HIV-1 BORI-15 replicated efficiently in microglia and was highly fusogenic (J. Virol. 70: 7654). The syncytium-inducing phenotype was associated with 4 amino acid differences in the V1/V2 region of gp120, ... |
| 50 | CXCR4 mediates both survival and death prone signals in primary human CD4 T cells. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:58 (abstract no. 50) Vlahakis S, Bou G, Heppelmann C, Paya CV; Mayo Clin, Rochester, MN. Chemokine receptors play a key role in chemotaxis and also serve as co-receptors for HIV. CXCR4, when bound by its natural ligand, stromal derived factor (SDF), triggers cell chemotaxis, whereas when bound by X4 env it results in cell death. To understand this dichotomy of CXCR4 receptor function we have ... |
| 51 | "Resistance factors" in highly exposed persistently seronegative (HEPS) women married to HIV- infected men in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:59 (abstract no. 51) Duerr A, Costello C, Suriyanon V, Robison V; CDC, Atlanta, GA. Factors associated with apparent HIV resistance are most often studied in commercial sex workers whose true exposure to HIV is unknown. We studied resistance in women, who had exposure to a single partner, selected from a couples study of HIV-infected (HIV+) Thai male blood donors and their wives. |
| 52 | Genetic, virological and immunological characterization of a cohort of long-term monogamous HIV discordant couples. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:59 (abstract no. 52) Braganza R, Beddows S, Frazeo S, Dong T, Rostron T, Rowland-Jones S, Weber J, Fidler S; Imperial Coll Sch of Med at St Mary's, London, UK. There is increasing evidence of HIV-1-specific immune responses in individuals who despite frequent HIV-1 sexual exposure remain seronegative (ESN). Much of this work has focused on a cohort of seronegative prostitutes in Nairobi exposed to different sources of HIV. Here we define a cohort of monogamous ... |
| 53 | HIV-1-specific cellular responses in HIV-1 discordant couples. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:59 (abstract no. 53) Pinheiro SF, Dong T, Rostron T, Fidler S, Tamm N, Weber J, McMichael A, Rowland-Jones S; Inst of Molecular Med, Oxford. Individuals who remain seronegative despite repeated exposure to HIV infection could provide clues in understanding protection from HIV infection. There is increasing evidence that many individuals with documented exposure to HIV who remain seronegative generate HIV-specific cellular immune responses. |
| 54 | Pet imaging of the immune response to HIV. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:60 (abstract no. 54) Iyengar S, Chin B, Sabundayo B, Quinn T, Margolick J, Schwartz D; Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD. Lymphocyte activation can be detected in vivo with radiolabeled glucose analogs by positron emission tomography (PET). Scharko et al. (PNAS 93: 6425,1996) showed progressive systemic lymph node involvement in monkeys infected with a pathogenic SIV. We document, in humans, a pattern of HIV induced node ... |
| 55 | Evaluation of immune activation in HIV-infected and -uninfected African individuals by single-cell analysis of cytokine production. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:60 (abstract no. 55) Rizzardini G, Trabattoni D, Declich S, Lukwiya M, Piconi S, Clerici M; Milano, Italy. Backgound: Immune activation is reported to be common in both HIV-infected and -uninfected African individuals. This activation is probably secondary to environmental reasons and is suggested to result in profound modifications of the interaction between the immune system and HIV. To better characterize immune ... |
| 56 | Reduced activation and apoptosis of peripheral CD3+/CD4+ T cells persists after viral rebound in AIDS patients treated with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:60 (abstract no. 56) Coull JJ, Margolis DM; Univ of Texas Southwestern Med Ctr at Dallas. Mycophenolate Mofetil, used as an immunosuppressant in transplantation, is hydrolyzed after oral absorption to mycophenolic acid (MPA). As little as 125 nM MPA has significant antiviral activity in vitro, but 2 micromolar MPA has been reported to induce apoptosis in activated PBMCs. A cohort of patients ... |
| 57 | Survival of transfused donor white cells in HIV-infected recipients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:61 (abstract no. 57) Kruskall MS, Lee TH, Assmann SF, Laycock ME, Kalish LA, Lederman MM, Busch MP; Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Boston, MA. The appearance and expansion of donor white blood cells (WBC) in a recipient post- transfusion has many potential biological ramifications. Although HIV-infected individuals are ostensibly at high risk for microchimerism (MC), transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GvHD) is extremely rare. |
| 58 | CD4+ T lymphocyte activation and shift from naïve to effector/memory phenotype after HTLV-I infection and HTLV-I associated myelopathy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:61 (abstract no. 58) Santos MD, Biasutti C, Segurado AC, Casseb J, Salomao R, Kallas EG; Federal Univ of Sao Paulo. Even though human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) infection is usually asymptomatic, HTLV-I carriers can develop diseases, mainly adult T-cell leukemia- lymphoma or HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (HAM). To date, limited immunophenotyping data in HTLV-I infection and non-hematological related ... |
| 59 | Human anti-HIV-1 monoclonal antibodies that completely prevent SHIV infection of rhesus monkeys have potent, synergistic ADCC activity. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:61 (abstract no. 59) Zahr EA, Lainwala S, Baba TW; Floating Hosp for Children at New England Med Ctr. Passive immunization of neonatal or adult rhesus macaques with the triple combination of human anti-HIV-1 neutralizing mAbs (F105, 2G12, 2F5) completely protected them from oral or i.v. simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenge (Baba et al., 2000). The mechanism(s) of protection is unknown. |
| 60 | Use of transgenic mice for the efficient isolation of novel human monoclonal antibodies with neutralizing activity against primary HIV-1 strains. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:61 (abstract no. 60) He Y, Honnen W, Krachmarov C, Burkhart M, Kayman S, Corvalon J, Pinter A; Pub Hlth Res Inst, New York, NY. Despite considerable interest in developing clinically useful monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) against HIV-1, very few such Mabs have been identified. Human antibodies (HuMabs) are preferred over rodent Mabs for clinical applications, but isolation of HuMabs by standard methods of EBV transformation of B cells ... |
| 61 | Additive effects characterize the interaction of most antibodies involved in HIV-1 primary isolate neutralization. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:62 (abstract no. 61) Verrier F, Nadas A, Gorny MK, Zolla-Pazner S; New York VA Med Ctr. Human immunodeficiency virus-type I (HIV-1) infection elicits antibodies directed against several regions of the gp120 and gp41 envelope glycoproteins. Many of these antibodies are able to neutralize T cell line-adapted strains (TCLA) of HIV-1, but only a few effectively neutralize primary HIV-1 isolates. |
| 62 | A human single-chain antibody to gp41 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:62 (abstract no. 62) Liu F, Ma Q, Junghans R, Posner M, Cavacini L; Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Boston, MA. The transmembrane ENV protein of HIV-1, gp41, plays a crucial role in the early step of virus entry into target cell. This property and the lower genetic variability of gp41 among HIV-1 clades suggest that it may be a target of choice to design a specific molecule for HIV-1 molecular immunotherapy. |
| 63 | Evolution of plasma levels of soluble interleukin-2 (sIL2-R) and tumor necrosis factor type II (sTNFII-R) receptors is correlated with immunologic or virologic responses of patients treated by protease inhibitor- containing regimen. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:62 (abstract no. 63) Bonnet F, Saves M, Morlat P, Droz C, Peuchant E, Pellegrin I, Bonarek M, Bernard N, Lacoste D, Beylot J, Chene G; Saint-Andre Hosp. The prognostic value of plasma markers of immune activation had been demonstrated before the era of HAART but has been poorly studied since then. Methods: 46 protease inhibitor (PI)-naïve HIV-1-infected adults were consecutively included in a one-year prospective cohort from the initiation of a PI-containin ... |
| 64 | Actinomycin D enhances HIV-1 replication via an interleukin-9 dependent mechanism. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:62 (abstract no. 64) Imamichi T, Berg SC, Lempick RA, Palmer LD, Baseler MW, Adelsberger JW, Watkins CM, Murphy MA, Nelson EL, Prieto DA, Guo J, Levin JG, Lane HC; SAIC-Frederick/NCI-FCRDC, Frederick. Actinomycin D (ActD), a transcription inhibitor, has been reported as a potential suppressor of HIV-1 replication. In this study, we evaluated the impact of ActD on HIV replication in tissue culture. Methods: MT-2, MT-4, and Jurkat cells and PBMC were infected with a wild-type HIV-1, NL4.3, and then culture ... |
| 65 | Interleukin-12 (IL-12) augmentation of T-cell proliferation of HIV+ PBMC is mediated via IL-12 receptor upregulation. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:63 (abstract no. 65) Benson EM, Jones ML, Puls R, Young JM, Huang QR; Westmead Hosp/Sydney Univ, Australia. A number of studies have demonstrated that recombinant human (rh) IL-12 augments antigen-specific T-cell proliferation and cytokine secretion by PBMC from patients with HIV infection. Our own data in this regard suggest that the augmentation of proliferation of PBMC from HIV+ individuals might be greater ... |
| 66 | Effect of recombinant human soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR, etanercept) on interleukin-6 (IL-6), TNF-α, and markers of immune activation in HIV-infected subjects receiving interleukin-2 (IL-2). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:63 (abstract no. 66) Sha B, Valdez H, Landay A, Gelman R, Namkung A, Agosti J, Bancroft L, Mildvan D, Mitsuyasu R, Pollard R, Ogata-Arakaki D, Kilgo P, Estep S, Fox L, Lederman M; Rush Med Coll, Chicago, IL. Neutralization of circulating TNF-α may block IL-2 induced activation of proinflammatory cytokine expression. Methods: A prospective, open-label, completed trial of HAART, HAART + SC IL-2 (7.5 MIU bid 5d q8wks), or HAART + continuous IV (CIV) IL-2 (9 MIU qd 5d q8wks). Plasma IL-6, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, IF ... |
| 67 | SDF-1 anti-HIV-1 fusogenic activity is mediated by complexing with heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:63 (abstract no. 67) Valenzuela Fernandez A, Palanche T, Magerus A, Altmeyer R, Virelizier JL, Baleux F, Galzi JL, Arenzana-Seisdedos F; Inst Pasteur, Paris. The chemokine CXCL12 or SDF-1 inhibits CXCR4-mediated HIV infection (X4 HIV strains) of CD4+ T lymphocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. The biological functions of chemokines are thought to be influenced by their association with cellular or matrix extracellular glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). We recently ... |
| 68 | CCR5 expression, CC-chemokine production and viral isolation in HIV-infected individuals receiving HAART or HAART + IL-2. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:64 (abstract no. 68) Oliva A, Kinter A, Rabin R, Metcalf J, Moir S, Malaspina A, Lane HC, Fauci AS; IRCCS L Spallanzani, Rome, Italy. CC-chemokines and the HIV coreceptor CCR5 play a pivotal role in HIV pathogenesis. It has been shown that IL-2 modulates the expression of these molecules, but the link between IL-2, chemokines, coreceptors and viral isolation in patients receiving IL-2 is not yet fully understood. Methods: 12 HIV-infected ... |
| 69 | Deregulation of the expression of the fractalkine/fractalkine receptor complex in HIV-infected patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:64 (abstract no. 69) Foussat A, Boucher-Delbos L, Berrebi D, Krzysiek R, Galanaud P, Levy Y, Emilie D; Inst Paris-Sud sur les Cytokines, Clamart. Fractalkine (FKN) is the only member of the CX3C chemokine family. Polymorphism of the fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) gene influences the prognosis of HIV infection. To gain insight into the mechanism of this effect on prognosis, expression of FKN and of its receptor was analyzed in HIV-infected patients. |
| 70 | Regulation of cytokines and chemokines by HIV, Tat, and gp120 in astrocytes. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:64 (abstract no. 70) Galey D, Woodward J, Nath A; Univ of Kentucky, Lexington. Cytokines and chemokines have been implicated in a multifaceted way in neurological complications associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Given the large number of astrocytes in the CNS, we hypothesized that they may have a key role in the production of cytokines and chemokines. |
| 71 | HIV and SIV gp160/120 envelope glycoproteins induce upregulation of B7-1 and B7-2 on antigen- presenting cells. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:64 (abstract no. 71) Rubbert A, Arthos J, Cicala C, Machado E, Fox C, Passon D, Fauci AS; NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD. The interaction of antigen-presenting cells and T cells within lymphoid tissue, and especially dendritic cells, has been implicated in activation of T cells, transmission of virus and initiation of replication. Expression of B7-1 and B7-2 on antigen-presenting cells and interaction with CD28 on T cells are ... |
| 72 | HIV-1 gp120 enhances expression of CD40 and co-stimulatory molecules on dendritic cells, priming them to stimulate T-cell lymphoproliferation. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:65 (abstract no. 72) Williams MA, Spector SA; Univ of California, San Diego. Immune activation requires antigen specific CD4+ T(H) cells to aid in priming of CD8+ CTL that is optimal when T(H) and CTL recognize antigen presented by a dendritic cell (DC). In this research, we hypothesized that DC exposed to HIV-1 gp120 would exhibit altered T-cell co- stimulatory capacity. |
| 73 | Programmed cell death regulation by HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 and the chemokine SDF-1 alpha in human B lymphocytes. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:65 (abstract no. 73) Patke C, Shearer W; Baylor Coll of Medicine. HIV-1 infection results in abnormalities of B cell function. The dysfunction in the B cell population of HIV-1 infected individuals may be paralleled by priming of B cells for apoptotic cell death. To evaluate the possible relevance of this event to HIV pathogenesis and disease progression, regulation of B ... |
| 74 | Recombinant HIV-1 gp120 induces distinct types of delayed hypersensitivity in persons with or without pre-existing immunologic memory. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:65 (abstract no. 74) Hladik F, Bender S, Akridge R, Hu Y, Galloway C, Francis D, McElrath J, Hu C; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Res Ctr, Seattle, WA. Induction of T-cell help is critical in HIV-1 control and potentially in prevention by immunization. A practical approach is needed to identify HIV-1-specific helper activities in vivo. Methods: We explored the feasibility of inducing delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) following intradermal injection of ... |
| 75 | Role of proinflammatory mediators and CD11a-ligand interactions in HIV-1 infected macrophage transmigration across an activated HEC-1 cell monolayer. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:65 (abstract no. 75) Carreno MP, Chomont N, Hocini H, Eirinopoulou T, Krief C, Kazatchkine MD, Belec L; Inst Natl de la Sante et de la Res Med, Paris, France. Most HIV-positive patients have been infected during heterosexual contact, implying that the virus must breach the protective epithelial barrier that lines the human genital tracts. We have used confluent monolayers of cultured human endometrial carcinoma (HEC-1 cells) to model mucosal genital epithelium. |
| 76 | T lymphocytes in the cervix of normal women show high levels of activation markers and increased levels of CCR5 receptor expression in women taking the combined oral contraceptive. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:66 (abstract no. 76) Prakash M, Kapembwa M, Gotch F, Patterson S; Imperial Coll, London. Heterosexual transmission is the predominant route of HIV infection. Most research, however, has focused on the blood rather than the genital tract. The female genital tract is the site where infection is initiated and where virus can be transmitted to a new host. In addition to infection, combined oral ... |
| 77 | R5 but not X4 HIV strains kill primary CD4+ T cells through the fas signaling pathway. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:66 (abstract no. 77) Algeciras-Schimnich A, Vlahakis SR, Heppelmann CJ, Paya CV; Mayo Clin, Rochester, MN. While apoptosis of both HIV infected and uninfected CD4+ T cells is implicated in T cell depletion, the molecular mechanism mediating apoptotic death is controversial. While some groups argue for Fas/FasL and hence caspase mediated death, others conclude that it is caspase independent. Based on studies from |
| 78 | Characterisation of the CD4 Th1 and CD8 responses against hepatitis C virus and HIV in peripheral blood of HCV-HIV coinfected patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:66 (abstract no. 78) Alatrakchi N, Di Martino V, Thibault V, Bochet M, Katlama C, Poynard T, Autran B; Hosp Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France. The frequency of HIV and HCV coinfections led us to analyze the T cell responses against both viruses and to investigate the consequences of the HIV related immune defects for the HCV-specific T cell responses. Methods: Three groups were studied: 1) long term nonprogressors (LT-NP) (n = 12), 2) coinfected p |
| 79 | Extrahepatic manifestation of hepatitis C in patients coinfected with HIV. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:66 (abstract no. 79) Woitas RP, Rockstroh JK, Bockemuehl R, Schepers K, Stoschus B, Brackmann HH, Matz B, Sauerbruch T, Spengler U; Univ of Bonn, Germany. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, which is frequent in HIV patients, can cause multiple extrahepatic manifestations such as autoantibody formation or cryoglobulinemia. It is unclear as to how far immunodeficiency associated with HIV infection affects these extrahepatic manifestations of HCV infection, whic |
| 80 | Non-proliferating bystander CD4+ T cells lacking activation markers support HIV replication during immune activation in a lymphoid environment. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:67 (abstract no. 80) Scales D, Ni H, Shaheen F, Capodici J, Cannon G, Weissman D; Univ of Pennsylvania Sch of Med, Philadelphia. It is generally accepted that HIV replicates in proliferating CD4+ T cells and non- proliferating dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages based on in vitro studies of cells isolated from peripheral blood. However, in infected individuals, HIV predominantly replicates in the paracortical region of lymphoid orga |
| 81 | Env is a cytopathic determinant of R5-AIDS HIV-1 in SCID-hu mice; nef may also be involved. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:67 (abstract no. 81) Scoggins RM, Brodrick B, Calvert M, Taylor Jr JR, Camerini D; Univ of Virginia, Charlottesville. We recently reported that AIDS-associated R5 HIV-1 (R5-AIDS) biological clones have greater cytopathic effects on CD4+ thymocytes and replicate to higher levels than pre-AIDS R5 biological clones in SCID mice bearing human thymus liver grafts (SCID-hu mice). Methods: To map these phenotypes, we isolated the |
| 82 | Induction of a cellular factor during HIV-1 infection that modulates surface CD4 expression. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:67 (abstract no. 82) Sheeter D, Rought S, Du P, Peay J, Vicenzi E, Richman D, Gingeras T, Corbeil J; Univ of California, San Diego, La Jolla. Large scale monitoring of gene expression has led to a new discovery-driven paradigm in the study of complex biological systems. Methods and Results: We have identified a number of new host cell genes putatively associated with HIV pathogenesis that are modulated in both CD4+ T cell lines and primary CD4+ T |
| 83 | Transmitted multi-drug resistant (MDR) HIV-1: virologic and immunologic characterization during and after treatment. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:68 (abstract no. 83) Simon V, Vanderhoeven J, Ortiz GM, Sheehy ME, Hurley A, Jin X, Deschenes G, Dawson K, Parkin N, Nixon DF, Markowitz M; Aaron Diamond AIDS Res Ctr, New York, NY. It has been observed that a significant number of subjects harboring MDR HIV-1 may maintain lower levels of plasma HIV-1 RNA when compared to pre-treatment levels. It has been hypothesized that this may reflect altered fitness of the MDR variant. Here we characterize the virologic and immunologic course of |
| 84 | The second exon of SIVmac239 tat contributes to chronic viral replication and disease. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:68 (abstract no. 84) Smith SM, Neuveut C, Marx PA, Jeang KT; St Michael's Med Ctr, Newark, NJ. The Tat proteins of HIV and SIV are encoded by two exons. The role of the second exon of HIV or SIV tat in pathogenesis has not been evaluated. To explore this issue, we constructed a clone (SIVtat1ex) of SIVmac239, which encodes for only the first exon of tat, and studied it in vivo. Methods: Sequential st |
| 85 | Novel evidence for protection of CD4+ T cells against cell killing by different HIV-1 strains in HIV- infected true non-progressors. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:68 (abstract no. 85) Wang B, Dyer W, Sullivan J, Zaunders K, Saksena NK; Westmead Millennium Inst, Westmead Hosp, Sydney, NSW. The actual biological, molecular and immunological reasons for non-progression in HIV-infected patients remain unclear. Methods and Results: Sequencing analysis of a unique HIV-1 infected long-term non-progressor (LTNP) with undetectable viral load and unculturable virus revealed no viral evolution in the p |
| 86 | R77Q mutation decreases the ability of Vpr to induce apoptosis. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:68 (abstract no. 86) Lum JJ, Cohen OJ, Pilon AA, Kim JE, Chen Z, Sanchez-Dardon J, Hawley-Foss N, Garber G, Fauci AS, Badley AD; Ottawa Hosp, Ontario, Canada. 25%-30% of long-term nonprogressors (LTNP) have mutations in CCR5 and CCR2, yet reasons for 75% of LTNP remain undefined. HIV-1 accessory proteins contribute to HIV disease; in particular, the C-terminal domain of Vpr is important for cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. We have evaluated mutations in the apopt |
| 87 | Transmission of specific antiviral resistance mutations within partner pairs. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:69 (abstract no. 87) Hecht FM, Kahn JO, Warmerdam M, Webb M, Digilio L, Lee KH, Grant RM; Univ of California, San Francisco. Preferential transmission of wild-type viral variants from persons with ZDV resistance mutations has been suggested from prior studies, implying that there may be selective pressure against transmission of some drug resistant HIV variants. We studied partner pairs to determine whether specific drug resistan |
| 88 | Analysis of viral nef alleles in women with non-progressive or slowly progressive HIV-1 infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:69 (abstract no. 88) Greenough T, Schwartz A, O'Reilly S, Somasundaran M, Sullivan J, Carpenter C, Flanigan T; Univ of Massachusetts Med Sch, Worcester. Gender differences may exist with respect to viral load and disease progression. Methods and Results: We have initiated studies to examine the role of viral determinants in non- progressive infection. We have studied three women with long-term non-progressive HIV-1 infection and three untreated women who ha |
| 89 | Acute infection of Asian macaques by a vaginally transmissible subtype-C, R5-tropic SHIV. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:69 (abstract no. 89) Chen Z, Zhao X, Huang Y, Gettie A, Blanchard J, Ho DD; Aaron Diamond AIDS Res Ctr, Rockefeller Univ, New York, NY. An R5-tropic SHIV(CHN19) was previously generated using a primary HIV-1 subtype-C envelope. The infectivity of SHIV(CHN19) in vivo was greatly enhanced after serial passages in pig-tailed macaques. Methods and Results: We have since further characterized this SHIV in two species of macaques. Despite inactiv |
| 90 | Phenotypic changes associated with mutations of pathogenic R5 SHIV. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:70 (abstract no. 90) Hsu M, Harouse J, Cheng-Mayer C; Aaron Diamond AIDS Res Ctr, Rockefeller Univ, New York, NY. To further define the role of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, a chimera of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and the env gene of HIV-1(SF162) (SHIV162) was constructed. HIV- 1(SF162) is macrophage-tropic and non-cytopathic, and it uses the CCR5 entry co-factor. SHIV(SF162) establish |
| 91 | Increased fusogenicity and replicative capacity conferred by the extracellular envelope glycoprotein of pathogenic simian-human immunodeficiency virus SHIV-SF33A. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:70 (abstract no. 91) Chakrabarti LA, Ivanovic T, Cheng-Mayer C; Aaron Diamond AIDS Res Ctr, Rockefeller Univ, New York, NY. In vivo adaptation of the simian-human immunodeficiency virus clone SHIV-SF33 resulted in the emergence of the pathogenic isolate SHIV-SF33A, which caused a rapid and severe CD4+ T cell depletion when inoculated in rhesus macaques. Molecular clones were generated by cloning the env V1 to V5 region amplified |
| 92 | An SIV macaque model that more closely approximates HIV pathogenesis in humans. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:70 (abstract no. 92) Ling B, Veazey RS, Martin LN, Luckay A, Marx PA; Aaron Diamond AIDS Res Ctr, Rockefeller Univ, New York, NY. The predominant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) models are simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and simian-human hybrid viruses in rhesus macaques of Indian origin (Ind Rh). The model has significant limitations; Ind Rh are in short supply, develop AIDS more rapidly than humans and have viral plasma loads |
| 93 | How important are viral peaks for SIV pathogenesis? Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:70 (abstract no. 93) Regoes RR, Staprans SI, Feinberg MB, Bonhoeffer S; Swiss Federal Inst of Technol, Zurich. The duration of HIV-1 infection, from transmission of the virus to death, is highly variable, ranging from two years up to decades. The mechanisms leading to AIDS and subsequently to death are not yet fully understood. However, correlates with accelerated progression to disease are available, such as CD4 ce |
| 94 | Quantitative analysis of SHIV replication in multiple tissues of rhesus macaques. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:71 (abstract no. 94) Pereboeva L, Komarova S, Rakasz E, Bucy P; Univ of Alabama at Birmingham. A key to understanding HIV pathogenesis is characterization of dynamics of viral replication in lymphoid tissue. Since the different lymphoid tissues have multiple distinct characteristics, but all may contribute to in vivo infection, we have performed quantitative analyses of both cellular and viral compon |
| 95 | Detection of viral RNA in CD4- CD8- and CD4- CD8+ lymphocytes in vivo in rhesus monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:71 (abstract no. 95) Benito Huete JM, Chatis PA, Schmitz JE, Kuroda MJ, Letvin NL, Reimann KA; Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Harvard Med Sch, Boston, MA. A definition of the specific cell types that support HIV replication early in the course of infection will be important for understanding AIDS pathogenesis and designing strategies for preventing infection. Recent observations have indicated that the population of lymphocytes susceptible to productive infec |
| 96 | The N-terminal v3 loop glycan modulates the interaction of clade A and B human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelopes with CD4 and chemokine receptors. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:71 (abstract no. 96) Malenbaum S, Yang D, Cavacini L, Posner M, Robinson J, Cheng-Mayer C; Aaron Diamond AIDS Res Ctr, Rockefeller Univ, New York, NY. We previously reported that the presence of a conserved glycosylation site within the V3 loop of envelope gp120 rendered the pathogenic SHIV(SF33A) virus resistant to neutralization with HIV-1 sera. The epitope(s) that is shielded by the V3 loop glycan therefore appears to be shared between the X4 SHIV(SF33 |
| 97 | A biosensor assay for studying ligand-membrane receptor interactions: binding of antibodies and HIV-1 env to chemokine receptors. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:72 (abstract no. 97) Hoffman T, Canziani G, Jia L, Rucker J, Doms R; Univ of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. The HIV envelope (Env) protein mediates entry into cells by binding CD4 and an appropriate coreceptor, which triggers structural changes in Env that lead to fusion between the viral and cellular membranes. The major HIV-1 coreceptors are the seven-transmembrane-domain chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4. The |
| 98 | Differential use of human and rhesus CCR5 by a CD4-independent HIV-2 identifies contact residues between the envelope glycoprotein and the N-terminus of CCR5. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:72 (abstract no. 98) Lin G, Lee B, Haggarty B, Doms R, Hoxie J; Univ of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. A variant of HIV-2/NIHz termed HIV-2/vcp infects a number of CD4-negative cell lines using CXCR4 as a primary receptor (Endres, M., et al., Cell 87, 1996). An env clone of HIV- 2/vcp was shown to mediate fusion on CXCR4-positive/CD4-negative QT6 quail cells. Understanding CD4-independent use of coreceptors |
| 99 | Antigenically distinct conformations of CXCR4. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:72 (abstract no. 99) Baribaud F, Sharron M, Brelot A, Price K, Alizon M, Broder CC, Tsang M, Doms RW; Univ of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. The major human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) coreceptors are the chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4. To a first approximation, the expression patterns of the major coreceptors, coupled with their use by HIV-1 strains, largely explain viral tropism at the level of entry. However, while virus infecti |
| 100 | HIV-1 gp120 and chemokines activate Pyk2 and map kinases in primary human macrophages. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:72 (abstract no. 100) Del Corno M, Liu QH, Freedman BD, Collman RG; Univ of Pennsylvania Sch of Med, Philadelphia. HIV-1 uses the chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 as coreceptors for entry into target cells. Engagement of these receptors by HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein is essential for membrane fusion and may additionally activate intracellular signaling pathways. We previously showed that the HIV-1 envelope gp120 (Env) |
| 101 | Replacement of V3 region of gp120 with endothelin-1 endows HIV-1 with CD4 independent infectivity. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:73 (abstract no. 101) Takaori-Kondo A, Hori T, Yonezawa A, Morita R, Uchiyama T; Graduate Sch of Med, Kyoto Univ, Japan. We have demonstrated that replacement of V3 region of gp120 with several loop peptide hormone ligands and cytokines such as endothelin-1 (ET-1) and SDF-1 preserves viral infectivity in cells expressing the corresponding receptors using pseudotyped viruses with the luciferase reporter gene, indicating that the ligand/re |
| 102 | Analysis of cytopathic effects of NSI and SI HIV-1 on different CD4+ T cell subsets in PHA- stimulated PBMC in vitro. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:73 (abstract no. 102) Kwa IS, Broersen S, Vingerhoed J, Zagwijn E, Schuitemaker H; CLB-Sanquin, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. SI and NSI isolates are equally cytopathic, but only for CD4 cells with membrane expression of the appropriate coreceptor. The depletion of truly naïve CD4 cells after SI infection is in agreement with the capacity of SI HIV- 1 to infect naïve CD4 cells in vivo. |
| 103 | HIV-1 envelope N-linked glycosylation patterns as a determinant of co-receptor usage and viral infectivity. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:73 (abstract no. 103) Pollakis G, Chalaby MI, Kliphuis A, Goudsmit J, Paxton WA; Univ of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Both the V1-V2 and the V3 regions of the HIV-1 gp120 envelope have been implicated in influencing viral co-receptor usage. Many studies have reported on the significance of the V3 region charge with respect to viral phenotype and co-receptor usage patterns. Methods: We have generated and used a panel of ... |
| 104 | Palmitoylation-dependent microdomain localization of CCR5 and CD4 may affect HIV receptor functions. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:73 (abstract no. 104) Percherancier Y, Planchenault T, Virelizier JL, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Bachelerie F; Inst Pasteur, Paris, France. Numerous studies indicate that glycosphyngolipids and cholesterol membrane-rich domains (rafts) have a major function in activation signal transmission. The uncontested localization of CD4 within rafts argues in favor of the existence of a functional complex of CD4 with HIV co- receptors within rafts. |
| 105 | Multimeric CD4 and coreceptor binding is required to activate HIV-1 envelope protein trimers. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:74 (abstract no. 105) Edwards T, McManus C, Richardson T, Girard Y, Hoffman T, Doms RW; Univ of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. The trimeric HIV envelope protein (Env) mediates attachment of virus to the host cell surface and facilitates virus entry. The first step in this process is Env binding to CD4, which results in conformational changes in the gp120 subunit of Env. This interaction enables Env to subsequently interact with a c |
| 106 | HIV-1 coreceptor activity of CCR5/CXCR4 chimeras. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:74 (abstract no. 106) Pontow S, Ratner L; Washington Univ Sch of Med, St Louis, MO. The chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 are the primary coreceptors mediating entry of HIV-1 into CD4-positive cells. To study the determinants of coreceptor usage, we generated a set of chimeric HIV-1 coreceptors that express all possible combinations of the 4 extracellular domains of CCR5 and CXCR4. |
| 107 | Chemokine receptor usage by primary HIV-2 isolates: identification of two isolates unable to use any chemokine receptor to enter GHOST cells. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:74 (abstract no. 107) Azevedo-Pereira JM, Reeves J, Mansinho K, Santos-Costa Q, Clapham P, Moniz-Pereira J; Univ de Lisboa, Portugal. In primary HIV-1 isolates the utilization of CCR5 and CXCR4 coreceptors correlates with disease progression. Accordingly, CXCR4 usage is more frequent in isolates obtained from patients with immunodeficiency. In HIV-2, however, the patterns of coreceptor usage seemed more complex than for HIV-1, with an ... |
| 108 | Relationships between CD4 independence, neutralization sensitivity and exposure of a CD4-induced epitope in an HIV-1 envelope protein. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:74 (abstract no. 108) Edwards T, Hoffman T, Baribaud F, Romano J, Adkinson J, Wyss S, Sharron M, Doms RW, Hoxie JA; Univ of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. A CD4-independent version of the X4 HIV-1 IIIB envelope (Env) protein, termed 8x, mediates infection of CD4-negative, CXCR4-positive cells, binds directly to CXCR4 in the absence of CD4 due to constitutive exposure of a conserved coreceptor binding site in the gp120 subunit, and is more sensitive to ... |
| 109 | Role of gp120 N-linked glycosylation in the CD4-independent tropism of the HIV-1 m7NDK virus. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:75 (abstract no. 109) Dumonceaux J, Joliot V, Briand P, Hazan U; INSERM Unite 380, Paris, France. HIV enters target cells upon binding of the envelope glycoprotein gp120 to CD4 and a co-receptor belonging to the seven-transmembrane G-coupled chemokine receptor family. Isolates capable of CD4-independent entry have been characterized. We isolated the first CD4-independent HIV-1 isolate, m7NDK, and showed ... |
| 110 | The role of the CD4 receptor versus HIV coreceptors in envelope-mediated apoptosis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:75 (abstract no. 110) Selig SM, Arthos J, Cicala C, White AA, Ravindranath H, Van Ryk D, Steenbeke TD, Machado E, Hanback M, Hanback D, Rabin R, Fauci AS; NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD. The depletion of CD4+ T cells, resulting from direct infection and enhanced rates of apoptosis, is a central pathogenic feature of HIV-1 infection. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the viral envelope protein gp120/41 enhances the rate of apoptosis in activated CD4+ T-cells. The HIV-1 viral envelope ... |
| 111 | Mutational analysis of DC-SIGN: a novel HIV envelope binding C-type lectin expressed on dentritic cells. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:75 (abstract no. 111) Pohlmann S, Baribaud F, Leslie G, Lee B, Munch J, Kirchhoff F, Doms RW; Univ of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role in primary HIV infection. While HIV replicates poorly in DC cultures, DCs can efficiently transmit virus to co-cultured T-cells. The functional mechanism underlying this phenomenon is not fully understood. Recently DC-SIGN, a novel C-type lectin specific for DCs ... |
| 112 | Production, functional characterization and mapping of monoclonal antibodies to DC-SIGN. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:75 (abstract no. 112) Baribaud F, Pohlmann S, Lee B, Haggarty BS, Sharron M, Hoxie JA, Doms RW; Univ of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. DC-SIGN, a dendritic cell (DC)-specific C-type lectin highly expressed on DC present in mucosal tissues, has recently been shown to bind ICAM2 and ICAM3 and to efficiently capture human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Virus captured by DC-SIGN can be efficiently presented to T-cells, resulting in virus ... |
| 113 | DC-SIGNR, a DC-SIGN homologue, binds to HIV and activates infection in trans. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:76 (abstract no. 113) Pohlmann S, Baribaud F, Leslie G, Lee B, Munch J, Kirchhoff F, Doms RW; Univ of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. DC-SIGN is a novel C-type lectin expressed on the surface of dendritic cells (DCs). Interesting biological properties were ascribed to DC-SIGN: DC-SIGN binds to ICAM-3 and thus contributes to the close interaction between DCs and T-cells that is required for efficient presentation of antigen. DC-SIGN also ... |
| 114 | CD147 is a signaling receptor for extracellular cyclophilin A: role in HIV infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:76 (abstract no. 114) Yurchenko V, Zybarth G, Hao T, O'Connor M, Pushkarsky T, Dai WW, Sherry B, Bukrinsky M; Picower Inst for Med Res, Manhasset, NY. Cyclophilin A (CypA) is a ubiquitously distributed intracellular protein belonging to the immunophilin family. CypA possesses peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity and plays an important role in protein folding. In addition, CypA is secreted by cells in response to inflammatory stimuli and is a ... |
| 115 | Structure-function analysis of the anti-HIV activity of sulphated dextrins against R5, X4 and R5X4 viruses. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:76 (abstract no. 115) Shaunak S, Chandler B, Thornton M, Steele S, Jones M; Imperial Coll Sch of Med, Hammersmith Hosp, London, UK. Dextrin 2-sulphate (D2S) blocks the entry of HIV-1, but not HIV-2 or SIV, into PBMN cells. Initial results from a clinical trial suggested that it reduced the viral load in patients with AIDS. Methods: We have (i) studied the anti-HIV-1 effect of changing the percentage sulphation of this molecule from 7.4% ... |
| 116 | Mechanisms of evolution of HIV-1 V1/V2 env variable regions. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:76 (abstract no. 116) McGrath KM, Swanstrom R; Univ of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The 5 variable regions of the HIV-1 env gene represent the regions of the viral genome with the greatest sequence diversity. The selective forces driving the evolution of these variable regions likely represent important features of virus-host interactions. We have used a heteroduplex tracking assay (HTA) ... |
| 117 | HIV-1 envelope transmembrane subunit (gp41) is required for envelope-induced apoptosis in single uninfected CD4+ T cells. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:77 (abstract no. 117) Blanco J, Barretina J, Gutierrez A, Cabrera C, Clotet B, Este JA; Fundacio irsiCaixa, Barcelona, Spain. Contact between HIV-1 envelope-expressing cells and target CD4+ cells induces cell- to-cell fusion and apoptotic death in fused and in mononuclear CD4+ single cells. Methods: To evaluate the relationships between cell-to-cell fusion and single-cell apoptosis, we have quantified cell-to-cell fusion, total ... |
| 118 | New insights into the functionality of a virion-bound host cell membrane protein: CD28 versus HIV- 1. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:77 (abstract no. 118) Giguere JF, Paquette JS, Bounou S, Tremblay MJ; Infectious Diseases Res Ctr, Ste-Foy, Quebec, Canada. During the budding process, retroviruses acquire several host membrane proteins in their envelope. The presence of such host components in the envelope of HIV-1 has been shown to affect the life cycle of the virus. CD28 is an important costimulatory molecule continuously expressed on T CD4+ lymphocytes. |
| 119 | SHIV clones with mutations in the intracytoplasmic domain of the env gene. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:77 (abstract no. 119) Li J, Shacklett BL, Luciw PA; Univ of California, Davis. The function of the intracytoplasmic domain (ICD) of the HIV/SIV Env glycoprotein is not well understood. This domain contains two amphipathic alpha-helices, also designated lentivirus lytic peptides (LLP), which cause cell lysis and bind to the cellular protein calmodulin. Methods and Results: To study ... |
| 120 | Evidence for a signal reducing the cell surface expression of HIV-1 primary isolate envelope proteins. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:77 (abstract no. 120) Lebigot S, Roingeard P, Barin F, Brand D; Univ of Tours, France. Among the different vaccination strategies elaborated to induce a humoral immunity to prevent HIV-1 infection, envelope glycoproteins derived from T-cell laboratory-adapted (TCLA) viruses have often been chosen as immunogens. However, these envelope glycoproteins have never permitted to induce broad- ... |
| 120B | Biochemical and functional characterization of oligomeric envelope glycoprotein from a primary HIV-1 isolate. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:78 (abstract no. 120B) Staropoli I, Chanel C, Girard M, Altmeyer R; Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. Fusion of HIV-1 with CD4+ T cells is thought to be initiated by a trimeric complex of the envelope glycoprotein gp120/gp41. The structure of gp120/gp41 is maintained by 10 intramolecular disulfide bonds. Non-covalently associated gp120 and gp41 subunits are thought to trimerize via the ectodomain of gp41. Interaction ... |
| 121 | Regulation of cyclin T1 expression. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:78 (abstract no. 121) Martin-Serrano J, Li K, Bieniasz PD; Aaron Diamond AIDS Res Ctr, New York, NY. Cyclin T1 (CycT1) is a subunit of the positive transcription elongation factor-β (P- TEFβ), which is recruited to the TAR RNA element of the HIV promoter by the viral protein Tat to activate viral gene expression. CycT1 is dramatically upregulated upon T-cell activation, suggesting that limited Tat ... |
| 122 | Incorporation of aminoacyl-tRNA(Lys) synthetase into HIV-1. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:78 (abstract no. 122) Cen S, Khorchid A, Javanbakht H, Shiba K, Musier-Forsyth K, Kleiman L; Lady Davis Inst for Med Res, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. tRNA(Lys)3 is the primer for reverse transcription in human immunodeficiency virus. During viral assembly, the tRNA(Lys)3 is selected for incorporation into virions. In the cell tRNA is found in complexes with proteins, such as aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase and eEF1alpha, associated with translation. |
| 123 | Elements of the tRNA acceptor stem and TpsiC stem-loop required for HIV-1 infectivity. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:79 (abstract no. 123) Yu Q, Morrow CD; Univ of Alabama at Birmingham. Background and Methods: In a previous study, we reported the use of an in vivo complementation system to identify elements of a tRNA required for primer selection and use in HIV-1 replication. In this system, a mutant HIV-1 with a primer binding site (PBS) complementary to yeast tRNA(Phe) (psHIV-Phe) relies on exogenou |
| 124 | Analysis of secondary structures within the 5 region of the HIV-1 genome involved in dimerization of viral RNA. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:79 (abstract no. 124) Russell RS, Wainberg MA, Liang C; McGill AIDS Ctr, Lady Davis Inst, Jewish Gen Hosp, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The HIV-1 RNA genome contains a stem-loop structure (SL1) that is known as the dimerization initiation site (DIS). Mutations in this region resulted in severely diminished replication, but prolonged culture of these DIS mutants resulted in the evolution of viral revertants with replication capacities simila |
| 125 | An intact U5-leader stem of simian immunodeficiency virus is important for viral genomic RNA packaging. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:79 (abstract no. 125) Guan Y, Whitney J, Wainberg MA; McGill AIDS Ctr, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Both SIV and HIV-1 leader sequences exhibit similar secondary structures, such as TAR, R-U5 stem-loop, U5-leader stem, etc. An intact TAR or R-U5 stem-loop structure was shown to be important for viral RNA packaging in HIV-1. However, the role of the U5-leader stem in either HIV-1 or SIV has not been extens |
| 126 | Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 reverse transcription using mutated tRNA(Lys)3 molecules that interfere with formation of the natural initiation complex. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:80 (abstract no. 126) Wei X, Cherry E, Budai B, Sturzl M, Wainberg MA, Gotte M; McGill Univ AIDS Ctr, Lady Davis Inst-Jewish Gen Hosp, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Reverse transcription of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) genomic RNA is primed by tRNA(Lys)3, which binds with its 18 terminal nucleotides to the viral primer binding site (PBS). Since the initiation of DNA synthesis was shown to be a highly specific process, it represents a potential target for |
| 127 | Enhancing infectious titers of HIV-1-derived vectors upon non-dividing cells by modulation of the efficiency of reverse transcription. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:80 (abstract no. 127) Dornadula G, Zhang H, Pomerantz RJ; Jefferson Med Coll, Thomas Jefferson Univ, Philadelphia, PA. One of the advantages of utilizing lentivirus-derived vectors for genetic therapy is their ability to infect nondividing cells. However, reverse transcription is a rate-limiting step for the completion of the lentiviral life cycle, especially when quiescent cells are chosen as targets. Methods: In these stu |
| 128 | Near-simultaneous PHA activation and HIV-1 infection of primary CD4+ T-cells generates genetically damaged, hypermutated proviruses. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:80 (abstract no. 128) Janini M, Rogers M, Louder M, Perfetto S, Birx DL, McCutchan F; Henry M. Jackson Fndn, Rockville, MD. Hypermutation, defined as a high rate of G to A substitution in the context GA or GG, has been sporadically observed in HIV-1 sequences from patient PBMC and virus cultures. Patients have not been systematically evaluated for hypermutation, and the cell substrates in which hypermutation occurs have not been |
| 129 | Complete mutational analysis of the HIV protease dimer interface. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:80 (abstract no. 129) Everitt L, Chowdury S, Pettit S, Kaplan AH; Univ of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The protease of HIV is functional only as a dimer. If dimerization is blocked, either by mutation or by molecules that fit within the dimer interface, enzyme activity is inhibited and noninfectious particles are produced. Structural data indicate that the two protease monomers are joined by a four-stranded |
| 130 | The CD45RO isoform promotes HIV-1 replication through the LTR enhancer region: a key role by the NFAT factor. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:81 (abstract no. 130) Robichaud GA, Barbeau B, Fortin JF, Rothstein D, Tremblay MJ; Yale Univ Sch of Med, New Haven, CT. From the first isolation of the HIV-1, studies have consistently shown that viral pathogenesis in CD4+ T-cells is characterized such that HIV-1 preferably replicates in the memory subset (CD45RO+ /CD45RA-) in contrast to the naïve subset (CD45RA+ /CD45RO-) where a viral dormant state is regularly observed. |
| 131 | Attachment of HIV-1 particles bearing host-encoded B7-2 proteins leads to NF-kappaB-and NFAT- dependent activation of HIV-1 LTR transcription. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:81 (abstract no. 131) Bounou S, Dumais N, Tremblay MJ; Infectious Diseases Res Ctr, CHUQ, Pavillon CHUL, Sainte-Foy, Quebec, Canada. Previous studies have shown that human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) can incorporate several surface proteins of host origin. Recent findings indicate that host-encoded cell surface constituents retain their functionality when found embedded in the viral envelope. The primary objective of the curren |
| 132 | HIV-1 gag and nucleocapsid proteins: cytoskeletal localization and effects on cell motility. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:81 (abstract no. 132) Krogstad P, Ibarrondo FJ, Choi R, Geng Y, Baldwin G; Univ of California Los Angeles Sch of Med. The HIV-1 Gag protein interacts with filamentous actin in vitro, in T-lymphocytes infected with wild-type HIV-1, and when Gag is expressed in adherent cells using a vaccinia virus vector expression system. We and others have shown that the NC domain of Gag mediates this interaction. These data, and the pres |
| 133 | Polymorphisms in HIV-1 gag-pol influence both proteolytic processing and replication dynamics. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:81 (abstract no. 133) Rose S, Pomeroy S, Bloom G, Sleasman J, Dunn B, Goodenow M; Univ of Florida, Gainesville. Previously, we published that determinants in Gag, nucleocapsid (p7/NC), display more genetic variability than protease (PR). The C cleavage site, located between Gag p2 and p7/NC, was more heterogeneous than other cleavage sites. The present study evaluated genotypic changes in gag-pol following protease i |
| 134 | A sensitive integration assay using HIV-1 preintegration complexes (PICs), concatameric target DNA, and PCR quantification of integration junctions. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:82 (abstract no. 134) Brooun A, Richman D, Kornbluth R; Univ of California, San Diego. Previously, studies on PICs have been impeded by the lack of a sensitive and facile assay of their ability to integrate into target DNA in vitro. Methods: Cytoplasmic detergent extracts containing PICs were prepared from SupT1 cells acutely infected by HIV-1 LAI. 10 microliter of PIC extract was added to a |
| 135 | Altered replicative capacity of recombinant HIV-1 containing mutations at codons 26 and 29 of the viral protease. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:82 (abstract no. 135) Melon S, Gil-Roda C, Balfour H Jr, Ona M, Erice A; Hosp Covadonga, Oviedo, Spain. HIV-1 strains from patients treated with protease (prot.) inhibitors do not contain mutations at codons 26 and 29 of the viral prot., suggesting that these positions might be important for the viability of the virus. Methods: Degenerated primers were used to obtain random HIV-1 mutants at positions 26 (26X) |
| 136 | Virological and epidemiological characterizations of SIVmnd-type 2 infecting wild mandrills. A new cross-species transmission to humans? Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:82 (abstract no. 136) Souquiere S, Bibollet F, Robertson D, Apetrei C, Plantier JC, Mauclere P, Marx P, Muller M, Hahn B, Simon F; CIRMF, Gabon. The mandrill, a primate living in Cameroon / Gabon , was reported to be infected by SIVmnd-1 in 1988. Here, we have characterized a second, highly divergent SIVmnd (SIVmnd-2), naturally infecting these primates, and determined the distribution of these strains in wild-living and captive primates. |
| 137 | Definition of the mechanism for HIV-1 VPR G2 cell cycle arrest through studies of the interaction of HIV-1 Vpr with transdominant Vpr mutants and interactive cellular proteins. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:83 (abstract no. 137) Zhou Y, Ratner L; Washington Univ Sch of Med, St Louis, MO. HIV-1 Vpr is an HIV-1 virion-associated protein with multiple biological functions. One of these functions is to cause G2 cell cycle arrest, which has been shown to play an important role in HIV-1 pathogenesis. We first demonstrated that HIV-1 Vpr is phosphorylated on ser79, which is critical for Vpr G2 cel |
| 138 | Functional conservation of HIV-1 viral protein R (Vpr) and its association with disease progression of HIV-infected patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:83 (abstract no. 138) Chen M, Yang J, Wang B, Elder RT, Song XQ, Saksena N, Zhao Y; Northwestern Univ, Chicago, IL. Increasing evidence suggests that HIV-1 Vpr is required in vivo for viral pathogenesis. Since Vpr displays multiple activities, little is known about which Vpr-specific activities are conserved in naturally occurring viruses or how the loss of Vpr activities might affect disease progression in HIV-infected |
| 139 | Identification of HIV-1 Vpr as a shuttling protein. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:83 (abstract no. 139) Sherman MP, De Noronha C, Greene S, Heusch M, Green WC; Gladstone Inst of Virology and Immunology, Univ of California, San Francisco. HIV-1 Vpr participates in nuclear targeting of the viral preintegration complex in non- dividing target cell populations like macrophages and induces G2 cell cycle arrest in infected lymphocytes. We have previously identified at least two distinct nuclear import signals residing within Vpr, one within the 1 |
| 140 | HIV-1 Vpr is a CRM1-dependent nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:83 (abstract no. 140) Vodicka MA, McDonald D, Lucero G, Emerman M, Hope TJ; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Res Ctr, Seattle, WA. Viral accessory genes often interact with cellular functions to promote viral replication and contribute to viral pathogenesis. Vpr is one of the 6 accessory proteins of HIV-1. A 96-kDa protein that interferes with the host cell cycle and facilitates viral infection of macrophages, Vpr contains a previously |
| 141 | HIV-1 Vpr disrupts nuclear lamin structure, leading to nuclear blebbing and cell cycle arrest. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:84 (abstract no. 141) De Noronha C, Sherman M, Lin H, Greene W; Gladstone Inst of Virology and Immunology, Univ of California, San Francisco. The 96-amino-acid HIV-1 protein Vpr mediates G2 arrest of human cells by an as yet undefined mechanism. The cell cycle checkpoint between G2 and mitosis is regulated by the phosphorylation state and subcellular localization of the cyclin B1/Cdc2 complex and the enzymes that modify its phosphorylation, inclu |
| 142 | A novel dual infection/competition assay system to determine effects of Vpr on HIV-1 fitness in CD4+ T cells under rapid turnover conditions. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:84 (abstract no. 142) Gummuluru R, Emerman M; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Res Ctr, Seattle, WA. Most viral replication assays performed in vitro do not take into account the short half- life of infected CD4+ T cells (t1/2= 1-2 days). We have developed a rapid turnover assay in which the infected cell life span is similar to that of activated CD4+ T cells infected in vivo. HIV-1Lai- infected Jurkat T c |
| 143 | Nuclear localization determinants of HIV-2 Vpx. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:84 (abstract no. 143) Belshan M, Esparza J, Ratner L; Washington Univ Sch of Med, St Louis, MO. Infection of non-dividing cells is critical for HIV dissemination in vivo. Efficient replication in quiescent cells requires nuclear import of the viral pre-integration complex (PIC). HIV-2 Vpx, a component of the PIC, has been shown to be necessary and sufficient for nuclear translocation of the PIC. Deter |
| 144 | The multimerization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vif protein: a requirement for Vif function in the viral life cycle. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:84 (abstract no. 144) Yang S, Sun Y, Zhang H; Ctr for Human Virology, Thomas Jefferson Univ, Philadelphia, PA. The virion infectivity factor (Vif) protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is essential for viral replication in vivo and productive infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), macrophages and H9 T-cells. However, the molecular mechanism(s)of Vif remains unknown and requires furt |
| 145 | The nuclear localization of HIV type 1 Nef in a macrophage cell line. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:85 (abstract no. 145) Murase Y, Otake K, Takeo N, Hatama S, Okuyama H, Fujii Y; Nagoya City Univ. Nef plays an important role in viral pathogenesis; however, the precise function of this protein is still not fully understood. We have shown in the previous (6th) conference in 1999 that the extracellular Nef protein binds with the 32-kDa Nef receptor (Ner) on the T cell surface and is incorporated into T |
| 146 | Investigation of the roles of specific adaptor protein complexes in nef-mediated downregulation of surface CD4. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:85 (abstract no. 146) Coleman S, Craig H, Guatelli J; Univ of California San Diego, La Jolla. HIV Nef has been shown to downregulate CD4 from the surface of cells. Although this phenotype is widely conserved among HIV nef alleles and is conceivably important for pathogenesis, the mechanism for this action is not fully understood. Interactions of Nef with various endogenous intracellular trafficking |
| 147 | Use of transgenic drosophila to study HIV-1 accessory proteins: impairment of the innate immune response against septic injury induced by expression of Vpu in Drosophila. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:85 (abstract no. 147) Miletitch I, Leulier F, Lassot I, Margottin F, Lemaitre B, Limbourg-Bouchon B, Benarous R; CGM CNRS, Gif-sur Yvette. Vpu is an accessory protein expressed only in HIV-1, not in the other primate lentiviruses. Several functions have been attributed to Vpu: enhancement of viral particle release from infected cells, induction of CD4 degradation, and ion channel and pro-apoptotic activities. We have elucidated the mechanism b |
| 148 | Whole genome analysis of amino acid variation during acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:86 (abstract no. 148) Connor DO, Allen T, Mothe B, Jing P, Dodds E, Dunphy E, Mortara L, Dzuris J, Hughes A, Sette A, Watkins D; Wisconsin Regional Primate Res Ctr, Univ of Wisconsin at Madison. The earliest cellular immune responses to HIV may be important in reducing primary viremia. Since many infected individuals to do not develop symptoms during acute infection, these responses remain extremely difficult to study. Methods and Results: By infecting rhesus macaques with pathogenic, molecularly c |
| 149 | Co-localization of HIV-specific effector CTL and HIV-producing cells in white pulps and germinal centers from infected patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:86 (abstract no. 149) Hosmalin A, Samri A, Dumaurier MJ, Dudoit Y, Oksenhendler E, Karmochkine M, Autran B, Wain-Hobson S, Cheynier R; Unite INSERM 445, ICGM. HIV infection is characterized by the massive infiltration of secondary lymphoid organs with activated CD8+ T lymphocytes. While converging data indicated that these cells are HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) responsible for the limitation of HIV spread, direct evidence was lacking. Methods: Whit |
| 150 | New insight into SIV pathogenesis: delayed infiltration of anti-SIV CTLs allows viral escape. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:86 (abstract no. 150) Blancou P, Chenciner N, Cumont MC, Hurtrel B, Wain-Hobson S, Cheynier R; Inst Pasteur, Paris, France. In both HIV and SIV infections, viral replication is principally contained in the sites of immune responses as germinal centers in the secondary lymphoid organs. These sites are usually invaded with CD8+ T cells, most of which being anti-viral CTLs. However, despite this colocalization, the immune system re |
| 151 | Expansion and exhaustion of the primary SIV-specific CD4 immune responses correlates with disease progression in cynomolgus macaques. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:86 (abstract no. 151) Salha MD, Cheynier R, Languee T, Yassine-Diab B, Fournier J, Sherring A, Bogdanovic D, Sekaly RP, Rud EW; Univ de Montreal, Quebec. Unlike progressors, long-term non-progressor HIV-infected patients were shown to harbor reasonable anti-viral CD4 activity. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of the initial helper response to SIV on the outcome of the infection in different SIV models. Methods: Cynomolgus macaques were infe |
| 152 | CTLA-4 upregulation during HIV infection: a major cause for anergy and target for immune reconstitution. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:87 (abstract no. 152) Borkow G, Leng Q, Bentwich Z; Hebrew Univ Hadassah Med Sch, Rehovot, Israel. Our objective was to study the role of CTLA-4 in HIV infection. Methods: Cell surface markers and intracellular CTLA-4 were determined by flow cytometry, and the proliferative response to HIV antigens, with or without anti-CTLA-4 antibodies, was studied in PBMC from 66 HIV+ and 22 HIV- individuals also befo |
| 153 | Granzyme A and perforin expression in antigen-specific CD8 T cells of children chronically infected with HIV-1. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:87 (abstract no. 153) Haridas V, McCloskey TW, Pahwa S; North Shore Univ Hosp, New York Univ Sch of Med, Manhasset. HIV-infected children showed an increased % of granzyme A positivity in gag-specific CD8 T cells as compared to the total CD8 population. However, a subset of children (6/12) had extremely low percentages of perforin-positive cells. This defect may contribute to deficient CTL activity in pediatric HIV infection, as reported earlier in adults. |
| 154 | Proliferative responses to HIV-1 antigens in HIV-1-infected patients with immune reconstitution. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:87 (abstract no. 154) Blankson JN, Gallant JE, Siliciano RF; Johns Hopkins Univ Sch of Med, Baltimore, MD. These results suggest that in some patients with advanced HIV-1 infection, treatment with HAART can lead not only to significant increases in CD4 counts but also to the restoration of HIV-1-specific responses. |
| 155 | Identification of HIV-specific CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood of HIV-1-infected individuals by tetrameric HLA-DR molecules covalently complexed with peptides. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:88 (abstract no. 155) Yassine Diab B, Younes S, Breton G, McNeil A, Bernard N, MacDonald K, Connors M, Sekaly RP; Univ of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Virus-specific CD4+ T cells play a crucial role in the maintenance of immune responses during various viral infections. However, HIV-specific CD4+ helper T cell responses are usually undetectable or absent in the majority of HIV-seropositive individuals. Previous reports have demonstrated the presence of po |
| 156 | HIV-specific CD4+ T cells persist but proliferation is suppressed during high-level HIV-1 viremia. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:88 (abstract no. 156) McNeil A, Shupert W, Mican JA, Diab B, Younes S, Sekaly RP, Connors M; NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD. Because in vitro proliferation of CD4+ T cells in response to HIV antigens is only rarely demonstrable, it is presumed that HIV-specific CD4+ T cells are killed upon encountering antigen and that maintenance of CD4+ T cell responses in some patients causes the restriction of HIV replication. |
| 157 | Assessment of HIV-1-specific T cell responses in primary and acute infection and effects of HAART in early treatment. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:88 (abstract no. 157) Pires A, Pozniak A, Nelson M, Gazzard B, Gotch F, Imami N; Imperial Coll Sch of Med, Chelsea and Westminster Hosp, London, UK. Administration of HAART in early HIV-1 infection leads to augmentation of strong virus-specific helper T lymphocyte (HTL) responses. It has been suggested that potent anti-retroviral therapy protects the activated virus-specific HTL so that these cells are not lost during acute primary HIV-1 infection. ... |
| 158 | HIV-1 gag p24-specific T helper cell responses associated with control of viremia are not affected by differential production of IL-4. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:88 (abstract no. 158) Imami N, Hardy G, Gazzard B, Gotch F; Imperial Coll Sch of Med, Chelsea & Westminster Hosp, London, UK. HIV-1 gag p24-specific helper T lymphocyte (HTL) responses have been shown to inversely correlate with viral load in HIV-1-infected individuals. Methods: PBMC from uninfected individuals, from chronically HIV-1-infected long-term non-progressors (LTNP), and from a small group of long-term survivor (LTS) HIV ... |
| 159 | Improvement of CD4+ T cell receptor repertoire after HAART. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:89 (abstract no. 159) Giovannetti A, Mazzetta F, Pierdominici M, Iebba F, Lusi A, Rosso R, Pedrazzi J, Cossarizza A, Kuonen D, Aiuti F; Univ La Sapienza, Rome, Italy. The HIV-induced depletion of CD4 cells results in advanced stages of disease and in deletions of CD4 clones bearing selected T cell receptor variable beta (TCRBV) chains, while the persistent antigen stimulation triggers expansions of HIV-specific CD8 cells. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) ... |
| 160 | Low viral load and HLA-DR1 predict long-term persistence of a CD4 T helper-1 response to HIV in long-term nonprogressors (LTNP). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:89 (abstract no. 160) Autran B, Bonduelle O, Theodorou I, Goubar A, Alatrakchi N, Agut H, Debre P, Costagliola D; Hosp Pitie-Salpetriere. Strong HIV-specific CD4 Th1 responses have been correlated with long-term nonprogression (LTNP) of HIV infection, but their correlates and the factors predicting their persistence overtime are unknown. Methods: 71 LTNP were recruited, with a seropositivity known for >8 years, CD4 count >600/mm3, and no ... |
| 161 | Assessment of HIV-1-specific CD4+ T cell immunity to HIV-1 gag in HIV-1-infected individuals. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:89 (abstract no. 161) Ostrowski MA, Gu J, Kovacs C, Luscher M, MacDonald KS; Univ of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The HIV-1 specific CD4+ T cell response was investigated in 25 HIV-1 infected individuals: (1) 5 acute seroconverters, (2) 12 untreated patients with chronic infection and (3) 8 long-term nonprogressors. Methods: For assessment of gamma-IFN- and IL-4-producing cells, ex vivo CD8+ T cell-depleted PBMC were ... |
| 162 | A novel assay for sensitive detection of antigen-activated cytokine production using viably frozen PBMC. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:90 (abstract no. 162) Bucy P, Marshall G, Goepfert P, Jacobson J, Kilby M, Saag M; Univ of Alabama at Birmingham. We have developed a novel assay of the frequency of T cells secreting different cytokines after antigen-specific activation using viably frozen PBMC. Methods: PBMC are stimulated for 22 hr in a round bottom culture well, with Brefeldin A added three hr prior to preparation of a cytospin of 150 to 200 ... |
| 163 | HIV-2-specific CD4+ T-helper-1 responses in untreated HIV-2 infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:90 (abstract no. 163) Alatrakchi N, Brun-Vezinet F, Lepretre A, Autran B, Matheron S; Pitie-Salpetriere Hosp. HIV-2 infection is characterized by a long clinical latency period. We evaluated the intensity of the immunological alterations induced by this virus with special attention to the HIV-2- specific CD4 T-helper-1 response, which is known to be preserved in slow progressors of the HIV-1 infection. |
| 164 | Cross-clade CTL in Thai HIV-infected subjects. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:90 (abstract no. 164) Hansasuta P, Buranapraditkul S, Sanruk J, Rostron T, Phanuphak P, Ruxrungtham K, McNicholl J, Bond K, De Groot A, Rowland-Jones S; Inst of Molecular Med, John Radcliffe Hosp, Oxford, UK. An effective HIV vaccine is urgently needed in developing countries such as S.E. Asia. The immune correlates of protection are undefined, but HIV-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) may play an important role in preventing HIV infection. Most CTL work has been done with clade B HIV, in the context of ... |
| 165 | Impact of mutations induced by nucleoside and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors on HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T cell responses. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:90 (abstract no. 165) Samri A, Haas G, Duntze J, Bouley JM, Calvez V, Katlama C, Autran B; Hosp Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France. Our purpose was to investigate the consequences of drug resistance mutations appearing during nucleoside and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor (NRTI and NNRTI) therapies on cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) recognition. Methods: Two truncated RT regions (RT-1: 1-143 and RT-2: 143-293), ... |
| 166 | Decay kinetics of HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells in peripheral blood after initiation of highly active anti-retroviral therapy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:91 (abstract no. 166) Casazza J, Betts M, Picker L, Koup R; Univ of Texas Southwestern Med Ctr, Dallas. Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are important in the control of HIV infection in humans. Reports of a rapid decline in HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell response in patients receiving treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) have resulted in treatment protocols aimed at enhancing the patient s immune ... |
| 167 | The regulatory proteins tat and rev are frequently recognized by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) derived from HIV-1-infected individuals. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:91 (abstract no. 167) Addo MM, Altfeld M, Rosenberg ES, Eldridge RL, Philips MN, Habeeb K, Khatri A, Brander C, Robbins GK, Mazzara GP, Goulder PJ, Walker BD; Partners AIDS Res Ctr, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Boston. The HIV-1 regulatory proteins Rev and Tat are expressed early in the virus life cycle and thus may be important targets for the immune control of HIV-1-infection and for effective vaccines. However, the extent to which these proteins are targeted in natural HIV-1 infection as well as precise epitopes ... |
| 168 | The regulatory HIV-1 proteins Vif and Vpr are important targets for virus-specific CTL responses. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:91 (abstract no. 168) Altfeld M, Addo MM, Eldridge R, Yu X, Khatri A, Strick D, Phillips MN, Brander C, Goulder PJ, Rosenberg ES, Walker BD; AIDS Res Ctr, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Boston. The HIV-1 regulatory proteins Vif and Vpr are expressed early in the virus life cycle and may therefore represent important targets for cellular immune responses directed against HIV-1. However, the analysis of HIV-1-specific CTL responses has been largely dominated by the study of the structural HIV-1 ... |
| 169 | HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells in vertically infected infants: early responses and the effects of antiretroviral therapy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:91 (abstract no. 169) Scott ZA, Chadwick EG, Catalina MD, McManus M, Yogev R, Palumbo P, Britto P, Sullivan JL, Luzuriaga K; Univ of Massachusetts Med Sch, Worcester. Potent combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) of HIV-1 infection can preserve or restore immune function, but control of viral replication early in infection might interfere with the development of HIV-1-specific immune responses. Our objective was to evaluate the breadth and intensity of HIV-1-specific C ... |
| 170 | CD4(dim)CD8(bright) T cells are an activated phenotype of CD8+ T cells: implication for HIV pathogenesis. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:92 (abstract no. 170) Sullivan YB, Landay A, Zack JA, Kitchen SG, Managlia E, Al-Harthi L; Rush-Presbyterian-St Luke's Med Ctr, Rush Univ, Chicago, IL. The expression of CD4 and CD8 in the periphery is generally thought to be mutually exclusive, conferring helper or cytotoxic T cell functions, respectively. Stimulation of CD8+ T cells, however, induce the de novo expression of CD4. |
| 171 | A dichotomy between granule-dependent (perforin) and independent (TNF-α) mechanisms of lysis is present in HIV-infected, HAART-treated individuals. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:92 (abstract no. 171) Trabattoni D, Piconi S, Milazzo F, Seminari E, Maserati R, Clerici M; Univ of Milano. Immune reconstitution in HIV-infected patients undergoing HAART is incomplete, and HIV-specific T helper and cytotoxic T cell (CTL) responses have been repeatedly shown to be defective. CTL are activated by type 1 cytokines ( IL-2 , IFN-γ) and can kill targets via granule- dependent (perforin) and/or ... |
| 172 | The production of CD8+ T cell suppression factors by CD28+, CD38+ and HLA-DR subpopulations. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:92 (abstract no. 172) Jiang J, Balasubramanian S, Hawley-Foss N, Badley A, Rosenthal KL, Copeland K; Ottawa Hosp Res Inst. The production of factors by CD8+ T cells which modulate HIV-1 replication is associated with specific CD8+ T cell phenotypes. We have examined these phenotypes for the ability to suppress HIV-1 LTR-mediated transcription and to secrete chemokines which play important roles in virus entry. |
| 173 | Thalidomide can boost HIV- and CMV-specific CD8 T cell responses. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:92 (abstract no. 173) Haslett PA, Zhu SW, Hanekom W, Kaplan G; Rockefeller Univ, New York, NY. The CD8 T cell response has the potential to contribute to the control of HIV replication in infected individuals. It is therefore important to identify new therapeutic methods of enhancing antiviral CD8 T cell immunity. Thalidomide is an immune modulatory drug that we have shown to costimulate T cells. |
| 174 | Characteristic non-synonymous mutation in HIV reverse transcriptase sequence encoding an HLA- B7-restricted CTL epitope is associated with increased viral load. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:93 (abstract no. 174) John M, Moore C, James I, Nolan D, Mallal S; Ctr for Clin Immunology and Biomedical Statistics, Perth, Australia. Non-synonymous (NS) mutations in HIV sequences encoding HLA class I-restricted CTL epitopes that lead to viral escape from host CTL responses have been documented in individuals. More recently, we have shown that characteristic mutations in the HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) sequence encoding known and ... |
| 175 | The effects of HIV-1 infection of CD8+ T cells on cellular function. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:93 (abstract no. 175) Balasubramanian S, Jiang Q, Sanchez-Dardon J, Hawley-Foss N, Copeland KF; Ottawa Hosp Res Inst. CD8+ T cells infected with HIV-1 have been detected in vivo, and purified CD8+ T cells can be infected in vitro. It has been speculated that HIV-1 enters CD8+ T cells which are dually positive for CD4; however, the role of CD4 in CD8+ T cell infection is not known. We have conducted experiments to examine ... |
| 176 | Split anergy of HIV-infected CD8+ T cells associated with incomplete restriction of virus replication. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:93 (abstract no. 176) Migueles SA, Sabbaghian MS, Laborico AC, Shupert WL, Connors M; NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD. The precise mechanism(s) by which HIV evades immunologic control by virus-specific CD8+ T cells remains unclear. Recent data has indicated that virus-specific CD8+ T cells may persist at high levels despite inadequate restriction of virus replication. Methods: HIV-specific CD8+ T cells were enumerated by ... |
| 177 | Analysis of vaccine-induced HIV-1-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses by IFN- gamma elispot. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:94 (abstract no. 177) Russell N, Ha R, Havenar-Daughton C, Weinhold K, McElrath MJ; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Res Ctr, Seattle, WA. Class I MHC-restricted CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) play a significant role in control of HIV-1 infection and may mediate protection by immunization. Detection of CTL activity in HIV vaccine trials has relied upon the chromium release assay, a technique that is laborious and not practical for large-... |
| 178 | A Phase I/II trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the AIDSVAX B/B vaccine in the United States (final report). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:94 (abstract no. 178) Mayer K, Judson F, Gorse G, Harro C, Peterson M, Zaharias E, Good J, Shibata R, Lee S, Eastman D, Chernow M, Francis D, Berman P; Fenway Community Hlth Ctr, Boston, MA. A phase I/II trial of the safety and immunogenicity of the bivalent AIDSVAX B/BTM and AIDSVAX B/ETM vaccines has been completed in the United States . AIDSVAX B/B is a mixture of MN (subtype B TCLA)-rgp120 and GNE8 (subtype B primary)-rgp120, formulated with alum adjuvant, and AIDSVAX B/E is a mixture of ... |
| 179 | Humoral and cellular HIV-specific responses induced by the prime-boost combination of aventis- pasteur ALVAC-HIV (vCP205) and oligomeric HIV-1 GP160MN/LAI-2 in HIV-uninfected adults. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:94 (abstract no. 179) Kim J, Robb M, Cox J, Ratto-Kim S, Vancott T, Zahwa H, Malia J, Chaddic C, El Habib R, Caudrelier P, Klein M, Excler JL, Birx D, McNeil J; WRAIR, Rockville, MD. Prime-boost strategies in the context of HIV vaccine development use combinations of immunogens to improve B- and T-cell responses. Here we describe the immunogenicity of ALVAC- HIV prime (vCP205) with an oligomeric subunit boost (gp160MN/LAI-2). Methods: Vaccine(s) was administered at 0, 4, 12, and 24 ... |
| 180 | Similar antigenic and immunogenic properties of HIV-1 envelope in humans and macaques. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:94 (abstract no. 180) Malunbaum S, Yang D, Cheng-Mayer C; Aaron Diamond AIDS Res Ctr, Rockefeller Univ, New York, NY. Infection of macaques with envelope (Env) chimeric simian/human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIV) promises to be a suitable model for pre-clinical testing of vaccines. However, data to directly compare the immune responses to HIV-1 Env in human and non-human primates is limited. We recently found that a ... |
| 181 | The M184V mutation in SIV RT delays reversion of a live-attenuated SIV candidate containing deletions in the leader sequence. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:95 (abstract no. 181) Whitney J, Guan Y, Wainberg MA; McGill AIDS Ctr, Lady Davis Inst, Jewish Gen Hosp, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The development of an effective HIV vaccine represents one of the foremost public health priorities. To date this task has presented a formidable challenge to which the importance of the SIV/macaque model is beyond reproach. Towards this end a significant number of SIV-based models have already been ... |
| 182 | Evidence for control of SIV/HIV infection at low levels in vivo. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:95 (abstract no. 182) Zhu T, Feng F, Polacino P, Nickle D, McElrath J, Mullins J, Corey L, Hu SL; Univ of Washington, Seattle. We demonstrated previously that HIV-1 latent infection could occur in some persons who although exposed repeatedly to virus through unprotected sex with HIV-1-infected partners yet remained HIV seronegative (ES). However, the mechanisms underlying the observation are unknown and are hampered by the ... |
| 183 | Mucosal immunization by exposure to SIV or HIV-2 during chemoprophylaxis with tenofovir. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:95 (abstract no. 183) Frenkel LM, Kuller L, Capalungan J, Beck I, Tsai CC, Hu SL, Anderson D, Agy M, Stevens Y, Holte S, Richardson BA, Morto WR; Univ of Washington, Seattle. Our objective was to study a novel approach to immunization: mucosal exposure to virulent virus during antiviral prophylaxis. Methods: Macaca nemestrina macaques were exposed to SIVmne or HIV-2/287 intravaginally once weekly for 10 weeks while being administered tenofovir subcutaneously 30 mg/kg 5 or 7 ... |
| 184 | Conjugation of oligo-arginine to HIV-1 gp160 induces HIV-envelope specific T cell responses in HIV-infected and uninfected individuals. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:96 (abstract no. 184) Kundu SK, Rothbard J, Engleman E, Merigan TC; Stanford Univ Med Ctr, Palo Alto. Short oligomers of arginine efficiently transport macromolecules into the cytosol of most cells. This unique property was applied to solve the problem of using proteins as immunogens to induce T cell responses. Th1 cytokines, IFN-γ and IL-2 play important roles in controlling HIV infection. We have stud |
| 185 | Immunogenicity studies in mice after vaccination with gp120-containing killed virions. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:96 (abstract no. 185) Grovit-Ferbas K, Hsu JF, Gudeman V, Kung S, Chen IS; Univ of California, Los Angeles Sch of Med. One major obstacle in the development of a whole inactivated HIV-1 vaccine is the potential loss or destruction of the viral envelope. We have previously demonstrated retention of the HIV-1 envelope and its major conformational epitopes (CD4, CD4i, and 2G12) following thermal and chemical inactivation of vi |
| 186 | SV40 as a vector for immunization against lentiviral envelope glycoproteins. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:96 (abstract no. 186) McKee HJ, Strayer DS; Jefferson Med Coll, Philadelphia, PA. Among the most promising candidates to deliver an HIV-1 vaccine are live viral vectors carrying envelope glycoproteins in order to elicit specific cellular and humoral immunity. Recombinant SV40 vectors (rSV40) are effective gene delivery vehicles, eliciting humoral immunity against cloned antigen, but not |
| 187 | Glycoprotein-deleted rabies virus expressing a chimeric RV/HIV-1 envelope protein specifically targets cells expressing human CD4 and an HIV-1 co-receptor. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:96 (abstract no. 187) Foley HD, McGettigan J, Siler CA, Pomerantz RJ, Schnell MJ; Jefferson Med Coll, Thomas Jefferson Univ, Philadelphia, PA. No viral vector with an HIV-1-like tropism which does not integrate into the host cell genome is available. We previously utilized recombinant vaccine strain-based rabies viruses (RV) expressing HIV-1 envelope proteins from CXCR4- and CCR5-tropic HIV-1 strains in addition to the other five RV proteins. Thes |
| 188 | Rabies virus-based vectors expressing HIV-1 envelope protein induce strong, cross-reactive cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses against a variety of envelope proteins from different HIV-1 isolates. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:97 (abstract no. 188) McGettigan JP, Foley HD, Siler CA, McKenna P, Pomerantz RJ, Schnell MJ; Jefferson Med Coll, Thomas Jefferson Univ, Philadelphia, PA. Our previous experiments with replication-competent vaccine strain-based rabies virus (RV) expressing HIV-1 envelope protein from a laboratory-adapted HIV-1 strain (NL4-3) or a primary HIV-1 isolate (89.6) showed that RV-based vectors are excellent for B cell priming. Methods: Here, we analyze the cellular |
| 189 | Disseminated HIV-specific immune responses after nasal immunization with HIV proteins. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:97 (abstract no. 189) Pacheco S, Rogers P; Baylor Coll of Med, Houston, TX. The induction of disseminated systemic and mucosal HIV-specific immune responses has broad applications for HIV-infected and uninfected populations. Mucosal immunization confers protection in both systemic and mucosal sites. A mucosal vaccine targeting the gastrointestinal (GI) and genital tracts is necessa |
| 190 | Effect of adjuvant QS21 on antibody response by rgp120 vaccines. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:97 (abstract no. 190) Shibata R, Peterson M, Good J, Zaharias E, Lee S, Curd J, Francis D, Berman P, Sheppard H, Evans T; VaxGen, Brisbane, CA. The saponin adjuvant QS21 is known to enhance induction of antibody to rgp120 in HIV-uninfected human volunteers. Methods: In an attempt to compare effects of QS21 and alum adjuvant administered with different doses of rgp120, serum samples from several related clinical trials were examined using assays tha |
| 191 | CpG DNA significantly enhances mucosal immune responses and protection against viral infection in the genital tract. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:97 (abstract no. 191) Gallichan WS, Woolstencroft RN, Guarasci T, McCluskie MJ, Davis HL, Rosenthal KL; Ctr for Gene Therapeutics, McMaster Univ Hlth Sci Ctr, Hamilton, Ontario. Development of vaccines capable of protecting against sexually transmitted viruses, such as herpes simplex virus (HSV-2) and HIV, will be dependent on the induction of potent long- lasting mucosal immune responses in the genital tract. Recently, synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing immunostimula |
| 192 | Gag-encoding mRNA delivered to dendritic cells in vitro and in vivo induces potent primary immune responses. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:98 (abstract no. 192) Cannon G, Ni H, Peters C, Groot S, Capodici J, Scales D, Patterson Y, Kariko K, Weissman D; Univ of Pennsylvania Sch of Med, Philadelphia. Dendritic cells (DC) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells, making them prime targets for vaccine development. The method of antigen loading greatly affects the type of response and the feasibility of such vaccines. Methods: DC from HIV-naïve individuals were pulsed with gag- encoding mRNA and then c |
| 193 | Grouping by HLA class I supertype does not enhance HLA associations with CTL responses to ALVAC-HIV canarypox vaccine components. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:98 (abstract no. 193) Bender TJ, Tang J, Rivers C, Mulligan MJ, Kaslow RA; Univ of Alabama at Birmingham. Similarities in peptide binding specificity have been used to group HLA class I alleles into 9 supertypes (A. Sette et al,. Immunogenetics 50:201, 1999) whose functional differences could be more informative than those of individual alleles in explaining patterns of class I-mediated CTL response. We examine |
| 194 | Clade B HIV-1 infection or vaccine induces cross-clade resistance in vitro. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:98 (abstract no. 194) John R, Arango-Jaramillo S, Schwartz D; Johns Hopkins Sch of Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD. PBMC in vitro resistance to HIV-1 correlates with in vivo relative resistance to viral growth among treated and untreated asymptomatic HIV+ (JID176: 1168-1174, 1997), highly exposed uninfected donors, and a minority of those receiving canarypox vaccines (ALVAC, Aventis- PMC) expressing gag, env, and pol epi |
| 195 | "World clade" vaccine design: selection and confirmation of conserved HIV-1 CTL epitopes using a bioinformatics approach. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:99 (abstract no. 195) De Groot A, Frost J, Gonzalez M, Saint-Aubin C, Sbai H, Skowron G, Martin W; Brown Univ. We believe that broadening CTL responses across HIV-1 proteins and HIV-1 strains or clades will improve HIV vaccine immunogenicity and relevance in the global context of the HIV epidemic. We ve applied these principles to developing our world clade HIV-1 vaccine. Methods: We performed in vitro studies of no |
| 196 | An HIV-1 outbreak among finnish IDUs: the first reported epidemic of CRF01-AE in Europe. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:99 (abstract no. 196) Liitsola K, Suni J, Ristola M, Holmstrom P, Brummer-Korvenkontio H, Sutinen J, Simola S, Leinikki P, Salminen M; Natl Publ Hlth Inst. Characteristic of the Finnish HIV epidemic has been the limited number of diagnosed HIV infections associated with injecting drug use. However, a significant rise of newly diagnosed HIV cases among injecting drug users (IDUs) was noticed in 1998. Molecular epidemiological studies have indicated that subtype |
| 197 | Distinctive subtype a HIV-1 in the former Soviet Union displays little diversity after six years of extensive geographic spread among IDU. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:99 (abstract no. 197) Carr JK, Zarandia M, Tsertsvadze T, Nelson KE, Birx DL, McCutchan FE; Henry M. Jackson Fndn, Rockville, MD. An explosive epidemic of HIV-1 among injecting drug users (IDU) in the former Soviet Union was first noted in 1993. Most of the HIV-1 strains from Ukraine , Belarus , and Russia have been identified, by partial genome sequencing, either as a distinctive subtype A or as subtype B. |
| 198 | Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 subtype F in Brazil. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:100 (abstract no. 198) Mercado JM, Di Dio R, Pradal MG; CRIESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Considering the high number of HIV-1 subtype F-infected patients in Brazil , we evaluated the hypothesis that the intrasubtype F strain diversity could be responsible for the lack of sensitivity in AMPLICOR HIV-1 Monitor version 1.0 (Roche Diagnostic Systems) and NucliSens HIV-1 QT (Organon Teknika) tests u |
| 199 | HIV-1 strains from a population in the democratic republic of Congo with low and stable seroprevalence include rare subtypes and complex recombinant forms. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:100 (abstract no. 199) Mokoli J, Carr JK, Simmonds PN, Burns SM, Mbala C, Birx D, McCutchan F; Henry M. Jackson Fndn, Rockville, MD. In a study of the natural history of HIV-1 infection in mothers and children in Kimpese, Rural DRC, over 12,000 pregnant women were tested for HIV-1 antibody from 1988-1994. A low and stable seroprevalence of HIV-1 (3.8%) was observed. Host and viral factors which may contribute to epidemic stability are of |
| 200 | Evidence for distinct sub-subtypes within HIV-1 subtype A. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:100 (abstract no. 200) Gao F, Li Y, Trask S, Chen Y, Kostrikis L, Ho D, Oh M, Vidal N, Shaw G, Hahn B, Peeters M; Univ of Alabama at Birmingham. Members of HIV-1 group M have been classified on the basis of their phylogenetic relationships into nine roughly equidistant subtypes. Although phenotypic correlates to these genotypes have not been identified, the disproportionate spread of certain subtypes and recombinants has been taken to indicate that |
| 201 | Characterization of complete HIV-1 RNA sequences from highly exposed Kenyan women: recombination and resistance. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:101 (abstract no. 201) Fang G, Weiser B, Rowland-Jones S, Plummer F, Chen CH, Anzala AO, Bwayo J, Oyugi J, Kuiken C, Gaschen B, Kitchen C, Paxinos E, Burger H; Wadsworth Ctr, New York State Dept of Hlth, Albany. Viral recombination poses a risk for the acquisition of drug-resistant HIV-1 in patients; it also presents a challenge for vaccine design. In sub-Saharan Africa, clade B is uncommon and distinct viral clades often co-exist within a community. To examine the frequency of HIV-1 recombination and the potential |
| 202 | Differences in risk of AIDS among young HIV-infected persons in the United States. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:101 (abstract no. 202) Gallagher K, Klevens R, Li J, Fleming P; CDC, Atlanta, GA. The number of AIDS cases diagnosed in the US has decreased markedly since 1996 due to the use of HAART and preventive therapies for opportunistic infections. AIDS diagnoses may occur in persons who fail therapy, lack access to medical services, or are unaware earlier of their HIV status. Because young adult |
| 203 | CD4+ cell count is a better predictor of disease progression than HIV RNA level in persons with advanced HIV infection on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:101 (abstract no. 203) MacArthur RD, Perez G, Walmsley S, Baxter J, Neaton J, Wentworth D; Wayne State Univ, Detroit, MI. For persons on HAART, the relative prognostic importance of proximal (prox) follow- up (f/u) levels of CD4+ cells (CD4s) and viral load (VL), vs baseline values, for progression to AIDS/death has not been established. This issue was investigated in CPCRA 042/045-CTN 102, a study of AR-naïve or -experienced |
| 204 | The effects of hard drug use on virological and immunological parameters of HIV-infected women. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:102 (abstract no. 204) Thorpe L, Frederick M, Buscher S, Davenny K, Green K, Landesman S, Miotti P, Pitt J, Zorilla C, Hershow R; CDC, Atlanta GA. In vitro and animal studies suggest that the use of illicit drugs such as cocaine and heroin may increase HIV-1 viral replication and suppress immune function. Epidemiologic findings have been inconclusive regarding their effect on HIV disease progression. This study prospectively examined the association b |
| 205 | The impact of pregnancy and menopause on CD4 counts in HIV-infected women. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:102 (abstract no. 205) Danisman F, Van Benthem BH, Coutinho RA, Prins M; Municipal Hlth Service, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. It has been shown that CD4 counts are higher and HIV-RNA levels are lower in HIV- infected women than in HIV-infected men. These markers might be affected by levels of reproductive hormones, which differ by gender and change in women during pregnancy and after menopause. Therefore, we investigated the impac |
| 206 | HTLV-I co-infection is associated with a shorter survival time for HIV-1-infected patients in Bahia, Brazil. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:102 (abstract no. 206) Brites C, Gusmao RA, Pedroso C, Netto EM, Pedral-Sampaio DB, Badaro R; Federal Univ of Bahia-Salvador, Salvador, Brazil. Salvador, a city in the northeast region of Brazil , is endemic for HTLV-I. Co-infection by this agent reaches 20% among HIV-infected patients. There is evidence suggesting that this interaction could accelerate AIDS progression. We evaluate a cohort of HIV patients to assess the impact of HIV/HTLV co-infec |
| 207 | Natural history of HIV subtype E infections in Thai men 5-7 years after infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:102 (abstract no. 207) Rangsin R, Chiu J, Sirisopana N, Eiumtrakul S, Khamboonruang C, Robb M, Beyrer C, Brown A, Markowitz L, Nelson K; Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD. The natural history of HIV subtype E infection has not been well defined. We evaluated progression to AIDS (i.e. CD4+ |
| 208 | G Protein beta 3 subunit 825T allele is strongly predictive for accelerated progression to AIDS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:103 (abstract no. 208) Siffert W, Esser S, Bromen K, Jockel KH, Goos M, Brockmeyer NH; Univ Clinic, Essen. It has been reported that certain chemokines suppress the replication of M-tropic HIV strains but may enhance the replication of T-tropic strains. Interestingly, this latter effect was blocked in vitro by pertussis toxin, which blocks signal transduction via heterotrimeric G proteins (Kinter et al., PNAS 95 |
| 209 | Effects of CCR5-delta 32, CCR2-64I and SDF-1 3'A polymorphisms on HIV disease progression: an international meta-analysis. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:103 (abstract no. 209) Ioannidis J, Rosenberg P, Goedert J, O'Brien T; NCI, Bethesda, MD. Studies of the effects of chemokine and chemokine receptor gene polymorphisms on the outcome of HIV-1 infection have yielded inconsistent results. To examine postulated associations, we conducted an international meta-analysis of individual patient data contributed by 19 groups of investigators. Methods: Al |
| 210 | Novel approaches in authentically establishing epidemiologic linkage in chronically HIV-1-infected cohorts. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:103 (abstract no. 210) Saksena N, Wang B, Dyer W, Learmont J, Birch MR; CVR, WMI, Westmead Hosp. The SBBC I and III are two of four recently identified cohorts from Australia in which individuals have acquired HIV infection via whole blood transfusion of factor VIII between 1983- 1985 from a common donor. In cohort I all the members are infected with a nef-deleted virus; some members have shown non-pro |
| 211 | High HIV and risk behavior prevalence among 23- to 29-year-old men who have sex with men in 6 US cities. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:104 (abstract no. 211) Valleroy L, Secura G, MacKellar D, Behel S; CDC, Atlanta, GA. Recent findings in the US suggest a resurgent HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men (MSM). Our objective is to investigate the current state of the HIV epidemic among young adult MSM by assessing the prevalence of HIV and associated risks among this population in 6 US cities. Methods: The 1998-2000 Y |
| 212 | High HIV seroprevalence and race differentials in young men who have sex with men, sampled at public venues in New York City, 1998-1999. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:104 (abstract no. 212) Torian LV, Koblin BA, Guilin VA, Ren L, Makki HA, MacKellar DA, Valleroy LA; New York City Dept of Hlth AIDS Res/HIV Serosurvey Program, NY. Our objective was to estimate the prevalence of antibody to HIV and associated behavioral risk in men who have sex with men (MSM) aged 23-29 in New York City. Methods: A cross-sectional anonymous behavioral risk and seroprevalence survey of MSM attending public venues was performed. Consenting respondents u |
| 213 | Confidence in HAART and recent unprotected anal sex among men who have sex with men (MSM). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:104 (abstract no. 213) Bingham T, Johnson D, Harawa M; HIV Epidemiology Program, Los Angeles, CA. With the introduction of highly active anti-retroviral treatment (HAART) in 1996, public health officials began speculating about a deterioration of safer sexual practices among MSM. In Los Angeles County, a recent syphilis outbreak among MSM may indeed substantiate claims that safer sex practices are decli |
| 214 | Unsafe sex among persons in HIV care is associated with decreased adherence with antiretroviral therapy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:105 (abstract no. 214) Flaks R, Burman W, Gourley P, Rietmeijer C, Bull S, Cohn D; Denver Publ Hlth. Antiretroviral therapy (ARV) decreases perinatal HIV transmission and may also decrease sexual transmission. However, the availability of antiretroviral therapy may change attitudes toward sexual behavior, so that the overall effect of therapy may not be to decrease transmission. We evaluated the relationsh |
| 215 | Concurrent partnerships and HIV infection among African Americans in North Carolina. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:105 (abstract no. 215) Adimora AA, Schoenbach VJ, Donaldson KH, Stancil TR; Univ of North Carolina Sch of Med. Sexual network patterns may contribute to the high rate of heterosexually transmitted HIV among African Americans in the rural Southeastern US. Mathematical modeling demonstrates that concurrent sexual partnerships (CPs) (partnerships that overlap in time) can efficiently spread HIV through a population. We |
| 216 | High-risk behavior among individuals diagnosed with acute/primary or recent HIV infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:105 (abstract no. 216) Sey K, Harawa N; HIV Epidemiology Program, Los Angeles, CA. Individuals diagnosed with HIV who persist in high-risk sexual behavior are an obvious target for HIV prevention messages. Evaluating the factors associated with continued high- risk behaviors among these individuals is needed to direct the development of salient HIV prevention messages for this population. |
| 217 | A rapidly increasing incidence of HIV infection in injecting drug users (IDU) in Ireland. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:106 (abstract no. 217) Clarke S, Quah S, Courtney G, Lyons F, Bergin C, Mulcahy F; GUIDE Clin, St James's Hosp, Dublin, Ireland. Recent data shows that IDU represents 22% of those newly diagnosed with HIV infection in Ireland . Two recent factors strongly suggest that this figure is increasing. Firstly, there has been a significant increase in IDUs testing HIV positive in the GUIDE Clinic in Dublin. Secondly, a recent survey of priso |
| 218 | Estimating HIV seroincidence using the serologic testing algorithm for recent HIV seroconversion (STARHS). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:106 (abstract no. 218) White E, Goldbaum G; Univ of Washington Sch of Publ Hlth. Estimates of HIV seroincidence have until recently relied on data from persons who initially test seronegative and subsequently retest. An investigational new test, the less-sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (LS-EIA) differentiates recent infections from long-standing infections. By assessing the |
| 219 | Early detection of HIV: the HEDS UP study Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:106 (abstract no. 219) Klein D, Hurley L, Merrill D, Suh C, Young T; Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA. HIV may go undetected long after infection and CD4 depletion. Early detection and treatment preserves immune function and may prevent further transmission. This study examines how increased attention to risk factors (RFs) and clinical events (CEs) might prompt earlier testing. Methods: Medical records of Ka |
| 220 | How common is secondary transmission of HIV in the U.S.? Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:107 (abstract no. 220) Klevens RM, Fleming PL, Neal JJ, Li J; CDC, Atlanta, GA. The number and proportion of persons infected heterosexually with HIV, and whose partners had no primary HIV risk factor, have increased. We evaluated the extent of secondary heterosexual transmission of HIV in the U.S., characterized persons at highest risk, and measured the frequency with which persons wi |
| 221 | Male viral load and heterosexual transmission of HIV-1 subtype E in Northern Thailand. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:107 (abstract no. 221) Tovanabutra S, Robison V, Wongtrakul J, Suriyanon V, Duerr A, Nelson KE; Chiang Mai Univ, Thailand. We evaluated the association between levels of HIV-1 RNA in 493 male blood donors infected with subtype E and sexual transmission to their wives. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, male viral load and wives serostatus were measured at enrollment. Men were infected from a commercial sex worker and wives |
| 222 | Comparison of HIV transmission probability between US + Switzerland and Malawi. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:107 (abstract no. 222) Chakraborty H, Helms RW, Sen PK, Vernazza PL, Fiscus SA, Eron JJ, Kazembe P, Coombs RW, Cohen MS; Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA. In recent years, sexual contact has been the most common form of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission worldwide. The primary risk factor for HIV infection in women is unprotected heterosexual intercourse, with the majority of women being infected heterosexually by their male sex partners. We used |
| 223 | Viral burden in genital secretions determines male-to-female sexual transmission of HIV-1: a probabilistic empiric model. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:108 (abstract no. 223) Chakraborty H, Sen PK, Helms RW, Vernazza PL, Fiscus SA, Eron JJ, Patterson BK, Coombs RW, Krieger JN, Cohen MS; Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA. Most published epidemiological and mathematical models developed to estimate the likelihood of HIV-1 transmission during a single episode of sexual intercourse assumed constant infectivity within and between couples. We developed a probabilistic model to estimate the male-to- female penile-vaginal per-sexua |
| 224 | Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for sexual exposure to HIV does not lead to increases in high risk behavior: the San Francisco PEP project. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:108 (abstract no. 224) Martin JN, Roland ME, Bamberger JD, Chesney MA, Kahn JO, Coates TJ, Katz MH; Univ of California, San Francisco. The efficacy of PEP following occupational HIV exposure has prompted advocacy for PEP following non-occupational sexual or drug use exposure. It is not known, however, whether provision of PEP for non-occupational exposures may perversely lead to increases in risk-taking behavior and potentially increased H |
| 225 | Post-sexual-exposure chemoprophylaxis (PEP) for HIV: a prospective cohort study of behavioral impact. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:108 (abstract no. 225) Harrison LH, do Lago RF, Moreira RI, Mendelsohn AB, Schechter M; Univ of Pittsburgh, PA. There are limited data on effectiveness and behavioral impact of PEP to prevent HIV infection. PEP could increase the risk of HIV infection if its availability resulted in increased high- risk behavior. Methods: HIV-seronegative subjects from an HIV cohort among homosexual men with an annual HIV incidence o |
| 226 | Sexual HIV post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) in France. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:109 (abstract no. 226) Lot F, Larsen C, Baum-Parmentier V, Laporte A; Inst de Veille Sanitaire, Saint-Maurice, France. In France , official recommendations for PEP (mostly 3 drugs) were extended in April 1998 to include non-occupational exposures and particularly sexual exposures (following condom breakage or unprotected intercourse). PEP is offered for any anal or vaginal intercourse with a known HIV+ source or at increase |
| 227 | Anti-HIV chemoprophylaxis in the context of accidental sexual exposure by rape. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:109 (abstract no. 227) Silbermann B, Salmon D, Questel F, Heripret L, Pecqueux L, Diamant-Berger O, Sicard D; Cochin Hosp. In recent years the care and treatment of patients (pts) suffering from accidental sexual exposure to HIV have shown a trend to harmonisation. The objective of this study was to describe the different characteristics of the pts seen for rape at Cochin Hospital, their primary therapeutic care, and their clin |
| 228 | Post-sexual-exposure prophylaxis with HAART after sexual assaults. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:109 (abstract no. 228) Soussy A, Launay O, Aubert M, Caudron J; Intercommunal Hosp, Creteil, France. Since 1997, post-sexual-exposure prophylaxis (PSEP) with HAART has been recommended in France , in particular in cases of sexual assaults. The objective of the study is to describe our experience of PSEP for rape victims. Methods: A monocentric prospective study of victims seen for sexual assaults between F |
| 229 | HIV seroprevalence in male sexual offenders in Rhode Island: implications for post-exposure prophylaxis. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:110 (abstract no. 229) Spaulding A, Salas C, Cleaver D, Grundy M, Macalino G, Marcussen P, Rich J; Rhode Island Dept of Corrections, Cranston. Barriers to administering post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) to sexual assault survivors include cost, unsure efficacy, side effects, unknown transmission rates following a single violent sexual exposure, and lack of knowledge regarding the assailant s serostatus. This study examined the serostatus of male sex |
| 230 | Cost-effectiveness of prophylaxis following non-occupational exposure to HIV infection in France. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:110 (abstract no. 230) Hamers FF, Lot F, Larsen C, Laporte A; Inst de Veille Sanitaire, Saint-Maurice, France. In France , official recommendations for non-occupational post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for HIV infection were issued in April 1998. PEP surveillance was set up in July 1999. We sought to assess the cost-effectiveness of the French non-occupational PEP program. Methods: We used a decision tree to evaluate |
| 231 | Antiretroviral post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) in Italy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:110 (abstract no. 231) [No authors listed]; Coordinating Center at INMI L Spallanzani, Rome, Italy. Our objective was to monitor HIV antiretroviral combination PEP in Italy . Methods: A prospective, open study was performed. Reports of PEP provided according to national guidelines were collected by the Italian Registry; available data were analysed. Results: Up to September 30, 2000, 764 PEP were reported |
| 232 | Evaluation of OraQuick HIV-1/2 rapid test and a rapid/simple test algorithm in a high-risk/high- prevalence population in Bangkok, Thailand. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:111 (abstract no. 232) Nookhai S, Sinthuwattanawibool C, Phanaphak P, Nookhai JG; Thai Red Cross AIDS Res Ctr, Bangkok, Thailand. Our objective was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the OraQuick HIV-1/2 Rapid Test used to test matched oral fluid, whole blood, plasma samples and its use in a rapid/simple test algorithm. Methods: Matched oral fluid, blood, and plasma samples were collected from a high- risk population, n = |
| 233 | HAART reduces the sensitivity of OraQuick HIV1/2, a developmental rapid test directed against a gp41 peptide for HIV diagnosis using oral fluids or serum. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:111 (abstract no. 233) Dewitt C, O'Connell R, Zahwa H, Merritt T, Malia J, Michael N; Wilford Hall Med Ctr, San Antonio, TX. HIV-1 antibody testing on oral secretions is an attractive non-invasive alternative to serum testing. Rationale for the use of these tests includes greater safety to health care workers, decreased personnel costs, and increased point of care use. We undertook a clinical trial to evaluate the sensitivity and |
| 234 | Routinely recommending HIV testing at a large urgent care center (UCC): assessing an "opt-out" strategy with standard versus rapid HIV testing. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:111 (abstract no. 234) Franco-Paredes C, Del Rio C, Hicks G, Barragan M, Duffus W, Cesarz K, Withum D, Branson B, Peterman T; Emory Univ Sch of Med/Grady Mem Hosp. Routinely recommending HIV testing at hospitals and outpatient clinics with high prevalence of HIV or AIDS discharge diagnoses has been proposed as one strategy to decrease the number of missed opportunities for diagnosing HIV infection. Additionally, a large proportion of persons receiving HIV testing ofte |
| 235 | Failure of serologic assays for diagnosis of hepatitis B and C virus infections in patients with advanced HIV. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:112 (abstract no. 235) Busch MP, Laycock ME, Mohr B, Kalish LA, Giachetti C, Phelps P, Van Der Horst C; Blood Ctr of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA. Diagnosis of chronic HBV and HCV infections typically relies on HBsAg and anti- HCV screening. We evaluated the sensitivity of serological assays for HBV and HCV in patients with very advanced HIV. Methods: Baseline samples from 523 VATS patients (median CD4 count: 15 cells/microliters) were tested for anti |
| 236 | Rates of false-positive results on quantitative HIV RNA assays. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:112 (abstract no. 236) Brambilla D, Granger S, Jennings C, Bremer J; New England Res Inst, Watertown, MA. Quantitative HIV RNA assays are being used to diagnose HIV infection, but little is known about the specificity of the tests in practice. This study examined rates of false positives on the Standard (ST) and UltraSensitive (US) Roche HIV Monitor Test and the Bayer v3.0 bDNA (BD) assay. Methods: Coded test p |
| 237 | A single rapid real-time monitored isothermal RNA amplification assay for quantification of HIV-1 isolates from groups M, N, and O. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:112 (abstract no. 237) De Baar M, Van Dooren M, De Rooij E, Bakker M, Van Gemen B, Goudsmit J, De Ronde A; Academic Med Ctr, Amsterdam. Because HIV-1 subtypes and circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) are spreading rapidly worldwide, RNA assays that can reliably detect and quantify all HIV-1 isolates are demanded. Methods: We developed a fast, real-time monitored RNA assay based on NASBA technology that amplifies a part of the long terminal |
| 238 | Clinical utility of a quantitative real-time LightCycler PCR assay for Pneumocystis carinii. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:112 (abstract no. 238) Larsen HH, Masur H, Kovacs JA, Gill VJ, Silcott VA, Fischer SH; NIH, Bethesda, MD. Pneumocystis carinii (Pc) is an important cause of pneumonia ( PCP ) in immunocompromised patients. The gold standard for diagnosis of PCP is microscopic examination of respiratory specimens: induced sputum (IS) or broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL). Molecular methods (e.g. PCR) have been applied to IS and BAL a |
| 239 | NucliSens EasyQ HIV-1: a novel viral load assay based on real-time NASBA. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:113 (abstract no. 239) Top B, Cronin M, Van De Wiel P; Organon Teknika, Business Area Nucleic Acid Diagnostics, Boxtel, The Netherlands. Quantitative evaluation of HIV-1 viral load level has become invaluable in treatment strategies for HIV-1-infected patients. The emergence of ever more effective therapeutic regimens and the existence of genetic viral variants calls for accurate viral load assays with high clinical sensitivity as well as wi |
| 240 | Comparative performance of three viral load assays on HIV-1 viral isolates representing group M subtypes A-G and group O. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:113 (abstract no. 240) Swanson P, De Mendoza C, Soriano V, Devare SG, Hackett J Jr; Abbott Labs, Abbott Park, IL. The global expansion of non-B subtypes and recombinant forms of HIV-1 challenges the ability of nucleic acid-based tests to detect and accurately quantify the most genetically divergent of HIV-1 strains. Efficient quantitation of all HIV variants is essential for monitoring viral loads of patients receiving |
| 241 | Are measurements of genital HIV-1 viral load in women reproducible? Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:113 (abstract no. 241) Sherlock CH, Money D, Craib KJ, Merrick L, Arikan Y, Remple V, Birch P, Burdge D; Univ of British Columbia. The objective is to assess the reproducibility of measurements of vaginal and cervical HIV viral load. Before drawing conclusions from genital viral load measurements, it is important to ensure that such measurements are reproducible. Methods: HIV-infected women were enrolled in a study of menstrual variati |
| 242 | Reliability and correlations of repeated viral load measures in plasma and gut mucosa (GALT) to determine baseline characteristics in clinical trials. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:114 (abstract no. 242) Boscardin WJ, Elliott J, Poles M, Taing P, Brown S, Fuerst M, Kemeny M, Matud J, Anton P; Univ of California, Los Angeles AIDS Inst. Efficacy of HIV therapies requires demonstration of a significant reduction in viral burden beyond the inherent assay and biological (intra-patient) variability. Standard plasma assays report an intra-assay variability of 0.5 log10. The variability of gut mucosal levels of HIV-1 RNA and DNA has not been rep |
| 243 | Real-time HIV-1 PCR for the diagnosis of infection in newborns of African mothers. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:114 (abstract no. 243) Burgard M, Chaix ML, Ngo N, Leruez M, Rouzioux C; Necker, Paris, France. Our objective was to evaluate real-time PCR in the context of diagnosis of HIV-1 infection in newborns, including infections with non-B strains. Methods: A conserved region of the HIV-1 LTR was selected. Lysates of 2.10(5) PBMC were amplified, and the amplicons were detected during PCR by a 5 nuclease assay |
| 244 | Advantage of combined HIV antibody and p24 antigen assays to 3rd-generation HIV assays in the diagnosis of HIV infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:114 (abstract no. 244) Erb P, Fierz W, Jutzi M, Vernazza P; Inst for Med Microbiology, Univ of Basel. To screen for HIV infection, mostly 3rd-generation assays are presently used, which detect IgG as well as IgM antibodies. However, these assays fail to detect primary HIV infection when only virus particles and p24 antigens are present in the blood. Recently, combined HIV antibody and p24 antigen assays (4t |
| 245 | Combined HIV antigen and antibody assay on a fully automated chemiluminescence analyzer to shorten the seroconversion window. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:114 (abstract no. 245) Chang CD, Cheng KY, Wachter AK, Bussfeld D, Kapprell HP, Qiu X, Lou SC, Hunt J, Stewart JL, Shah DO; Abbott Labs, Abbott Park, IL. New versions of HIV assays that incorporate HIVAg detection with highly sensitive HIVAb detection into a single test (HIVAg/Ab Combo) can shorten the viremic window phase for HIV detection. Methods: The HIVAg/Ab combo assay uses microparticles to capture HIV antigens and/or antibodies, followed by acridiniu |
| 246 | HIV-1 surveillance in Vietnam: correlation between V3 peptide-based serotyping and sequence- based genotyping. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:115 (abstract no. 246) Nerurkar VR, Alexander S, Pham TH, Nguyen HT, Isami F, Jones J, De Leys R, Pham CK, Detels R, Yanagihara R, Hoang LT; Univ of Hawaii, Honolulu. Our objective was to develop a sensitive and rapid HIV-1 serotyping assay to better monitor the spread of HIV-1 subtypes in Vietnam . Methods: An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was developed using N-terminal biotinylated peptides based on sequences of the gp120 V3 loop of HIV- 1 subtype E from Vietnam and subtype |
| 247 | Feasibility of a subtype-specific hybridization assay for env genotyping of subtypes A through G including discrimination of recombinant forms CRF01-AE and CRF02-AG. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:115 (abstract no. 247) Plantier JC, Damond F, Peeters M, Barin F; Univ F Rabelais, Tours. Current tools for HIV-1 genetic subtyping are laborious or allow analysis of a limited number of samples and/or subtypes. A molecular method using subtype-specific oligonucleotide probes was developed and evaluated for env genotyping of subtypes A to G, CRF01-AE and CRF02- AG. Methods: DNA enzyme immunoassa |
| 248 | Comparison of capillary electrophoresis sequencing with the new CEQ 2000 system (Beckman Coulter Inc.) to conventional gel-based systems for HIV-1 drug resistance analysis. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:115 (abstract no. 248) Merel P, Pellegrin I, Garrigue I, Schrive MH, Birac V, Bonot P, Fleury H; Bordeaux Univ Hosp, France. Cost and time required to perform HIV resistance genotypic assays lead to restricted physician prescription. Up to now, sequencing technologies are referring to gel plate-based sequencing. Methods: Progress in capillary electrophoresis allowed development of sequencers like the new 8-capillary-array sequenc |
| 249 | Validation of the ultrasensitive HIV-1 genotyping assay. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:115 (abstract no. 249) Lee SY, Sandhu M, Griswold MP, Van Gorder M; Consolidated Lab Services, Van Nuys, CA. The sensitivities of the quantitative viral assays are now down to 50 cps/mL. Most commercially available genotyping assays require a plasma concentration greater than 1,000 cps/mL. Therefore, there is a need to have reliable genotyping tests for viral load between 50-1,000 cps/mL, which may portend treatme |
| 250 | Performance of the applied biosystems viroseq HIV-1 genotyping system for analysis of pediatric plasma samples. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:116 (abstract no. 250) Cunningham S, Lewis D, Ank B, Wei L, Wantman M, Dileanis J, Jackson JB, Palumbo P, Krogstad P, Eshleman SH; Johns Hopkins Med Inst, Baltimore, MD. The ViroSeq HIV-1 Genotyping System is a commercially available, integrated system for genotyping HIV-1 protease and reverse transcriptase (RT). We evaluated the performance of this system by analyzing plasma samples from pediatric patients with HIV-1 infection. In this analysis, we focused on the ability o |
| 251 | Worldwide evaluation of genotypic resistance analysis using clinical HIV-I isolates with complex drug resistance profiles. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:116 (abstract no. 251) De Wit M, Peeters M, McKenna P, Hertogs K; Virco, Mechelen, Belgium. This program aims to initiate monitoring of laboratory performance in genotypic resistance analysis of recombinant HIV clinical isolates. Methods: Clinical isolates were selected based upon specific resistance profiles (PRi, NRTi, NNRTi s, MDR). The entire PR region (codons 1-99) and the RT gene up to codon |
| 252 | A quality control trial for HIV-1 drug resistance testing using clinical samples. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:116 (abstract no. 252) Walter H, Schmidt B, Korn K; Inst of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Erlangen, Germany. Testing for HIV-1 drug resistance is becoming increasingly important for guiding therapy in HIV-infected patients. Despite the availability of commercial kits, drug resistance testing is a complicated, error-prone procedure. Checking the performance of laboratories carrying out such tests is therefore impor |
| 253 | HIV drug resistance in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:116 (abstract no. 253) O'Brien WA, Borucki MJ, Telleria L, Dolinger DL, Han X, Atkinson TL, Pollard RB, Lloyd RM; Univ of Texas Med Branch, Galveston. To improve correctional HIV care, studies are needed to examine consequences of antiretroviral therapy. We compared the prevalence of genotypic resistance in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) with patients simultaneously followed in the University Clinics (U). Methods: Plasma samples (N = 718) |
| 254 | Determination of a clinically relevant phenotypic resistance "cutoff" for abacavir using the PhenoSense assay. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:117 (abstract no. 254) Lanier ER, Hellmann N, Scott J, Ait-Khaled M, Melby T, Paxinos E, Werhane H, Petropoulos C, Kusaba E, St Clair M, Smiley L, Lafon S; Glaxo Wellcome, Res Triangle Park, NC. Currently, the cutoffs for sensitive and resistant reported in phenotypic assays are not defined by clinical data. We sought to determine a clinically relevant phenotypic cutoff value for ABC. Methods: Data were combined from 4 GW trials (CNA2003, 3001, 3002, 3009). Despite differences in design and patient |
| 255 | A rapid, automated, inexpensive assay for point mutations in HIV-1 pol associated with resistance to antiretrovirals. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:117 (abstract no. 255) U'ren J, Wang C, Naugler W, Mahalanabis M, Frenkel LM; Saigene Inc, Redmond, WA. Assays to evaluate HIV-1 pol mutations associated with resistance to antiretrovirals are recommended for patient management. Methods: HIV-1 pol was PCR amplified in a nested reaction with a biotin-labeled primer. 25 microliters of the final PCR reaction was added to a denaturing solution and dispensed into |
| 256 | Detection and quantification of minor HIV-1 populations with multiple drug resistance-associated mutations in reverse transcriptase by an oligonucleotide ligation assay. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:117 (abstract no. 256) Villahermosa ML, Beck I, Perez-Alvarez L, Frenkel LM, Osmanov S, Vazquez De Parga E, Delgado E, Manjon N, Cuevas MT, Thomson MM, Medrano L, Najera R; Inst de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. Our objective was to detect minor populations and to quantitate the relative proportion of multidrug-resistant (MDR) K103N, T69S-SG, and Q151M HIV-1 mutant strains using the oligonucleotide ligation assay (OLA-MDR). Methods: OLA is based on the covalent joining of probe and detector oligonucleotides anneale |
| 257 | Phosphorylation of zidovudine (ZDV), stavudine (d4T), and abacavir (ABC) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:118 (abstract no. 257) Parsons TL, Flexner C, Hendrix C, Paff M, Bishop J, Goodwin D, Graham N, Lee J, Christopher J, Hamzeh F; Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD. Nucleoside analogue treatment failure, which is defined as a > or = 0.5 log viral load increase, could be due to viral mutation or a reduction in drug phosphorylation in infected cells caused by prolonged exposure. In this study we investigated the effects of >12-months exposure to ZDV or |
| 258 | Differences in intracellular drug accumulation between protease inhibitors. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:118 (abstract no. 258) Khoo S, Hennessy M, Mulcahy F, Clarke S, Back DJ, Hoggard PG, Tjia J, Wilkins EG, Carey P, Williams I, Peters B, Barry MG; Univ of Liverpool, UK. We have previously reported that the intracellular accumulation in vitro of PIs is in the rank order nelfinavir (NFV) > saquinavir (SQV) > ritonavir (RTV) > indinavir (IDV). |
| 259 | Pharmacologic characteristics of efavirenz (EFV) and nelfinavir (NFV) associated with virologic response in HIV-infected children. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:118 (abstract no. 259) Fletcher CV, Fenton T, Powell C, Anderson PL, Brundage RC, Spector SA, Starr SE; Univ of Minnesota, Minneapolis. PACTG 382 is an open-label, multi-center, area-under-the-curve (AUC)-controlled Phase I/II trial in HIV-infected children 3-16 years receiving EFV, NFV and at least one NRTI. In an intention-to-treat analysis, 76% of children had HIV RNA levels in plasma |
| 260 | Predictive power of P-glycoprotein and CYP2D6 polymorphisms for plasma levels of antiretroviral agents. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:119 (abstract no. 260) Fellay J, Marzolini C, Greub G, Buclin T, Eap CB, Telenti A; CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland. Important inter-individual variability is observed in drug plasma levels among HIV- infected patients receiving antiretroviral treatment (ART), which may explain differences in toxicity and efficacy. Numerous allelic variations have been described within genes coding for P- glycoprotein (PGP) and enzymes of |
| 260B | Usefulness of protease inhibitor therapeutic drug monitoring? PharmAdapt : a prospective multicentric randomized controlled trial: 12 weeks results. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:119 (abstract no. 260B) Clevenbergh P, Durant J, Garraffo R, Kirstetter M, Daures JP, Dellamonica P; Univ Hosp, Nice. Protease inhibitors (PI) seem to be good candidates for TDM. The objective of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of PI TDM in pretreated patients. Design/Methods: We randomized HIV-infected patients (pts) failing therapy (HIV RNA > 2000 copies/ml, treatment with at least 6 months NRTI and/or NNRTI an |
| 261 | Increases in STDs among men who have sex with men (MSM) and in risk behavior among HIV- positive MSM in Amsterdam, possibly related to HAART-induced immunologic and virologic improvements. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:120 (abstract no. 261) Stolte IG, Dukers NH, de Wit JB, Fennema JS, Goudsmit J, Coutinho RA; Municipal Hlth Service, Amsterdam. Strong increases were seen in rectal GO and SY among MSM; the latter seems to have become (again) endemic in this group. HAART-induced immunologic and virologic improvements in HIV-1-positive MSM result in increased RB with casual partners. An explanation for the rise in rectal GO and SY among MSM could be a relapse into RB possibly associated with the introduction of HAART. Innovative prevention activities among MSM are necessary to turn this tide. |
| 262 | Bacterial STDs and sexual mixing of HIV-discordant men who have sex with men: a recipe for HIV transmission. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:120 (abstract no. 262) Whitington WL, Collis T, Dithmer-Schreck D, Handsfield HH, Wood RW, Holmes KK, Celum C; Univ of Washington. In Seattle and elsewhere, bacterial STD incidence has increased among both HIV- positive (HIV+) and HIV-negative (HIV-) men who have sex with men (MSM). Sexual and drug use behaviors, STD prevalence, and sexual mixing between HIV+ and HIV- MSM were studied to assess potential for HIV transmission. Methods: |
| 263 | HIV risk behavior among HIV-seropositive (HIV+) persons in the Bronx, NY. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:120 (abstract no. 263) McGowan JP, Shah SS, Ganea CE, Blum S, Ernst JA, Weidle PJ, Irwin KL, Olivo N, Holmberg SD; Bronx-Lebanon Hosp Ctr, NY. Since HIV+ persons are the source of transmission, it is important to study their risk behavior. Knowledge of HIV risk activity among known HIV+ patients (pts) engaged in primary care can help to assess the effectiveness of education on behavior modification. Methods: Confidential pt interviews from an ur |
| 264 | Impact of recommendations on prescription of prophylaxis following non-occupational exposure to HIV in France. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:121 (abstract no. 264) Laporte A, Jourdan N, Bouvet E, Lamontagne F, Desenclos JC; Inst de Veille Sanitaire, Saint-Maurice. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of official recommendations for non- occupational (NO) post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) issued in 1998 on physicians prescriptions of NO PEP and the occurrence of PEP s severe side effects. Methods: A retrospective study on practices on NO PEP was carried out in 1997 |
| 265 | Prevalence of mutations associated with decreased antiretroviral drug susceptibility among recently and chronically HIV-1-infected persons in 10 U.S. cities, 1997-99. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:121 (abstract no. 265) Weinstock H, Zaidi I, Woods T, Mirza S, Heneine W, Kaplan J; CDC, Atlanta, GA. The increasing use of antiretroviral therapy may result in increased transmission of HIV strains with genotypic mutations that promote drug resistance. We examined the prevalence of mutations associated with resistance among patients enrolled in an ongoing surveillance system. Methods: Plasma specimens from |
| 266 | The probability of HIV-1 transmission per coital act in monogamous HIV-discordant couples, Rakai, Uganda. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:121 (abstract no. 266) Gray RH, Brookmeyer R, Wawer MJ, Sewankambo NK, Quinn TC, Serwadda D, Wabwire-Mangen F; Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD. The probability of HIV transmission per sex act in Uganda is comparable to that in other populations, suggesting that infectivity of HIV subtypes cannot explain the explosive epidemic in Africa. Viral load and age are the main determinants of the probability of transmission per coital act. |
| 267 | Using gene sequences to understand the epidemic history of HIV-1. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:121 (abstract no. 267) Pybus O, Yusim K, Korber B, Peeters M, Robertson D, Holmes E, Harvey P; Univ of Oxford, UK. Understanding the epidemiological factors that governed early viral spread in the HIV epidemic can provide insight into the emergence of infectious diseases. Current knowledge of HIV epidemic behaviour, however, is largely limited to the period following HIV identification. In this presentation, we describe |
| 268 | Evidence for the presence of all known HIV-1 group M subtypes and some unclassifiable strains in Kinshasa, Zaire, in the early to mid-1980s. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:122 (abstract no. 268) Kalish ML, Robbins KE, Schaefer A, Saekhou A, Phillips J, Nzilambi N, Shyr J, St Louis M, Quinn T, Pieniazek D, Folks TM; CDC, Atlanta, GA. The high level of genetic diversity among human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV- 1) group M strains is demonstrated by the increasing numbers of distinct viral subtypes as well as circulating recombinant forms. Controversy exists concerning the origin of the group M subtypes, i.e., whether they evolved f |
| 268B | Continued low mortality and morbidity, and HAART utilization among HIV-infected patients in the HIV outpatient study (HOPS). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:122 (abstract no. 268B) Palella F, Chmiel J, Deloria-Knoll M, Moorman A, Holmberg S; Northwestern Univ Med Sch, Chicago, IL. Objectives and Methods: To evaluate recent trends in HIV morbidity and mortality we evaluated data from visits of over 6000 patients to 10 HIV clinics from 1/1994 through 6/2000. Death and opportunistic infection (OI) rates were calculated for approximately 1800 patients with CD4 counts |
| 269 | Reduction of T lymphocyte turnover in HIV-1 infection by HAART: a longitudinal study using deuterated glucose labeling in vivo. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:122 (abstract no. 269) Mohri H, Perelson A, Tung K, Ramratnam B, Markowitz M, Hurley A, Cesar D, Weinberger L, Ribeiro R, Hellerstein M, Ho DD; Aaron Diamond AIDS Res Ctr, Rockefeller Univ, New York, NY. Background and Methods: Using deuterated glucose to label the DNA of proliferating cells in vivo, we studied T lymphocyte dynamics in 4 normal subjects and 7 HIV-1-infected patients before and after HAART. We previously reported that T-cell turnover was higher in HIV-1 infection based on qualitative interpretations of |
| 270 | Evidence for both increased T cell turnover and decreased thymic output in HIV infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:123 (abstract no. 270) Douek DC, Betts MR, Hill BJ, Little SJ, Lempicki R, Metcalf JA, Casazza J, Yoder C, Adelsberger JW, Stevens RA, Baseler MW, Keiser P, Richman DD, Davey RT, Koup RA; Univ of Texas Southwestern Med Ctr, Dallas. The effects of HIV infection upon the thymus and peripheral T cell turnover have been implicated in the pathogenesis of AIDS. In this study, we investigated whether decreased thymic output, increased T cell turnover, or both occur in HIV infection. Methods: We measured peripheral blood levels of T cell rece |
| 271 | Clustering patterns of experimentally defined CTL epitopes: implications for antigen processing and vaccine design. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:123 (abstract no. 271) Yusim K, Detours V, Thakallapally R, Kuttler C, Kesmir C, Nussbaum A, Kuiken C, Foley B, Korber B; Los Alamos Natl Lab, NM. CTL epitope density is high in some regions of HIV proteins, while no epitopes are found in others. We investigated epitope clustering patterns using an integrated approach that includes prediction of proteasome cleavage sites, peptide binding to TAP and class I, and that takes into account HIV sequence var |
| 272 | Comprehensive analysis of total HIV-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses in untreated HIV-1 infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:123 (abstract no. 272) Betts MR, Casazza JP, Ambrozak DR, Picker LJ, Koup RA; Univ of Texas Southwestern Med Ctr, Dallas. A thorough, accurate, quantitative analysis of the CD4 and CD8 T cell response to all possible antigens of HIV in a group of patients has never been described. Methods: To fully assess total HIV-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses, we developed a method to quantify these responses by cytokine flow cytomet |
| 273 | HIV-specific CTL in lymph nodes in recent and chronic infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:124 (abstract no. 273) Schlichtemeier R, Folkvord J, Mian A, Anderson D, Mawhinney S, Connick E; Univ of Colorado Hlth Sci Ctr, Denver. Phenotypic and functional characteristics of CD8+ cells were evaluated in lymph nodes (LN) from HIV-infected individuals to assess the hypothesis that virus replicates in LN because of a deficiency in number or function of HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Methods: 12 HIV-infected subjects not on |
| 274 | Skewed maturation of memory HIV-specific CD8 T lymphocytes. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:124 (abstract no. 274) Champagne P, King AS, Ogg GS, Knabenhans C, Ellefsen K, Appay V, Rizzardi GP, Rowland-Jones S, Sekaly RP, McMichael AJ, Pantaleo G; CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland. In the present study, the expression of CCR7, which, at least in vitro, defines distinct subsets of naïve and memory T lymphocytes with different homing and effector capacities, was used as a tool to characterize the composition of the memory CD8+ T cell pool in antiviral immune responses. Previous studies |
| 275 | Lack of differentiation of virus-specific CD8+ T cells into CD27-effector cells is associated with progression to disease. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:124 (abstract no. 275) Van Baarle D, Kostense S, Hovenkamp E, Knol GJ, Van Oers MH, Miedema F; CLB and AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Viral infections are controlled by specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses. Although apparently human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific T cells initially control viral replication, HIV-specific T cell responses are lost during HIV infection with progression to AIDS. Because during HIV-induced imm |
| 276 | Long-term non-progressors (LTNPS) display numerous but immature HIV-specific CTLS and low CD4+ T cell responses (in contrast to CMV-specific responses). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:125 (abstract no. 276) Papagno L, Appay V, Sutton J, Rostron T, Gillespie G, King A, Ogg G, Waters A, Balotta C, McMichael AJ, Easterbrook P, Rowland-Jones S; MRC Human Immunology Unit, Inst of Molecular Med, Oxford, UK. The factors responsible for long-term non-progression are not well understood; however, HIV-specific CD8+ T cell numbers are markedly elevated in LTNP subjects. The aim of the present study was to quantify and characterise the HIV-specific CD8+ T cell populations in relation to the CD4+ T cell responses, an |
| 277 | Redistribution of the T-cell pool in HIV-1 infection as suggested by the presence of gDTCR+ CD5- T-lymphocytes. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:125 (abstract no. 277) Valentin A, Rosati M, Patenaude D, Pavlakis GN; NCI, Frederick, MD. Progression towards AIDS is associated with changes in lymphocyte homeostasis. Identification of lymphocyte populations present specifically in HIV-1 infection may contribute to understanding the pathogenic mechanisms associated with HIV-1 disease and to the rational design of immune-based therapies. Method |
| 278 | Preferential survival of syngeneic CD4+ lymphocytes transduced with anti-sense TAR and transdominant Rev protein genes. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:125 (abstract no. 278) Tavel JA, Walker RE, Carter C, Natarajan V, Zeng Z, Bechtel C, Jagannatha S, Muul L, Leitman S, Herpin B, Stevens RA, Davey RT, Falloon J, Polis MA, Masur H, Metcalf JA, Lane HC, Morgan RA; NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD. Gene transfer strategies could potentially render immune cells resistant to infection with HIV. This phase I/II pilot study evaluated the safety and relative survival of infusions of activated syngeneic CD4+ T lymphocytes that were engineered with anti-HIV genes. Methods: T lymphocytes were obtained by aphe |
| 279 | HIV-1 NEF-mediated enhancement of viral infectivity correlates with enhanced cytosolic entry into target cells. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:126 (abstract no. 279) Cavrois M, Schaeffer E, Greene WC; Gladstone Inst of Virology and Immunology, Univ of California, San Francisco. HIV-1 Nef accelerates the progression to AIDS. Nef exerts numerous biological effects: enhancement of virion infectivity, down-regulation of CD4 and MHC class I receptor expression and modulations of intracellular signaling pathways. The positive effects of Nef on virion infectivity require its expression i |
| 280 | Movement and assembly of Gag/Gag-pol complexes in HIV-infected cells. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:126 (abstract no. 280) Khorchid A, Halwani R, Kleiman L; McGill Univ AIDS Ctr, Jewish Gen Hosp, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Background and Methods: We have detected the cytoplasmic interaction between Pr55gag and Pr160gag-pol in HIV-1 using antibody to integrase (anti-IN) to coimmunoprecipitate both Pr55gag and Pr160gag-pol from lysates of COS-7 and 293T cells transfected with wild-type and mutant HIV- 1 proviral DNA. The interaction occurs |
| 281 | Electron microscopic imaging of cytoplasmic HIV-1 reverse transcription complexes. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:126 (abstract no. 281) McDonald D, Vodicka M, Lucero G, Svitkina T, Borisy G, Emerman M, Hope T; Univ of Illinois, Chicago. After fusion with the cellular membrane, the HIV-1 RNA genome is reverse transcribed to generate a DNA copy which is transported to the nucleus and integrated into the chromosomal DNA of the infected cell. Currently, little is known about cytoplasmic reverse transcription complexes (RTC) except that they co |
| 282 | Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors enhance the heterodimerization of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:127 (abstract no. 282) Tachedjian G, Orlova M, Sarafianos SG, Arnold E, Goff SP; Columbia Univ, New York, NY. Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are allosteric inhibitors of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). A previous study of mutations and suppressors affecting the interaction between subunits of the HIV-1 RT suggests a relationship between changes at the NNRTI binding site, the polymeras |
| 283 | A novel inhibitor of the CRM1-mediated Rev export. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:127 (abstract no. 283) Daelemans D, Afonina E, Nilsson J, Werner G, Kjems J, Pavlakis GN, De Clercq E, Vandamme AM; Rega Inst for Med Res, Leuven, Belgium. The HIV-1 Rev protein is an essential regulator of the HIV-1 mRNA expression that promotes the export of unspliced and partially spliced mRNA. The export receptor for the leucine- rich NES of Rev has been recognized as CRM1. We identified a low-molecular-weight compound, PKF050-638, as a specific inhibitor |
| 284 | Detection in human-mouse heterokaryons of a factor required for HIV-1 assembly. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:127 (abstract no. 284) Mariani R, Rasala B, Rutter G, Weigers K, Brandt SM, Krausslich H, Landau NR; Salk Inst for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA. We previously reported that murine 3T3 cells are unable to support efficient HIV-1 assembly and release. Methods: Here, we further investigate the nature of this block to HIV-1 replication. In addition to the 3T3 fibroblasts, murine lymphoid cell lines, Mus dunni fibroblasts, hamster, and Rat cell lines wer |
| 285 | A quantitative assay for HIV cDNA integration in vivo: analysis of factors modulating early infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:127 (abstract no. 285) Butler SL, Hansen MS, Bushman FD; Salk Inst for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA. Background and Methods: We have developed improved methods for quantitating HIV cDNA forms and used them to identify host cell systems that modulate early infection. We used fluorescence- monitored PCR to quantitate HIV cDNAs generated by reverse transcription, circularization, and integration. The integration assay em |
| 286 | AIDS as a zoonosis: characterizing the primate reservoir. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:128 (abstract no. 286) Santiago M, Rodenburg C, Mamaeva O, Kilby J, Moldoveanu Z, Fahey B, Muller M, Ayouba A, Shaw G, McClure H, Heeney J, Nerrienet E, Boesch C, Wrangham R, Gao F, Hahn B; Univ of Alabama at Birmingham. West-central African chimpanzees (P.t. troglodytes) are known to harbor divergent strains of SIVcpz that are closely related to all three major variants of HIV-1 (groups M, N, and O) and have thus been implicated as a primate reservoir for human infection. Whether chimpanzees in West or East Africa are also |
| 287 | Ongoing exposure of humans to simian immunodeficiency viruses in West Central Africa poses a risk for additional zoonotic transmissions. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:128 (abstract no. 287) Peeters M, Pourrut X, Bibollet-Ruche F, Courgnaud V, Abela B, Mpoudi E, Hahn B, Delaporte E; IRD, Montpellier, France. Lentiviruses from chimpanzees and mangabeys have crossed the species barrier to humans, and, as such, AIDS has become established in the human population. To investigate the risk of additional cross-species transmissions of viruses from non-human primates to humans, we examined to what extent monkeys that a |
| 288 | Prolonged HAART initiated within 120 days of primary HIV-1 infection does not result in sustained control of HIV-1 after cessation of therapy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:128 (abstract no. 288) Markowitz M, Jin X, Ramratnam B, Louie M, Kost R, Hurley A, Barsoum S, Deschenes G, Chung C, Kim A, He T, Zhang L, Ho DD; Aaron Diamond AIDS Res Ctr, Rockefeller Univ, New York, NY. Background and Methods: In 1995 we initiated a program to assess the impact of HAART started during or shortly after primary HIV-1 infection. 14 subjects treated on average 60 days (range 7-120) after the onset of symptoms of acute HIV-1 infection elected to discontinue therapy after a mean of 1145 days (range 931-1822 |
| 289 | Outcome after 1 year of HAART, 3 cycles of STI and 12 months off therapy vs natural evolution without ART in early chronic HIV-1 infection (CHI). A case-control study. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:129 (abstract no. 289) Garcia F, Plana M, Ortiz GM, Soriano A, Vidal C, Cruceta A, Arnedo M, Gil C, Pantaleo G, Pumarola T, Gallart T, Nixon DF, Miro JM, Gatell JM; Barcelona, Spain. Our objective was to compare the viral load (VL) set-point, immunological evolution and specific anti-HIV-1 CTL and helper responses in 10 CHI patients (CASES = CA) with a BVL >5,000 c/ml and CD4+ T cells >500 randomized (EARTH-1 study) to perform 1 year of HAART, then followed by 3 cycles of STI and 1 year |
| 290 | Successful interruption of antiretroviral therapy (ARVT) in patients with primary HIV infection (PHI). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:129 (abstract no. 290) Hermans P, Kabeya K, Van Wanzeele F, Verhofstede C, Clumeck N; CHU Saint-Pierre, Brussels. Background and Methods: 10 patients (p) treated for PHI consecutively discontinued ARTV of their own will when viral load (VL) remained undetectable ( |
| 291 | HIV dynamics and HIV-specific CD8+ T cells response after three structured treatment interruptions (STI) of antiretroviral treatment (ART) in chronic HIV-infected patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:129 (abstract no. 291) Ruiz L, Carcelain G, Martinez-Picado J, Frost S, Marfil S, Paredes R, Romeu J, Morales-Lopetegi K, Autran B, Clotet B; Lluita contra la SIDA Fndn, Badalona, Spain. Our objective was to evaluate whether re-exposure to HIV could boost HIV-specific immunity and limit HIV replication in patients (pts) with chronic HIV-1 infection after long-lasting virus suppression. Methods: HIV+ pts with at least 2-year-long virus suppression and a CD4/CD8 ratio >1 were randomized to co |
| 292 | Response to salvage therapy in patients undergoing a structured treatment interruption. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:130 (abstract no. 292) Deeks S, Wrin T, Hoh R, Liegler T, Hellmann N, Barbour J, Grant R, Petropoulos C; Univ of California, San Francisco. Among patients experiencing virologic failure, a structured treatment interruption (STI) may result in the emergence of wild-type virus. This may allow a more durable response to subsequent antiretroviral therapy. Methods: Nineteen patients with a plasma HIV RNA >2500 copies/ml while receiving a protease in |
| 293 | Characterization of minority viral populations expressing protease resistance mutations in patients undergoing structured treatment interruptions (STI). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:130 (abstract no. 293) Hance A, Lemiale V, Izopet J, Lecossier D, Joly V, Massip P, Mammano F, Descamps D, Brun-Vezinet F, Clavel F; CRIV Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris. Following STI in HIV-1-infected patients harboring drug-resistant virus, resistance mutations are no longer detectable in plasma virus by genotyping in most patients. We have recently shown that minority resistant populations (1-10% of total virus) can be detected in many patients using a real-time-PCR-base |
| 294 | Trends in HIV/AIDS hospitalization: rates of hospitalization and an examination of discharge diagnoses of a cohort of HIV+/AIDS patients at UCSD medical center (1993-1999). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:130 (abstract no. 294) Bauer JA, Mathews WC, Barber RE; Sch of Med, Univ of California San Diego, La Jolla. Hospitalization rates of HIV+/AIDS patients in the United States have decreased since the introduction of potent combination therapies. Recent increases in hospitalization rates have been seen in a cohort of HIV-infected patients receiving primary care at UCSD Owen Clinic. The objectives were (1) to examine |
| 295 | The epidemiology of AIDS-associated recurrent bacterial pneumonia in Europe in the pre- and post- HAART periods. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:131 (abstract no. 295) Boumis E, Serraino D, Petrosillo N, Ferrara M, Piselli PL, Girardi E, Palmieri F, Ippolito G; Natl Inst for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS L Spallanzani, Rome, Italy. Although recurrent bacterial pneumonia (RBP) is associated with an high rate of hospitalization and with increased mortality of HIV-infected patients, few investigations have focused on the epidemiological aspects of such conditions, and it is still not well defined whether the relative frequency of RBP has |
| 296 | Is CMV a cardiovascular risk factor in HIV-1-infected patients? Supra study, Bordeaux, France, 1999. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:131 (abstract no. 296) Thiebaut R, Fabre I, Mercie P, Lavignole V, Morlat P, Neau D, Dupon M, Dabis F; ISPED INSERM U330. Several large studies in HIV-free individuals have suggested a possible role of cytomegalovirus ( CMV ) infection in the development of cardiovascular disease. In the ARIC study, the CMV antibody titer was associated with an increased carotid intima media thickness (IMT), a marker of atherosclerosis (Nieto |
| 297 | Impact of chronic viral hepatitis on hospital admission and mortality in HIV-infected patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:131 (abstract no. 297) Martin-Carbonero L, Soriano V, Valencia ME, Lopez M, Gonzalez-Lahoz J; Inst de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. The asymptomatic period and survival of HIV+ patients have improved since the introduction of HAART. As a consequence, in subjects coinfected with HIV and hepatitis viruses, end-stage chronic viral liver disease (CVLD) has become an increased cause of morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to as |
| 298 | Changes in cause of death across Europe. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:132 (abstract no. 298) Mocroft A, Brettle R, Kirk O, Blaxhult A, Parkin JM, Antunes F, Francioli P, d'Arminio Monforte A, Phillips A, Lundgren JD; London, UK. The causes of death among patients with HIV may have changed since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Methods: Analyses of 1,670 deaths occurring between 1994- 2000 among patients enrolled in EuroSIDA, a prospective observational study of over 8,500 patients from Europe. Results: The |
| 299 | Causes of death among HIV-infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Aquitaine cohort (France), 1998-1999. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:132 (abstract no. 299) Bonnet F, Morlat P, Chene G, Mercie P, Neau D, Chossat I, Decoin M, Lewden C, Malvy D, Pellegrin JL, Ragnaud KM, Dupon M, Dabis F, Beylot J; Hosp Saint-Andre. A marked decline in mortality has occurred among HIV-infected patients since the introduction of HAART. The precise causes of death in the current era need to be better defined. Methods: We studied causes of death in 1998 and 1999 among adult patients followed at the Bordeaux University Hospital within the |
| 300 | Death in HIV-infected inpatients in the HAART era: an evaluation of mortality in an inner-city hospital. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:132 (abstract no. 300) Ahmad S, Pulvirenti J, Shastri P, Irfan M, Ariga D; Cook County Hosp, Chicago, IL. After an initial decline in mortality from 1995 to 1998 (5.3% to 3.1%), mortality among HIV-infected (HIV+) patients (P) at Cook County Hospital (CCH) has stabilized. To assess causes of death among HIV+ P in the HAART era, we conducted a retrospective chart review of all HIV+ P who died during hospitalizat |
| 301 | Susceptibility of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) to various anti-HIV compounds: implications for postexposure prophylaxis. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:133 (abstract no. 301) Witvrouw M, Pannecouque C, De Clercq E, Switzer W, Folks T, Heneine W; Rega Inst for Med Res, Leuven, Belgium. Persons occupationally exposed to SIV or SHIV are at risk of infection with these viruses. Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) with antiretroviral drugs may reduce the risk of SIV/SHIV infection. However, the activity of these drugs against SIV/SHIV is not fully known. Methods: We evaluated the activity of sever |
| 302 | In vitro and in vivo pre-clinical analyses of the antiretroviral drug candidate 4-methyl dicamphanoyl khellactone. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:133 (abstract no. 302) Wild CT, Kilgore NR, Polidoro SE, Xie L, Chen SY, Lee KH, Smith PC, Allaway GP; Panacos Pharmaceuticals Inc, Gaithersburg, MD. 4-Methyl dicamphanoyl khellactone (4-methyl DCK) potently inhibits replication of diverse primary HIV-1 isolates from all viral clades tested. It has a novel mechanism of action compared to approved drugs and appears to act early in the viral replicative cycle. This report presents the results of pre-clinic |
| 303 | ACH-126,443: a new nucleoside analog with potent activity against wild-type and resistant HIV-1 and a promising pharmacokinetic and mitochondrial safety profile. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:133 (abstract no. 303) Dunkle LM, Oshana SC, Cheng YC, Hertogs K, Rice WG; Achillion Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, CT. ACH-126,443 (beta-L-Fd4C) is an L-nucleoside analog designed to improve on earlier analogs by providing potent anti-HIV and -HBV activity while avoiding mitochondrial toxicity. Early work with the compound demonstrated anti-HIV activity 10-20-fold greater than 3TC , excellent ora |
| 304 | TMC120 (R147681), a next-generation NNRTI, has potent in vitro activity against NNRTI-resistant HIV variants. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:134 (abstract no. 304) De Bethune MP, Andries K, Ludovici D, Lewi P, Azijn H, De Jonge M, Heeres J, Kukla M, Janssen P, Pauwels R; Tibotec, Mechelen, Belgium. Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are potent antiretrovirals but extensive cross-resistance is observed among approved inhibitors of this class. The next generation of NNRTIs should have potent activity against variants resistant to NNRTIs currently in use. Methods: Lead compound optim |
| 305 | 4 -ethynyl nucleoside analogs: potent inhibitors active against multi-drug-resistant HIV variants in vitro. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:134 (abstract no. 305) Kodama E, Ohrui H, Gatanaga H, Shigeta S, Matsuoka M, Mitsuya H; Inst for Virus Res, Kyoto Univ, Japan. Background and Methods: A series of 4 -substituted nucleosides were designed, synthesized, and identified to be active against a wide spectrum of HIV, including a variety of laboratory strains of HIV-1 and -2 and primary clinical HIV-1 isolates. Results: Among 4 -substituted nucleosides examined, 4 -E-2 -deoxycytidine |
| 306 | Mechanistic studies of dioxolane guanosine 5 -triphosphate: implications for efficacy, lack of cross- resistance and selectivity of DAPD. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:134 (abstract no. 306) Feng J, Jeffrey J, Anderson K, Copeland W, Furman P; Triangle Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Durham, NC. DAPD, a prodrug of dioxolane guanosine (DXG), is a nucleoside analog currently in Phase I/II clinical trials for the treatment of HIV infection. DAPD is deaminated by adenosine deaminase to DXG, which is subsequently phosphorylated to the corresponding 5 -triphosphate, DXG-TP. Methods: Steady-state and pre- |
| 307 | Low concentrations of mycophenolic acid augment the antiretroviral activity of abacavir (ABC), didanosine (ddI), tenofovir (TFV), and the combination of ABC and ddI in vitro. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:134 (abstract no. 307) Hossain M, Margolis D; Dallas VA Med Ctr, TX. Mycophenolic acid (MPA), an inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor, shows anti-HIV activity in vitro. We tested the combined effect of MPA with ABC, DDI and TFV against wild-type and nucleoside-resistant (NR) HIV-1 in PHA-stimulated PBMCs. Methods: 10(6) stimulated PBMCs were infected with 1000 TCID5 |
| 308 | A highly synergistic tripe antiviral combination with potential activity against both HIV and hepatitis C viruses. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:135 (abstract no. 308) Klein MB, Campeol N, Lalonde RG, Wainberg MA; McGill Univ Hlth Ctr. The increase in HIV and HCV co-infection is presenting new therapeutic challenges. HIV therapy has no impact on HCV and may even exacerbate liver disease. In contrast, both drugs used to treat HCV, interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) and ribavirin (RIBA), have activity against HIV. As IFN-alpha and RIBA individual |
| 309 | New small-molecule inhibitors of HIV-1 entry. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:135 (abstract no. 309) Shu Y, Stanchev T, Xiao X, D'Souza P, Nasr M, Broder CC, Dimitrov DS; NCI-Frederick, NIH, MD. HIV-1 entry into cells is mediated through the formation of a complex between its envelope glycoprotein (Env), CD4 and coreceptor molecules. Disruption of the complex formation is a promising avenue for development of HIV-1 inhibitors. Methods: The inhibitory activities of 21 compounds were measured by the |
| 310 | Mechanisms of synergy between HIV-1 attachment, coreceptor and fusion inhibitors. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:135 (abstract no. 310) Nagashima K, Rosenfield S, Thompson D, Maddon P, Dragic T, Olson W; Progenics Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, NY. HIV-1 entry proceeds via a cascade of events that provide promising targets for a new generation of antiviral therapies, including the gp120-CD4 attachment inhibitor PRO 542, the gp120-coreceptor inhibitor PRO 140, and the gp41 fusion inhibitors T-20 and T-1249. The multi- step nature of HIV-1 entry leaves |
| 311 | Coreceptor trap therapy: combination of CCR5 and CXCR4 inhibitors blocks human immunodeficiency virus type I infection in vivo. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:135 (abstract no. 311) Picchio G, Sabbe R, Neal M, Henson G, Macfarland R, Chaloin O, Offord R, Mosier D; Scripps Res Inst, La Jolla, CA. Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) binding to target cells by coreceptor blocking agents is an attractive potential therapy. Treatment of human peripheral blood leukocyte-reconstituted SCID (hu-PBL-SCID) mice with the CCR5-inhibitor NNY-RANTES prevented R5 HIV-1 infection in the major |
| 312 | Gene delivery protects from HIV-1 in vivo. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:136 (abstract no. 312) Strayer DS, Petoello-Mantovani M, Pomerantz RJ, Goldstein H; Jefferson Med Coll, Philadelphia, PA. Despite success in inhibiting HIV-1 in vitro, gene delivery has not been useful against HIV-1 in vivo. We report here that an SV40-derived vector (rSV40), given in vivo, can inhibit HIV- 1 in vivo. Methods: SV(Aw), a Tag-deleted replication-crippled rSV40 vector, carries Aw, a single- chain Fv antibody (SFv |
| 313 | The binding subunit of pertussis toxin is a potent broad-spectrum inhibitor of R5 and X4 HIV-1 replication. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:136 (abstract no. 313) Alfano M, Vallanti G, Vicenzi E, Lazzarin A, Rappuoli R, Bukrinsky M, Poli G; San Raffaele Scientific Inst, Milan, Italy. We have recently shown that the binding subunit of pertussis toxin (PTX-B) inhibits the entry and replication of macrophage-tropic (R5) HIV-1 strains in activated primary T lymphocytes. Furthermore, PTX-B suppressed the replication of T-cell tropic (X4) viruses at a post- entry level in the same cells (. Al |
| 314 | START observational study: longitudinal follow-up of virologic and immunologic responses in START I and START II patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:136 (abstract no. 314) Murphy R, Santana J, Squires K, Yangco B, Peterson D, Adams J, Mauney J, Perry M, Grosso R, Tudor J, Stevens M; Northwestern Univ, Chicago, IL. The START trials were prospective, randomized, open label, multicenter studies that compared d4T + 3TC + IDV ( A ; n = 101; START I) and d4T + ddI (chewable tablets) + IDV ( B ; n = 102; START II) to ZDV + 3TC + IDV ( C ; n = 206; START I and II) in trea |
| 315 | Efficacy of combivir (COM) (lamivudine 150 mg/zidovudine 300 mg) plus ziagen (abacavir (ABC) 300mg) bid compared to trizivir (TZV) (3TC 150 mg/ZDV 300 mg/ABC 300mg) bid in patients receiving prior COM plus ABC. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:137 (abstract no. 315) Fischl M, Burnside A, Farthing C, Thompson M, Bellos N, Williams V, Shaefer M; Univ of Miami, FL. To demonstrate TZV is not different than COM/ABC as measured by proportion of subjects who maintain HIV-1 RNA (vRNA) levels _16 wks), +/- PI or NNRTI with vRNA 200/mm3 at entry into the study. Subjects were prestratified by use of COM/ABC al |
| 316 | Use of Trizivir to simplify therapy in HAART-experienced patients with long-term suppression of HIV-RNA: TRIZAL study (AZL30002)-24-week results. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:137 (abstract no. 316) Katlama C, Clumeck N, Fenske S, Mallolas J, Lafeuillade A, Beauvais L; Hosp Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France. HIV treatment may be limited by regimen complexity, long-term side effects and poor adherence. Trizivir ( abacavir , lamivudine, zidovudine) can be administered as one tablet twice daily without restrictive dietary requirements and is an option to simplify |
| 317 | Efficacy and safety of switch to 3TC 300 mg QD vs. continued 3TC 150 mg BID in subjects with virologic suppression on stable 3TC/d4T/PI therapy (COLA4005): final 24-week results. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:137 (abstract no. 317) Sension M, Bellos N, Johnson J, Sepulveda G, Santana J, Ames M, Goodwin D; North Broward Hosp District, Ft Lauderdale, FL. Once-daily dosing of one or more antiretroviral medications may promote successful therapeutic outcomes and simplify HIV treatment regimens. Methods: This 24-week, prospective, randomized (1:1), multicenter trial compared the efficacy (sustained virologic suppression) and safety/tolerability of a switch to |
| 318 | Comparison of HIV RNA suppression produced by triple regimens containing either didanosine enteric-coated or didanosine tablet formulations each administered once daily. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:137 (abstract no. 318) Schrader S, Sharma S, Seekins D, McGovern R, Connaughton E, Hoffman E, McLaren C; HCRN, Houston, TX. Buffered formulations of VIDEX (ddI) have been associated with GI side effects. A new, encapsulated, buffer-free formulation of enteric-coated beadlets (ddI EC) was developed to remove several drug interactions and to improve tolerability. This study compared the antiviral activity and safety of ddI EC with |
| 319 | Comparison of a triple combination regimen containing an enteric-coated formulation of didanosine administered once daily versus a regimen of Combivir plus nelfinavir. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:138 (abstract no. 319) Gathe J, Badaro R, Grimwood A, Abrams L, Klesczewski K, McLaren C; Houston, TX. Buffered formulations of Videx (ddI) have been associated with gastrointestinal side effects and have interactions with some drugs. This trial assessed antiviral activity and safety of encapsulated buffer-free, enteric-coated VIDEX (ddI EC). |
| 320 | Once-a-day treatment for HIV infection: final 48-week results. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:138 (abstract no. 320) Maggiolo F, Migliorino M, Maserati R, Rizzi L, Pan A, Rizzi M, Callegaro A, Suter F; Gen Hosp, Bergamo. Adherence is a critical variable for the success of anti-retroviral therapy; however, complicated therapeutic daily schedules are often needed and reduce adherence. Methods: We evaluated in a prospective, clinically based study a simple once-a-day regimen with didanosine (300 mg |
| 321 | Once-daily combination therapy with emtricitabine, didanosine and efavirenz in treatment-naïve HIV-infected adults: 64-week follow-up of the ANRS 091 trial. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:138 (abstract no. 321) Molina JM, Perusat S, Ferchal F, Rancinan C, Raffi F, Rozenbaum W, Sereni D, Morlat P, Chene G; Hosp of Paris. In an effort to optimize treatment compliance and patients quality of life, the availability of a simple once-a-day HAART regimen is awaited. Methods: We conducted a pilot study to assess the safety, antiviral and immunologic effects of emtricitabine (FTC), didanosine (ddI) and |
| 322 | Long-term virologic and immune responses in subjects maintained on exclusive nucleoside analog (NRTI)-based therapy in ACTG 364. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:138 (abstract no. 322) Albrecht M, Hammer S, Liou S, Bosch R, Katzenstein D; NIAID-sponsored AIDS Clinical Trials Group, Bethesda, MD. To define long-term treatment responses conferred by exclusive NRTI-based therapy, a well-characterized group of NRTI-alone experienced subjects (subj) in ACTG 364 who had maintained suppression continued NRTI therapy until viral rebound. Subj with screening RNA |
| 323 | Safety and efficacy of capravirine versus placebo in HIV-infected patients failing a nonnucleoside- reverse-transcriptase-inhibitor-containing regimen: results of a phase II, double-blind, placebo- controlled study. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:139 (abstract no. 323) Wolfe P, Hawley P, Boccia G, Clendeninn N, Paradiso L, Shaw T, Chi-Burris K; Pacific Oaks Res, Beverly Hills. Capravirine (CPV; AG1549) is a novel nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) that exhibits potent in vitro antiviral activity against HIV variants with RT substitutions, including K103N, that confer broad cross-resistance among the approved NNRTIs. The in vitro resistance profile of CPV sugges |
| 324 | Virological and clinical outcome of NNRTI-containing regimens for 1932 patients in EuroSIDA. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:139 (abstract no. 324) Phillips AN, Pradier C, Lazzarin A, Clotet B, Goebel F, Hermans P, Antunes F, Ledergerber B, Kirk O, Lundgren J; Royal Free, London, UK. Few data are available which relate use of NNRTI-containing regimens in clinical practice with virological and clinical outcome. Methods: We identified all patients in EuroSIDA (a pan-European clinic-based prospective study) who began a regimen including either nevirapine or |
| 325 | Low two-year risk of virologic failure with first regimen HAART. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:139 (abstract no. 325) Levy R, Labriola D, Ruiz N; DuPont Pharmaceuticals Co, Wilmington, DE. Concerns that virologic response to HAART may be of relatively short duration have led to consideration of delayed initiation of therapy. Current definitions of treatment failure often include discontinuation of therapy in patients with viral loads below limits of detection. However, only patients with viro |
| 326 | Comparative antiviral activity and toxicity of nevirapine (NVP) versus lamivudine (3TC), in combination with stavudine (d4T) and indinavir (IDV), for the treatment of HIV-1-infected patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:140 (abstract no. 326) Launay O, Gerard L, Morand-Joubert L, Flandre P, Guiramand S, Joly V, Peytavin G, Certain A, Jacomet C, Rivet S, Aboulker JP, Yeni P; Bichat Hosp, Paris. A triple divergent combination therapy including one drug of each class (nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor/non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)/protease inhibitor (PI)) in PI- and NNRTI-naïve patients (pts) has not been investigated in a randomized trial. We compared the efficacy |
| 327 | A randomized, open, multicenter trial comparing combivir plus nelfinavir or nevirapine in HIV- infected naïve patients (the Combine Study). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:140 (abstract no. 327) Podzamczer D, Ferrer E, Consiglio E, Gatell JM, Perez P, Perez JL, Luna E, Gonzalez A, Pedrol E, Lozano L, Azuaje C, Libre JM, Casiro A, Aranda M, Barrufet P, Lacasa JM, Badia X, Casado A, Lupo S, Cahn P; Spain. Preliminary results of our study suggest that CNr may have greater efficacy than CNf. Both regimens have an acceptable tolerance. Final analysis (12 months) will be presented. |
| 328 | Initial efficacy results from the KALETRA (formerly known as abt-378/r) early-access program. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:140 (abstract no. 328) Reitmayer R, Rode R, Bernstein B, Meints A, Brun S, Kelly C, Sun E; Abbott Labs, Abbott Park, IL. Response to Kaletra was significantly greater in patients with low baseline viral load, high baseline CD4, and less prior use with NRTIs, PIs, and NNRTIs. |
| 329 | Comparison of time to achieve HIV RNA < 400 copies/mL and <50 copies/mL in a phase III, blinded, randomized clinical trial of ABT-378/r vs. NFV in ARV-naïve patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:141 (abstract no. 329) King M, Bernstein B, Kempf D, Moseley J, Gu K, Sun E; Abbott Labs, Abbott Park, IL. Among pts who did not have VL <50 c/mL at week 24, significantly more ABT-378/r-treated pts than NFV-treated pts subsequently demonstrated VL <50 c/mL after week 24. Higher baseline VL levels were associated with longer time to achieve VL <50 c/mL. While 24 weeks may be sufficient for pts to reach <400 c/mL, more than 24 weeks of therapy may be required to differentiate between potent antiretroviral regimens at <50 c/mL. |
| 330 | Final 48-week results of a phase II, randomized study of the safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of BID vs TID nelfinavir and saquinavir in combination with lamivudine and stavudine in HIV- positive women (women first trial). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:141 (abstract no. 330) Squires K, Currier J, Clark R, Zorilla C, Grieger P, Till M; Univ of Southern California, Los Angeles. Women comprise one of the fastest rising populations at risk for HIV infection. However, there currently exists a lack of clinical trials involving women. Accordingly, this study was designed to compare the safety, efficacy, and PK profiles of BID nelfinavir (NFV) + saquinavir ... |
| 331 | A pilot study of combinations of delavirdine (DLV), zidovudine (ZDV), lamivudine (3TC) & saquinavir-SGC (fortovase, FTV) as initial antiretroviral therapy: virologic and pharmacokinetic considerations. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:141 (abstract no. 331) Conway B, Chu A, Tran J, Petersen C, Tye L, Grubb S, Nieto L, Rivera C, Wolff M, Echevarria J, Benetucci J, Cahn P, Gilmore N, Williams K; Univ of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of four different antiretroviral therapy regimens administered to HIV-1-infected individuals recruited from Canadian, Mexican and Latin American centers. Methods: Patients with baseline plasma viral load >5,000 copies/mL who were treatment-naïve were ... |
| 332 | Amprenavir (APV) 600 mg/ritonavir (RTV) 100 mg BID or APV 1200 mg/RTV 200 mg QD given in combination with abacavir (ABC) and lamivudine (3TC) maintains efficacy in ART-naïve HIV-1- infected adults over 12 weeks (APV20001). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:142 (abstract no. 332) Wood R, Trepo C, Livrozet JM, Arasteh K, Eron J, Kaur P, Naderer O, Wire MB; Somerset Hosp, Capetown, South Africa. APV C(min) is significantly increased with co-administration of RTV. Data in HIV-1 infected subjects has shown APV (600 mg)/RTV (100 mg) BID and APV (1200 mg)/RTV (200 mg) QD to be optimal dosing combinations [Wood, et al, Glasgow, 2000]. Methods: Subjects who completed the randomized phase of APV20001 ... |
| 333 | Gw433908, a novel prodrug of the HIV protease inhibitor (PI) amprenavir (APV): safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics (PK) (APV20001). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:142 (abstract no. 333) Wood R, Arasteh K, Pollard R, Kaur P, Nadarer O, Wire MB; Somerset Hosp, Cape Town, South Africa. GW433908 is the prodrug of APV and was developed to improve the Agenerase (AGN) formulation, by reducing pill size and count. Methods: Eighty-five treatment naïve HIV infected adults were randomized to either 1395 mg (3 tabs) bid or 1860 mg (4 tabs) bid GW433908, or 1200 mg bid AGN for 28 days. |
| 334 | A 24-week randomized, controlled, open-label evaluation of adherence and convenience of continuing indinavir versus switching to ritonavir/indinavir 400 mg/400 mg BID (the NICE study). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:142 (abstract no. 334) Harley W, DeJesus E, Pistole M, Sension M, Garrett L, Nettler S, Jiang P, Rode R, Ashraf T, McMillan F, Japour AJ; Charlottesville, NC. Our objective was to evaluate the convenience and adherence in HIV-1-positive subjects randomized to receive ritonavir / indinavir (RTV/IDV) 400 mg/400 mg BID versus continuing indinavir-based antiretroviral therapy. |
| 335 | Indinavir/ritonavir vs indinavir in combination with AZT/3TC for treatment of HIV in nucleoside- experienced patients: a randomised, open-label trial. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:143 (abstract no. 335) Boyd M, Duncombe C, Newell M, Ungsedhapand C, Ruxrungtham K, Khongphattanayothin M, Hassink E, Ubolyam S, Chuenyam T, Lange J, Cooper D, Phanuphak P; HIV-NAT, Bangkok, Thailand. Use of IDV may be simplified by addition of RTV. This permits BID dosing of IDV and removes dietary restrictions. There is limited data on the efficacy, safety and tolerability of IDV/RTV BID. Methods: In this prospective, open-label, 48-week study, 106 patients were randomised to either IDV 800 mg (TID) or |
| 336 | Preliminary results from indinavir (IDV) and ritonavir (RTV) in a once-daily regimen (Marck 103/104). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:143 (abstract no. 336) Suleiman J, Rhodes R, Campo R, Piliero P, Steigbigel R, Chen J, Winchell G, Saah A; Inst de Infectologia Emilio Riba, Sao Paolo, Brazil. Previously reported pharmacokinetic (PK) studies have demonstrated a favorable IDV profile using IDV/RTV once-daily. Methods: Open-label, phase II, 48-week study of IDV/RTV 1200/200 q.d. with d4T + 3TC b.i.d. in treatment naïve patients. |
| 337 | Final analysis of ritonavir (RTV) intensification in indinavir (IDV) recipients with detectable HIV RNA levels. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:143 (abstract no. 337) Hsu A, Zolopa A, Shulman N, Havlir D, Gallant J, Race E, Jiang P, Boller S, Swerdlow J, Jasinsky O, Renz C, Japour AJ, Kempf D, Sun E; Abbott Labs, Abbott Park, IL. Elevating the trough plasma levels of protease inhibitors intensifies their antiviral activity. This study evaluates the virological response and safety of RTV/IDV (400/400 mg BID) in patients previously receiving IDV 800 mg TID with detectable viremia. Methods: Patients (n = 37) with 50-50,000 copies/mL HI |
| 338 | Durability of salvage therapy with saquinavir sgc (SQV) in combination with ritonavir (RTV) or nelfinavir (NFV) plus delavirdine (DLV), adefovir dipivoxil (ADV), or both-ACTG 359: 48-week final results. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:144 (abstract no. 338) Gulick RM, Hu XJ, Fiscus S, Fletcher CV, Haubrich R, Cheng H, Lagakos S, Acosta E, Swanstrom R, Mills C, Snyder S, Fischl M, Pettinelli C, Katzenstein D; Cornell Univ. Long-term HIV RNA and CD4 responses to HIV salvage therapy are unknown. Methods: Prospective, randomized, partially blinded study of NNRTI-naïve subjects who took > or = 6 months of indinavir (IDV) with HIV RNA 2000-200,000 copies (cps)/ml, assigned to open-label SQV/RTV or SQV/NFV together with blinded DLV |
| 339 | HIV-related death hazards of patients on different PI-containing HAART. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:144 (abstract no. 339) Van De Wiel M, Jambroes M, Van Sighem A, Lange J, De Wolf F; Univ of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. PI-containing triple-drug regimens are used for the treatment of HIV-infected patients. The change in HIV-related death hazard was compared for different triple-drug regimens. Methods: At start of PI-containing triple regimen therapy, naïve patients (n = 1738) were distinguished from antiretroviral-drug-exp |
| 340 | Effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy in the elderly compared to a younger cohort. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:144 (abstract no. 340) Chakroborty A, Waring V, Salit IE; Toronto Gen Hosp, Ontario, Canada. 5-11% of those with HIV are >50 years old. The elderly have more rapid progression to AIDS. In the HAART era, it is not known if elderly patients receive therapy as frequently as younger patients and if they respond similarly. Methods: Retrospective case-control study in a tertiary-care HIV clinic. The elde |
| 341 | Long-term survival after initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:145 (abstract no. 341) Chen R, Westfall A, Cloud G, Chatham A, Acosta E, Raper J, Heudebert G, Saag M; Univ of Alabama at Birmingham. The optimal time of initiation of antiretroviral therapy remains in flux. Long-term outcome data, especially survival data, are needed. Methods: HIV pts were drawn from a prospective cohort at UAB and were included if they initiated their first HAART regimen after 1/96. Survival outcome was determined for a |
| 342 | Diminished effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy among patients initiating therapy with CD4+ cell counts below 200/mm3. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:145 (abstract no. 342) Hogg RS, Yip B, Wood E, Chan K, Craib KJ, O'Shaughnessy MV, Montaner JS; BC Ctr for Excellence in HIV/AIDS. To what extent delaying initiation of antiretroviral therapy may compromise its effectiveness remains unknown. The objective of this study was to characterize the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy initiated at various CD4 and plasma HIV-RNA thresholds. Methods: This is a population-based analysis of a |
| 343 | Prediction of CD4+ cell response to subcutaneous recombinant interleukin-2 (SC rIL-2). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:145 (abstract no. 343) Markowitz N, Bebchuk J, Denning E, Abrams D; Henry Ford Hosp, Detroit, MI. CPCRA 059 was a multicenter, open-label, randomized trial studying the virologic and immunologic impact of two doses of SC rIL-2 in HIV+ patients (pts) with > or = 300 CD4+ cells/mm3 on combination antiretroviral therapy (ART). We examined predictors of CD4+ cell count response to SCrIL-2. Methods: Pts were |
| 344 | Effect of subcutaneous (SC) IL-2 therapy combined with HAART in HIV-infected patients. Results of the ANRS 079 randomized trial. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:146 (abstract no. 344) Levy Y, Capitant C, Lascaux AS, Durier C, Michon C, Weiss L, Oksenhendler E, Gastaut JA, Goujard C, Rouzioux C, Aboulker JP, Delfraissy JF; Hosp Henri Mondor, Creteil. Our objective was to determine the immunological and virological efficacy of SC IL-2 combined with HAART compared to HAART alone. Methods: 118 outpatients with baseline (BL) 200-550 CD4 cells/mm3 without prior AIDS events and naïve to antiretrovirals or naïve to PI, were randomized to start a new combinatio |
| 345 | Effects of subcutaneous (SC) IL-2 combined with HAART on immunological restoration in HIV- infected patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:146 (abstract no. 345) Durier C, Emilie D, Estaquier J, Rabian C, Capitant C, Ameisen JC, Delfraissy JF, Levy Y; INSERM, Villejuif. Our objective was to compare the outcomes of immunological parameters in 65 patients involved in the randomized ANRS 079 trial. Methods: Pts with baseline (BL) 200-550 CD4 cells/mm3 were randomized to receive d4T + 3TC + |
| 346 | Meta-analysis of the CD4 cell response to 3 doses of subcutaneous interleukin-2 (scIL-2) across 3 Vanguard studies. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:146 (abstract no. 346) Arduino R, Nannini E, Rodriguez-Barradas M, Schrader S, Losso M, Ruxrungtham K, Allende M, Emery S, Fosdick L, Tavel J, Davey R, Lane HC; Univ of Texas-Houston. Three identically designed Vanguard studies showed that scIL-2 given bid in 5-day cycles q8 weeks for 3 cycles significantly increases the CD4 cell count in HIV-1-infected subjects on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and CD4 >350 cells/mm3. This meta-analysis summarizes the impact of 3 doses of scIL-2 on the CD |
| 347 | Extended therapy with subcutaneous interleukin-2 (scIL-2) in HIV-infection: long-term follow-up of 3 trials. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:146 (abstract no. 347) Chaitt D, Metcalf J, Kovacs J, Falloon J, Polis M, Tavel J, Masur H, Lane C, Davey R; Clin Ctr, NIH. Numerous phase I-II trials have established that the combination of scIL-2 and antiretroviral therapy (ART) is capable of inducing substantial CD4 cell increases in HIV-infected patients. To examine the long-term feasibility and durability of this approach, we studied all patients continuing in active follo |
| 348 | Prednisone decreases rIL-2-related toxicities but also blunts the rIL-2-related CD4+ cell response in HIV+ patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:147 (abstract no. 348) Tavel JA, Walker RE, Hahn B, Kovacs JA, Stevens RA, Davey RT, Falloon J, Polis MA, Masur H, Metcalf JA, Lane HC; NIAID, Bethesda, MD. Recombinant IL-2 (rIL-2) can produce significant and sustained increases in CD4+ cell count but is associated with constitutional symptoms including flu-like symptoms which may be dose-limiting. Prednisone has potent anti-inflammatory properties. The objective of this prospective, randomized, double-blind, |
| 349 | Immunomodulation of chronic HIV-1 infection: impact of HAART, interleukin-2 and/or an inactivated gp120-depleted HIV-1 immunogen (REMUNE). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:147 (abstract no. 349) Hardy G, Imami N, Sullivan A, Nelson M, Burton C, Moss R, Gazzard B, Gotch F; Imperial Coll Sch of Med Chelsea. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) fails to restore full immunocompetence as demonstrated by a lack of HIV-1-specific T cell responses in chronically infected individuals. Both HIV-1-specific CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and CD4 helper T lymphocyte (HTL) responses are pivotal in maintaining co |
| 350 | Increase of thymic production (TRECs) after adjuvant scIL2 therapy in advanced HIV patients treated by HAART. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:147 (abstract no. 350) Saint-Mezard P, Tubiana R, De Sa M, Rabian C, Debre P, Katlama C, Autran B, Carcelain G; Pitie-Salpetriere Hosp. IL2 is known to increase CD4 T cell numbers by enhancing mature T cell proliferation. We now investigated whether IL2 also enhances thymic production by measuring T-cell receptor excisional circles (TRECs) in CD4+ T cells in advanced patients with a severe depletion of naïve CD4 T cells and failure in immun |
| 351 | Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) induces a decrease in HIV-1 RNA associated with guanosine depletion. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:148 (abstract no. 351) Margolis D, Hossain M, Shaw L, Back D; Dallas VA. Mycophenolic acid (MPA) enhances the activity of abacavir (ABD) against wild-type and nucleoside analogue-resistant HIV-1 in vitro. This may be due in part to depletion of cellular deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP), increasing the intracellular ratio of the active antiviral metabolite of ABC, carbovir trip |
| 352 | Thalidomide pharmacokinetics (PK), safety and effect on HIV viral load and immune parameters. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:148 (abstract no. 352) Wohl D, Pomerantz R, Schmitz J, Aweeka F, Fox L, Weng D, Spritzler J, Robinson W, Holohan M, Teppler H; Univ of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Thalidomide (TLMD), a selective inhibitor of monocyte TNF-α production, is used to treat HIV-associated aphthae and wasting. As an immunomodulator TLMD may augment HIV therapies. Methods: Multicenter, randomized, controlled, dose-escalating study of TLMD. Pts with CD4 counts 200-500/mm3 enrolled to 3 do |
| 353 | Successful engraftment of transduced CD34+ cells and continued expression of genes encoding anti- HIV-1 antisense RNA in HIV-1-infected human subjects. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:148 (abstract no. 353) Liu D, Wu Q, Ng J, Criscuolo E, Felix E, Chu S, Wren E, Cowan M, Eadon C, Conant M, Thalenfeld B, Engelhardt DL; Enzo Therapeutics, Inc, Farmingdale, NY. Anti-HIV-1 antisense RNA expression was detected in peripheral blood mononuclear, CD4+ (>98% pure), and bone marrow aspirate CD34+ cell populations isolated from HIV-1-infected patients post-infusion of transduced autologous CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells. This retrovirus- based transducing vector, HGTV43, |
| 354 | Short-cycle intermittent HAART: a pilot study. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:149 (abstract no. 354) Dybul M, Chun TW, Yoder C, Belson M, Hidalgo B, Hertogs K, Larder B, Fox C, Orenstein J, Metcalf J, Davey R, Hallahan C, Dewar R, Baseler M, Fauci AS; NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD. Continuous HAART, although effective in many patients, can be toxic and prohibitive in cost, and adherence is difficult. By decreasing the time during which patients receive medications, intermittent HAART could reduce cost and toxicity while potentially enhancing adherence. Methods: Twelve HIV-infected ind |
| 355 | CD4 decay after discontinuation of virologically successful antiretroviral therapy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:149 (abstract no. 355) Tebas P, Henry K, Mondy K, Deeks S, Barbour J, Cohen C, Powderly W; Washington Univ Sch of Med, St Louis, MO. CD4-driven pulse therapy (initiation and discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy at specific CD4+ cell thresholds) has been proposed as an alternative strategy to the current virologically driven paradigm of HIV treatment. There is little available data about rate of decline of CD4 cells after discontinua |
| 356 | Influence of hydroxyurea (HU) associated with HAART and maintained during periods off antiretroviral therapy in STI on the HIV-1-specific immune responses. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:149 (abstract no. 356) Plana M, Garcia F, Ortiz GM, Martinez C, Soriano A, Maleno MJ, Garcia A, Lejeune M, Gallart T, Nixon DF, Miro JM, Gatell JM; Barcelona, Spain. Our objective to analyse if the association of HU with HAART maintaining HU during periods off therapy in STI could affect the specific HIV-1 immune responses. Methods: 20 CHI patients treated with D4T + 3TC + IND for 52 weeks and VL |
| 357 | SSITT: a prospective trial of strategic treatment interruptions in 128 patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:150 (abstract no. 357) Fagard C, Lebraz M, Gunthard H, Tortajada C, Garcia F, Battegay, Furrer HJ, Vernazza P, Bernasconi E, Ruiz L, Telenti A, Oxenius A, Phillips R, Yerly S, Gatell J, Weber R, Perneger T, Erb P, Perrin L, Hirschel B; Geneva, Switzerland. HIV-specific immune responses (IR) decrease during HAART. Rebounds during treatment (Rx) interruption may stimulate IR and eventually permit discontinuation of HAART. Methods: The Swiss-Spanish Intermittent Treatment Trial (SSITT) enrolled patients (pts) who were ART-naïve before HAART, without treatment fa |
| 358 | Stable CD4+ CCR5+, CD4+ CXCR4+, TREC and viral resistance outcomes in spite of viral replication and T-cell activation in chronically suppressed patients interrupting treatment. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:150 (abstract no. 358) Montaner LJ, Papasavvas E, Moore EC, Harris J, Lilley D, Ronquillo R, McCune JM, Shull J, Kostman J; Wistar Inst, Philadelphia, PA. It remains undetermined what the immune and viral outcomes of treatment interruptions are in chronically suppressed patients. Methods: We monitored the emergence of viral resistance by genotyping virus obtained during 10 monitored treatment interruptions in 5 patients, including patients with three sequenti |
| 359 | HIV-1-specific T-cell responses and spontaneous control of viremia can be detected after the first cycle of structured treatment interruptions (STI) in patients receiving HAART since primary HIV-1 infection (PHI). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:150 (abstract no. 359) Miro JM, Tortajada C, Plana M, Ortiz GM, Maleno MJ, Arnedo M, Lozano L, Vidal C, Garcia A, Pumarola T, Nixon D, Gallart T, Garcia F, Gatell JM; Hosp Clin Univ Barcelona, Spain. Our objective was to analyze if STI can restore HIV-1-specific T-cell responses (CD4+ CTL) and control HIV-1 replication in patients who started HAART within 90 days after onset of symptoms of PHI. We analyzed the dynamics of plasma HIV-1 RNA viral load (PVL) rebound and the HIV-1-specific T-cell responses |
| 360 | In vivo assessment of antiviral reactivity in chronic HIV infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:150 (abstract no. 360) Smith KA, Jacobson EL, Sohn T, Warren D, Emert R, Giordano M, Dunne AM, Lobo M; Cornell Univ, New York, NY. Chronic infection with HIV renders individuals immunodeficient in their capacity to recognize and react to HIV as defined by in vitro lymphocyte proliferation assays. Methods: To determine whether in vivo antiviral reactivity is detectable in chronic HIV infection, viral and lymphocyte dynamics were monitor |
| 361 | CD4 count changes in people interrupting HAART therapy after a CD4 count increase. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:151 (abstract no. 361) Phillips A, Youle M, Tyrer M, Lampe F, Chaloner C, Penlington N, Drinkwater A, Sabin C, Mocroft A, Johnson M; Royal Free Ctr for HIV Med, London, UK. Little is known about the rate of decline in CD4 count after therapy interruption in people who have achieved a CD4 count benefit on HAART. Methods: We identified 68 patients from the Royal Free Clinic who had started HAART (> or = 3 drugs including a PI, NNRTI, or abacavir |
| 362 | Distinct outcomes to multiple treatment interruptions in chronic infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:151 (abstract no. 362) Papasavvas E, Kostman J, Ortiz GM, Nixon DF, Moore EC, Shull J, Montaner LJ; Wistar Inst, Philadelphia, PA. Following our observations on chronically suppressed subjects undergoing a single treatment interruption (TI) [J. Infect. Dis.182: 766-775, 2000], it has remained undetermined what the outcome of multiple TIs in this cohort will be. Methods: Sequential TIs were intensely monitored for viral and immune param |
| 363 | Treatment interruption (TI) leads to a rapid recurrence of immunological changes and viral load in chronic HIV-1 infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:151 (abstract no. 363) Van Lunzen J, Frahm N, Schmitz JE, Kuroda MJ, Hoffmann C, Meyer B, Lauer J, Degen O, Tenner-Racz K, Racz P, Stellbrink HJ; Univ Hosp Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. Our objective was to study the kinetics of viral rebound in correlation with parameters of T cell proliferation, activation and functionality after TI in aggressively pretreated asymptomatic patients in the chronic phase of infection. Methods: Therapy was stopped in 15 patients from 2 randomized, controlled |
| 364 | A randomized controlled trial of intermittent versus continuous HAART. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:152 (abstract no. 364) Dybul M, Yoder C, Belson M, Hidalgo B, Hertogs K, Larder B, Hallahan C, Chun TW, Justement J, Metcalf J, Davey R, Fauci AS; NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD. Continuous HAART, although effective in many patients, can be toxic and prohibitive in cost, and adherence is difficult. By decreasing the time that patients receive medications, intermittent HAART could reduce cost and toxicity while enhancing adherence. Methods: 70 HIV- infected individuals with plasma HI |
| 365 | The effect of treatment interruption in patients with virologic failure: results from a multi-cohort collaborative study. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:152 (abstract no. 365) Sabin C, Phillips A, Fusco J, Youle M, Gill J, Barbour J, D'Arminio Monforte A, Dauer B, Staszewski S, Braun J, Deeks S, Miller V; Royal Free Univ, London, UK. Treatment interruptions (TI) occur frequently in patients with virologic failure. The benefits and safety remain unclear. To address these issues, we pooled data from 6 clinical HIV cohorts. Methods: All ARV-experienced patients interrupting treatment for at least two months with a virus load >5000 copies w |
| 366 | Morphologic and functional evaluation of immune reconstitution in tonsil compared to inguinal lymphatic tissue. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:152 (abstract no. 366) Nguyen PL, Murphy R, Gebhard K, Haase AT, Schacker TW; Univ of Minnesota, Minneapolis. It has been assumed in previous studies of immune reconstitution on antiretroviral therapy in lymphoid tissues (LT) that the tonsillar tissues are representative of LT in general. We examined this premise in a comparison of tonsil biopsies and inguinal node biopsies. Methods and Results: We sampled lymphati |
| 367 | Longitudinal monitoring of chronically HIV-1-infected individuals for cell-associated virus and immune responses. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:153 (abstract no. 367) Tremblay C, Giguel F, Merrill D, Rosenberg E, Wong J, Davis B, Crumpacker C, Ives D, Kalams S, D'Aquila R, Walker BD, Hirsch MS; Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Boston. Residual lymphocyte viral reservoirs are obstacles in the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Monitoring cell-associated virus in subjects with undetectable plasma HIV-1 RNA as well as characterizing their HIV-1-specific immune responses could help define which individuals are likely to respond to immune-based th |
| 368 | Memory to recall antigen & CD4 T cells increasing after HAART reside within the same CD4+ CD62L+ compartment. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:153 (abstract no. 368) Hengel RL, Pavlick M, Metcalf JA, Lane HC; Georgetown Univ, Washington, DC. HIV infection causes an early and sustained loss of proliferative responses to recall antigens. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are unknown. Two possibilities include loss of CD4+ antigen-specific cells (quantitative) or changes in the fundamental characteristics of such cells (qualitative). Succe |
| 369 | Quantitative expression of activation markers on defined CD4 and CD8 lymphocyte subsets correlates with viral suppression/relapse status of HIV-1+ patients receiving HAART. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:153 (abstract no. 369) Ottinger JS, Gryszowka VE, Huggins JM, Wellons MF, Bartlett JA, Weinhold KJ; Duke Univ Med Ctr, Durham, NC. Background; Quantitative changes in markers of cellular activation, such as CD38 and CD95, have been associated with AIDS pathogenesis and disease progression. In this cross-sectional study, expression of the activation markers CD38 and CD95, as well as the chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CCR5, was quantitated on defined |
| 370 | Reduction in TREC in HIV-1-infected individuals is not explained by increased lymphocyte proliferation alone. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:154 (abstract no. 370) Lewin SR, Kaufmann G, Solomon A, Law M, Emery S, Zaunders J, Smith D, Ribeiro R, Cameron PU, Perelson AS; Univ of Melbourne, Australia. Lowered T cell receptor excision circle (TREC) concentrations in HIV-1 infection can be explained by a reduction in thymic output, an increase in peripheral T cell proliferation or death of the TREC-containing cell or a combination of the above. To examine this, we measured the TREC concentration in HIV-1 i |
| 371 | Modeling anti-CD8 depletion and recovery of CD8+ T cells in SIV-infected macaques. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:154 (abstract no. 371) Di Mascio M, Jin X, Metzner K, Connor R, Ho DD, Perelson AS; Los Alamos Natl Lab, NM. Administration of anti-CD8 monoclonal antibodies to SIV-infected macaques results in transient depletion of CD8+ T cells, during which time an increase in plasma viremia occurs, followed by a return of both CD8 and SIV levels to baseline. The observed kinetics of plasma viral load change are not consistent |
| 372 | T-lymphocyte changes after 3 years of controlled viral replication. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:154 (abstract no. 372) Valdez H, Connick E, Lederman M, Smith K, Fox L, St Clair M, Bosch R, Kim R, Blanchard M, Landay A; Case Western Reserve Univ, Cleveland, OH. Our objective was to assess the effect of long-term control of HIV replication using highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on T-lymphocyte numbers and phenotype. Methods: ACTG 375 is a prospective, open-label study of the immunologic effects of HAART on protease- inhibitor-naïve patients. T-lymphocyt |
| 373 | Pre-HIV-1 seroconversion TREC content may be predictive of disease progression. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:154 (abstract no. 373) Danisman F, Hazenberg MD, Van Asten LC, Otto SA, Hamann D, Schuitemaker H, Prins M, Coutinho RA, Miedema F; Municipal Hlth Service. Recent thymic emigrants can be identified by T cell receptor excision circles (TRECs). TREC content varies largely between individuals, declines with age, and is lower in some but not all HIV-1-infected patients. It was recently shown that in HIV-1 infection low TREC content reflects immune activation rathe |
| 374 | Biphasic changes in the number of T-cell receptor excisional circles (TREC) in PBMC after initiating treatment of HIV-1 infection with HAART. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:155 (abstract no. 374) Zhang L, Kim A, Skulsky E, He T, Tuttleton Arron S, Markowitz M, Perelson AS, Ho DD; Aaron Diamond AIDS Res Ctr, Rockefeller Univ, New York, NY. Quantifying one particular species of TREC (termed alpha 1 TREC) that is formed in nearly 70% of all alphabeta T cells serves as a surrogate for assessing the number of recent thymic emigrants in blood. We have previously demonstrated that HIV-1 infection decreased alpha 1 TREC numbers only in a subset of p |
| 375 | No substantial changes either in TRECs or in CD45RA+ CD62L+ CD4+ lymphocytes following treatment with interleukin-2 in advanced HIV. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:155 (abstract no. 375) Marchetti G, Meroni L, Molteni C, Varchetta S, Galli M, Moroni M, Franzetti F, Gori A; Inst of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Med, Italy. Our objective was to investigate whether the restoration of the CD4+ T-cell compartment following interleukin-2 ( IL-2 ) adjuvant therapy correlates with an increase both in phenotypically naïve T cells and in recent thymic emigrants. Methods: We evaluated ten HIV+ patients in treatment with HAART (1 PI and |
| 376 | IL-7 prevents apoptosis of thymic progenitor cells induced by HIV and contributes to T cell reconstitution in the thymus. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:155 (abstract no. 376) Okamoto Y, Douek DC, Koup RA; Univ of Texas Southwestern Med Ctr, Dallas. Immune reconstitution is a critical aspect of the treatment of HIV disease. Here we examined the effects of IL-7 on survival and TREC generation of thymic progenitor cells exposed to HIV in a single-cell suspension culture system. Methods: Fetal thymocytes were sorted into immature cells which have not yet |
| 377 | IL-7 receptor (CD127) expression on CD8 T-cells is down regulated by TNF-α but not IL-7, IL- 10 or gp120. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:155 (abstract no. 377) Komsic A, Fex C, Sanchez-Dardon J, Angel JB; Ottawa Hosp Res Inst, Ontario, Canada. Originally identified as a B-cell growth factor, IL-7 and its receptor (CD127) also play a role in T-cell proliferation and enhance the cytolytic activity of CD8 T-cells. The down regulation of this receptor on CD8 T-cells of HIV+ individuals and elevated IL-7 serum concentration are associated with progres |
| 378 | Limited thymic contribution in CD4 T cell restoration during early HAART. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:156 (abstract no. 378) Pido-Lopez J, Imami N, Burton C, Hardy G, Gazzard B, Gotch F; Imperial Coll Sch of Med, Chelsea. Treatment of HIV-1 infection with highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) has been shown to increase CD4 T cell numbers. The thymus, the major organ involved in the generation of new T lymphocytes, is proposed as a contributor to this observed rise in CD4 T cells. We measured T lymphocytes that had re |
| 379 | Increased CD4+ T cell proliferation in HIV infection is not primarily homeostatic and reflects T cell activation induced by virus replication. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:156 (abstract no. 379) Stellbrink HJ, Poppelbaum J, Degen O, Frahm N, Meyer B, Van Lunzen J; Med Kernklin und Poliklin, Univ Krankenhaus Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. CD4+ T cell proliferation is increased in HIV infection. It is unclear if it is due to homeostatic mechanisms or if it reflects immune activation non-specifically. Methods: Parameters of cellular activation (CD69, CD25, HLA-DR, CD38, CD95), CD28 expression, and proliferation (Ki- 67) were analyzed in periph |
| 380 | CD4+ T lymphocyte nadir and the effect of HAART on T lymphocyte restoration and function in HIV infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:156 (abstract no. 380) Lange C, Valdez H, Medvik K, Asaad R, Lederman M; Univ Hosp, Case Western Univ, Cleveland, OH. Optimal timing of treatment initiation may depend on the magnitude of immunologic restoration in early versus advanced HIV-1 infection. This study was designed to examine the relationship between the CD4+ T lymphocyte nadir (CD4+ nadir) and the magnitude of immune restoration after successful suppression of |
| 381 | Blood viral load and restoration of gut CD4 T cells in AIDS patients with HAART: influence of opportunistic intestinal pathogens. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:156 (abstract no. 381) Hayes P, Miao Y, Gotch F, Gazzard B; Imperial Coll Sch of Med, London, UK. Over half of the body s lymphocytes reside within the gut. The gut of AIDS patients is depleted of CD4 T cells, with inflammation and symptomatic bowel disease common. The gut has been proposed as a major site of HIV replication, with increased blood viral loads observed after oral antigen challenge. We sou |
| 382 | Relative significance of different pathways of immune reconstitution in HIV-1 infection as estimated by mathematical modeling. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:157 (abstract no. 382) Kaufmann G, Zaunders J, Murray J, Kelleher AD, Lewin SR, Solomon A, Smith D, Cooper DA; NCHECR, Sydney, Australia. A major goal of antiretroviral HIV-1 therapy is the reversal of HIV-1-associated immunological dysfunction. However, the pathogenetic mechanisms involved and their significance are largely unknown. Methods: Based on the life cycle of naïve, activated and memory CD4+ T cell subsets, a mathematical model of i |
| 383 | Using viral dynamics to document the greater antiviral potency of a regimen containing lopinavir/ritonavir, efavirenz, tenofovir, and lamivudine relative to standard HAART. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:157 (abstract no. 383) Louie M, Ramratnam B, Kost R, Hurley A, Zhang L, Sun E, Brun S, Mcgowan I, Ruiz N, Ho DD, Markowitz M; Aaron Diamond AIDS Res Ctr, Rockefeller Univ. Ongoing HIV-1 replication during HAART remains a major obstacle in our therapeutic effort. We examined whether a new 4-drug combination might be more potent than common regimens by comparing the initial decay rate of plasma viremia after therapy. Methods: Nineteen patients have been treated with |
| 384 | Detection of episomal 2-LTR DNA forms in HIV-1-infected individuals with undetectable plasma viral loads. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:157 (abstract no. 384) Tetali S, Vossinas M, Chowdry R, Wang XP, Kaplan MH, Ginocchio CC; North Shore Univ Hosp, Manhasset. Recent studies indicate that reservoirs of HIV-1 exist in infected individuals on highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) despite undetectable plasma viral load (UPVL). To better understand the nature of viral reservoirs in patients with UPVL and on HAART therapy, we examined PBMCs for the presence of |
| 385 | Viral DNA sequence analysis to distinguish pools of cells latently infected by HIV. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:158 (abstract no. 385) Zhu Z, Saag M, Bucy P; Univ of Alabama at Birmingham. The dynamics of the pool of cells with latent HIV infection is of critical importance for understanding the mechanisms of viral clearance and persistence of infection despite effective antiretroviral therapy. Methods: A detailed analysis of viral DNA sequences and absolute vDNA quantity in PBMC obtained fro |
| 386 | Genetic relationship between virus bound to B cells and virus isolated from CD4+ T cells of patients chronically infected with HIV. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:158 (abstract no. 386) Malaspina A, Moir S, Chun TW, Mullins JI, Ehler LA, Liu S, Mican JA, Fauci AS; NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD. We recently reported the direct binding of HIV to B cells of chronically infected patients in both peripheral blood (PB) and lymph node (LN) compartments. In order to determine whether B-cell-associated HIV contributes to viral spread, we investigated the genetic relationship between replication-competent v |
| 387 | Progenitor cell activity and role of accessory cells in bone marrow of HIV-1-infected patients treated with HAART. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:158 (abstract no. 387) Aiuti F, Isgro' A, Mezzaroma I, Aiuti A, Ficara F, Pinter E, Santini Muratori D, Giovannetti A, Ruco L, Riva E; Univ La Sapienza, Rome. In patients with HIV-1 infection, hematological abnormalities are frequently observed. Suppression of HIV-1 replication by HAART can result in improved clinical conditions and restoration of immunological functions. Little attention has been dedicated to the effects of HAART on bone marrow (BM) progenitor c |
| 388 | HIV-1 DNA is persistently detectable in gastrointestinal mucosa in subjects with undetectable plasma viral load over 3 years. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:158 (abstract no. 388) Elliott J, Mark D, Fuerst M, Taing P, Rezaei A, Poles M, Brown S, Anton P; Univ of California at Los Angeles, AIDS Inst. Despite potent anti-retroviral therapy, HIV-1 replication continues at low levels in a variety of lymphoid compartments. Upon cessation of HAART, viral rebound is rapid. Analysis of the rebounding virus indicates its origin to be from sources other than resting CD4+ cells in the peripheral blood. Since the |
| 389 | Viral expression in mucosal and lymph node specimens surgically removed from HIV-1-infected patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:159 (abstract no. 389) Orenstein JM; George Washington Univ, Washington, DC. The objective of this study was to determine the HIV-RNA and Gag p24 protein expression in gastrointestinal tract-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and lymph nodes acquired during surgery on HIV-infected patients not on HAART. Methods: Surgically excised gastrointestinal tract tissue and lymph nodes removed |
| 390 | HIV-1 localization, shedding, and CD4+ T-cell depletion in rectal mucosa. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:159 (abstract no. 390) Tabet S, Celum C, Brodie S, Dondero D, Haggitt R, Huang M, Kelly C; Univ of Washington, Seattle. The gastrointestinal tract is recognized as a major site of HIV replication and CD4+ T cell depletion in the acute SIV model, but data are limited in acute and chronic HIV infection. We assessed the location and amount of HIV replication in rectal tissues with rectal mucosal and lymphoid follicle CD4+ T cel |
| 391 | Seminal cells in HIV-1-infected men on suppressive HAART have latent infection but lack on-going viral replication in vivo: a divergent, compartment-specific reservoir and mechanism of residual HIV-1 disease. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:159 (abstract no. 391) Nunnari G, Dornadula G, Otero M, Vanella M, Zhang H, Frank I, Pomerantz RJ; Thomas Jefferson Univ, Philadelphia, PA. HIV-1-infected individuals under suppressive HAART have a reduction of viral replication in vivo, but still HIV-1 RNA is detectable by supersensitive RT-PCR assays from blood plasma and some seminal fluid samples. Replication-competent virus can also be isolated from both PBMCs and genital cells. Despite HA |
| 392 | HIV-associated nephropathy: evidence for the kidney as a reservoir. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:159 (abstract no. 392) Winston JA, Bruggeman LA, Ross MD, Jacobson J, Ross L, D'Agati VD, Klotman PE, Klotman ME; Mt Sinai Sch of Med. HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) is a morphologically distinct entity that occurs almost exclusively in Blacks. It is the single most common cause of chronic renal disease in HIV-1- infected individuals. Neither the pathogenesis nor the optimum therapeutic interventions are completely understood. We perfo |
| 393 | Virological and immunological delineation of subgroups of HIV-1-infected individuals on suppressive HAART: defining residual HIV-1 disease and reservoirs. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:160 (abstract no. 393) Dornadula G, Nunnari G, Zhang H, Pomerantz RJ; Thomas Jefferson Univ, Philadelphia, PA. A significant portion of patients treated with HAART will develop undetectable plasma HIV-1-virion RNA levels, as defined by clinical assays. Low levels of viral expression continue in many of these patients. Distinguishing subgroups and viral reservoirs within patients treated with suppressive HAART, and b |
| 394 | Density-dependent decay in HIV dynamics after HAART. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:160 (abstract no. 394) Holte S, Melvin A, Mullins J, Frenkel L; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Res Ctr. Commonly used models of viral decay after HAART assume simple exponential decay of the productively and long-lived infected cells and have been used to predict the time required to eradicate infection. The objective of this study was to determine if the assumption of simple exponential decay of infected cel |
| 395 | Viral reservoirs after two years of sustained serum viral suppression in patients in whom HAART was initiated early: the Merck 060/ICC 004 cohort. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:160 (abstract no. 395) Chun TW, McMahon D, Justement JS, Sha B, Carpenter C, Goodwin D, Pientka J, Seniuk M, Leavitt R, Meibohm A, Robertson M; NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD. Initiation of HAART early in HIV disease may decrease latent viral reservoirs. Methods: A prospective open-label trial of antiretroviral naïve, clinically well HIV-infected patients with CD4 cell counts always (3)500/mm3 and RNA >1000 copies/mL who were treated with IDV/ZDV/ |
| 396 | Compartmentalization and variability in HIV-1 shedding in blood, semen, rectum, and pharynx. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:160 (abstract no. 396) Collis T, Celum C, Whittington W, Lucchetti A, Sanchez J, Lockhart D, Rossini T, Dithmer-Schreck D, Tyree T, Coombs R; Univ of Washington, Seattle. Variability of HIV shedding and compartmentalization between blood and mucosal sites, particularly for the rectum and pharynx, and the effect of rectal STDs on rectal HIV shedding are not well characterized. Methods: Prospective study of HIV+ men who have sex with men in Seattle, Washington and Lima, |
| 397 | Dynamics of HIV replication in semen compartment is higher than that in blood compartment. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:161 (abstract no. 397) Paranjpe S, Barroso PF, Perelson A, Murray J, Ribeiro R, Schechter M, Harrison L, Ding M, Gupta P; Univ of Pittsburgh, PA. We have previously shown that viral variants present in semen of most of the HIV- infected subjects are different from those present in their blood. This raises the possibility that the compartmentalization of HIV between semen and blood could be due to the difference in viral dynamics in these two compartm |
| 398 | Rate of HIV-1 decline in blood plasma during the first week on antiretroviral treatment is a major early predictor of drug efficacy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:161 (abstract no. 398) Polis M, Yoder C, Sidorov IA, Jankelovich S, Wood L, Serchuck L, Metcalf J, Boon J, Mueller BU, Gee D, Dimitrov MA, Gee E, Pizzo P, Yarchoan R, Dimitrov DS; NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD. Previous analysis of 41 antiretroviral naïve pediatric patients who varied widely in their responses to ritonavir monotherapy found that short-term (one week) kinetics of initial virological response to therapy, coupled with knowledge of plasma drug concentrations and CD4 cell counts, provided sufficient in |
| 399 | Detection and characterisation of HIV-RNA-carrying lymph node cells and PBMC despite sustained suppression of HIV plasma viremia from patients undergoing HAART by ultrasensitive fluorescence in-situ hybridisation (UFISH). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:161 (abstract no. 399) Jutte A, Stellbrink HJ, Van Lunzen J, Fatkenheuer G, Salzberger B, Patterson B, Passon D, Rubbert A; Univ Clin, Cologne, Germany. Residual viral replication with antiretroviral therapy has been observed in several compartments. Little is known about the phenotypic characteristics of lymph node cells contributing to viral replication. Methods: PBMC and lymph node cells (LNC) of 9 HIV patients with undetectable plasma viral load for at |
| 400 | Effects of therapy delay on virologic failure in early HIV. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:162 (abstract no. 400) Geise R, Maenza J, Collier A, Holte S, Stevens C, Hughes D, Corey L; Univ of Washington. A patient s initial drug therapy is generally considered the best opportunity to achieve sustained viral suppression. Theoretically, prolonged uncontrolled viral replication during untreated primary HIV infection may lead to de novo mutations and clones that are resistant to antiretroviral medications. The |
| 401 | The effect of pre-treatment on success of HAART among patients with primary HIV. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:162 (abstract no. 401) Geise R, Maenza J, Collier A, Holte S, Stevens C, Hughes D, Corey L; Univ of Washington. Whether prior mono/dual therapy early after the development of HIV influences long- term outcome with HAART is currently unknown. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of mono- or dual therapy prior to the initiation of HAART in patients not treated with HAART during acute HIV infection. Meth |
| 402 | Protease inhibitor (PI)- and non-PI-containing antiretroviral therapy (ART) compared to no treatment in primary HIV infection (PHI). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:162 (abstract no. 402) Daar ES, Little SJ, Pitt JA, Kerndt P, Bai J, Gaut P, Samra S, Hellmann N, Petropoulos C, Nichols S; Cedars-Sinai Med Ctr, Univ of California at Los Angeles. There is little known about outcomes or the optimal ART for the treatment of PHI. Methods: We report clinical, virologic and immunologic characteristics of 55 patients identified with PHI. Patients were offered follow-up on no treatment or open-label ART. Serial HIV RNA (bDNA v.3.0) and CD4+ cells were meas |
| 403 | Early occurrence of lipodystrophy in HIV-1-infected patients treated during primary infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:163 (abstract no. 403) Goujard C, Boufassa F, Deveau C, Laskri D, Meyer L; Le Kremlin-Bicetre, France. The objective of this study was to describe the incidence of clinical lipodystrophy (LD) in a prospective cohort of 186 pts diagnosed during primary HIV-I infection (PI). Methods: A physical examination was regularly performed to assess abnormalities compatible with LD (face, limbs, trunk, abdomen, breast). |
| 404 | Treatment of primary HIV infection: efficacy, tolerance, and predictors of response. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:163 (abstract no. 404) Kurup A, Little S; Univ of California, San Diego. To realize the potential benefits of antiretroviral therapy in primary HIV infection, effective and tolerable regimens are required. Methods: We evaluated 48 subjects enrolled in the San Diego Primary Infection Program (mean follow-up 532 days) who initiated therapy (regimens with PI = 32, NNRTI = 7, both = |
| 405 | The safety and efficacy of a ritonavir-boosted amprenavir-based regimen after switch from amprenavir-based HAART. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:163 (abstract no. 405) Markowitz M, Hurley A, Ramratnam B, Louie M, Kost R, Captan B, Pierce A, Shaefer M, Zhang L, Ho DD; Aaron Diamond AIDS Res Ctr, Rockefeller Univ, New York, NY. RTV-boosted PI regimens afford advantages over single-PI HAART-based regimens. These include reduced pill burden, less frequent dosing intervals, and theoretically improved pharmacokinetics. Methods: 39 newly HIV-1-infected subjects were treated 33 days (range: 5-113) on average from the onset of symptoms o |
| 406 | A Randomized, controlled pilot study of HAART versus HAART plus IL-2 for the treatment of recently acquired HIV infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:163 (abstract no. 406) Dybul M, Chun TW, Belson M, Hidalgo B, Herpin B, Perry C, Hallahan C, Metcalf J, Davey R, Fauci AS; NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD. Early antiretroviral therapy may preserve important HIV-specific immune responses. IL-2 may enhance these responses by peripherally expanding T cells. Enhanced immune responses may promote decreases in HIV tissue reservoirs. Therefore, early therapy with HAART or HAART + IL-2 may be useful to treat recently |
| 407 | A randomized trial of interleukin-2 (IL-2) added to HAART for primary HIV. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:164 (abstract no. 407) Hecht FM, Levy JA, Martinez-Marino B, Grant RM, McGrath M, Web M, Warmerdam M, Busch MP, Chesney MA, Altfeld M, Walker B, Kahn JO; Univ of California, San Francisco. We are performing a randomized trial to determine the effects on virologic and immunologic outcomes of using IL-2 together with antiretroviral (ARV) therapy in primary HIV. Methods: Participants are recruited by the UCSF Options Project study and must start on ARV within 12 months of HIV seroconversion. All |
| 408 | Hydroxyurea suppresses formation of HIV-p24-specific T-cells when administered during acute HIV infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:164 (abstract no. 408) Demarest J, Kelly M, Ottinger J, Edmundson V, Mathieson J, Staats H, Fiscus S, Pilcher CD, Lennox J, Eron JJ Jr, Hicks CB; Duke Univ Med Ctr, Durham, NC. Administration of protease inhibitor (PI)-containing combination anti-retroviral therapy (ART) during primary HIV-1 infection (PHI) has been shown to preserve certain HIV-specific immune responses and may impact clinical course of disease. We examined the impact of a non-PI ART including |
| 409 | Thymic reconstitution in primary HIV infection (PHI) following HAART is polyclonal. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:164 (abstract no. 409) Poulin JF, Cheynier R, Sylvestre M, Sekaly RP, Tsoukas C, Girard PM, Modai J, Kinloch S, Gazzard B, Perrin L, Goh L, Pratt S, Lambert J; Lab d'Immunologie, Univ de Montreal. Infection with HIV leads to a dramatic and rapid decrease in CD4+ T-cells. Evidence in experimental models suggests that an early burst of thymic activity balances this CD4 loss and that such thymic reconstitution should be polyclonal. Methods: In the QUEST study of PHI patients treated with quadruple HAART |
| 410 | Preservation of the HIV-specific effector responses in HAART-treated subjects undergoing primary HIV infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:164 (abstract no. 410) Alter G, Pelley K, Tsoukas C, Leblanc R, Rouleau D, Cote P, Baril JG, Sekaly R, Routy JP, Bernard N; McGill Univ Hlth Ctr. Others have reported that HAART given to HI-infected individuals in the chronic phase of disease that reduces HIV viremia to undetectable levels also reduces the magnitude of HIV- peptide-specific effector responses. The objective of this study was to assess the effect on HIV- specific immunity of early suc |
| 411 | Sexual transmission can precede symptoms in primary HIV-1 infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:165 (abstract no. 411) Pilcher CD, Vernazza P, Battegay M, Harr T, Vora S, Ritola K, Yerly S, Hicks CB, Eron Jr JJ, Perrin L; Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Epidemiologic and virologic evidence suggests that primary HIV infection (PHI) is associated with high sexual infectivity. In order to define better the timing of sexual infectivity in PHI, we examined five cases of sexual transmission occurring during the PHI of the index case (IC) and resulting in PHI in |
| 412 | Biological correlates of infectiousness in semen in primary HIV-1 infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:165 (abstract no. 412) Pilcher CD, Staats HF, Fiscus SA, Cohen MS, Hicks CB, Eron JJ Jr; Univ of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Primary HIV infection (PHI) may be associated with higher sexual transmission rates than chronic HIV infection (CHI). We measured HIV viral burden and HIV-specific antibody production in seminal plasma (SP) and blood (B) during PHI. Methods: Subjects with PHI (positive HIV RNA, DNA or p24; negative |
| 413 | Clinical features of acute retroviral syndrome (ARS) by gender and age. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:165 (abstract no. 413) Vanhems P, Hirschel B, Cooper DA, Routy JP, Corey L, Baratin D, Trepo C, Carr A, Collier AC, Touraine JL, Perrin L, Sekaly RP; Edouard Herriot Hosp. Clinical features of ARS predict progression of immunosuppression. Here we describe clinical features of ARS by gender and age. Method: 378 patients enrolled in 5 prospective cohorts using similar data, collection forms, and inclusion criteria (Geneva, Lyon, Montreal, Seattle, Sydney) were compared using ch |
| 414 | Incubation and duration of specific symptoms at acute retroviral syndrome (ARS) are independent predictors of progression to AIDS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:166 (abstract no. 414) Vanhems P, Voirin N, Hirschel B, Cooper DA, Perrin L, Vizzard J, Carr A; Edouard Herriot Hosp U271, Lyon, France. Incubation (Inc.) and duration of ARS had been associated with progression to AIDS. We assessed the independent contribution of Inc. and duration of symptoms at ARS to the rate of progression to AIDS/CD4 |
| 415 | Dynamics of HIV viremia preceding antibody (Ab) seroconversion (SC) in plasma donors: implications for detection of primary infection by p24 antigen (AG) and nucleic acid amplification (NAT) screening assays. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:166 (abstract no. 415) Fiebig E, Heldebrant C, Peddada L, Smith R, Conrad A, Wright D, Kleinman S, Busch M; San Francisco Gen Hosp Med Ctr, CA. Refined data on the kinetics of HIV viremia during the pre-Ab SC phase are needed to evaluate the role of p24 Ag and nucleic acid amplification tests (NAT) in screening and diagnostic settings. Methods: 146 serial specimens from 43 HIV plasma donor panels (Alpha Therapeutics/BioClinical Partners) were chara |
| 416 | HIV-1 RNA and DNA dynamics during treated and untreated primary HIV-1 infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:166 (abstract no. 416) Murray J, Cunningham P, Kaufmann G, Ling M, Kwok S, Cooper DA; Univ of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. The relationship between HIV-1 RNA and DNA dynamics during primary HIV-1 infection has not been well characterised. In this study, we address this issue by analysing longitudinal HIV-1 RNA and DNA levels from peripheral blood samples of 18 HIV-1 seroconverters in the first year of infection. Methods: Indivi |
| 417 | Community urine testing identified previously unrecognized cases of chronic and early HIV-1 infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:166 (abstract no. 417) Hilton C, Hilton M, Sabundayo B, Langan S, Urban C, Quinn T, Nelson K, Margolick J; Johns Hopkins Sch of Publ Hlth. Maryland has had over 20,000 AIDS cases and reported 2203 new HIV cases in 1999, most of which occurred in Baltimore City (58%). A community coalition for urine HIV testing was developed through Johns Hopkins University to help identify HIV infections and for enrollment into the Acute HIV Infection and Earl |
| 418 | The HIV peak in acute infection results from a CTL response in addition to a constant death rate of infected cells. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:167 (abstract no. 418) Van Sighem A, Fraser C, Van De Wiel M, Roos M, Schellekens P, Ferguson N, Anderson R, Lange J, Goudsmit J, Dewolf F; Univ of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. A rapid increase in viral load followed by a sharp fall towards a quasi-steady-state level characterises acute HIV-infection. In parallel, a sharp fall followed by an increase to relative normal counts of CD4+ T cells and to (somewhat) higher CD8+ T cells is found. Limitation of target cells and/or an immun |
| 419 | Emergence of SIV-specific CD8+ T cells in the intestine of macaques during primary infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:167 (abstract no. 419) Veazey RS, Gauduin MC, Mansfield KG, Tham I, Glickman R, Altman JD, Lifson JD, Lackner AA, Johnson RP; New England Regional Primate Res Ctr, Harvard Med Sch, Southborough, MA. Virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are thought to be important in the control of HIV and SIV infection. However, the development and magnitude of CTL development in mucosal tissues has not been examined in primary SIV infection. In this report, three Mamu-A*01+ rhesus macaques were examined to com |
| 420 | CD8+ -cell-mediated in vitro resistance to HIV-1 in early disease. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:167 (abstract no. 420) John R, Arango-Jaramillo S, Margolick J, Schwartz D; Johns Hopkins Sch of Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD. HIV-specific CD8-mediated responses have been associated with reduction in viremia in acute infection. The influence on viral load set point typically takes approximately 6 months to become established. To study the balance between cell-mediated immunity and productive infection, we used a validated in vitr |
| 421 | IL-12 and immune activation in early HIV infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:168 (abstract no. 421) Byrnes AA, Harris D, Sabundayo B, Margolick J, Karp CL; Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD. Despite considerable literature on the immunology of chronic HIV infection, little is known about immunological events occurring in the very early stages of infection. Production of IL- 12 is impaired in chronic HIV infection. As IL-12 is a cytokine central to the regulation of cellular immunity, this is th |
| 422 | Comparison of clinical and immunological features and drug resistance profile of acute HIV infection in subjects infected sexually or through injection drug use. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:168 (abstract no. 422) Routy JP, Vanhems P, Rouleau D, Tsoukas C, Lefebvre E, Cote P, LeBlance R, Conway B, Alary M, Bruneau J, Sekaly RP; McGill Univ. Acute HIV-1 infection (AHI) may present with a clinical picture that is a diagnostic challenge. Methods: We tested the hypothesis that two different routes of infection, i.e. sexual versus parenteral, might be associated with a difference in the clinical features of AHI. A prospective cohort of seroconverte |
| 423 | Prevalence of drug-resistant HIV-1 variants in newly infected individuals during 1999-2000. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:168 (abstract no. 423) Simon V, Vanderhoeven J, Hurley A, Ramratnam B, Boden D, Louie M, Kost R, Dawson K, Parkin N, Routy JP, Sekaly RP, Markowitz M; Aaron Diamond AIDS Res Ctr, New York, NY. We have continued to track the prevalence of transmitted drug-resistant variants of HIV-1. Here we characterize 61 newly infected individuals (NIs) referred to the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center (New York City [NYC]) and recruited in Montreal, Canada during the period from April 1st 1999 to September 31 |
| 424 | Reduced susceptibility of HIV-1 to protease inhibitors from patients with primary HIV infection by 3 distinct routes. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:169 (abstract no. 424) Leigh Brown AJ, Precious HM, Whitcomb J, Simon V, Daar E, D'Aquila RT, Keiser P, Connick E, Hellmann N, Petropoulos C, Markowitz M, Richman D, Little SJ; Univ of Edinburgh, Scotland. Studies of antiretroviral (ARV)-naïve patients with primary HIV infection show that a proportion have virus with phenotypic susceptibility to protease inhibitors (PIs) 2.5-10-fold lower than a wild-type control. The reductions are not explained by primary resistance mutations. To explore their genotypic bas |
| 425 | Resistance to antiretroviral agents in a cohort of patients with acute HIV infection acquired in non- urban areas in southeastern (SE) USA. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:169 (abstract no. 425) Hicks C, Eron J, Lennox J, Pilcher C, Menenzes P, Giner J, Dean B, Fiscus S; Duke Univ Med Ctr, Durham, NC. Transmission of HIV resistant to antiretroviral agents has principally been reported in patients from urban areas in the NE and Western US. Little is known about antiretroviral resistance in patients with acute HIV infection acquired in non-urban areas in the SE. Methods: 20 patients (18 males, 2 females) w |
| 426 | Unusual mutations at codon 215 of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase in treatment-naïve, HIV-1-infected persons: prevalence, drug susceptibility, and replicative fitness. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:169 (abstract no. 426) Garcia-Lerma G, Nidtha S, Blumoff K, Weinstock H, Heneine W; CDC, Atlanta, GA. The T215Y mutation is one of the major mutations associated with AZT resistance and is acquired through two nucleotide changes (ACC to TAC). T215Y occurs in association with other mutations, including M41L and L210W. Methods and Results: Recently, a set of unusual mutations coding for 215D(GAC), 215C(TGC), |
| 427 | Viral evolution in an untreated patient who acquired multi-drug-resistant HIV during primary infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:170 (abstract no. 427) Daar E, Pitt JA, Nichols S, Petropoulos C, Bai J, Samra S, Dawson K, Hellman N; Cedars-Sinai Med Ctr, Los Angeles, CA. Little is known about the viral evolution of multi-drug-resistant strains of HIV transmitted during primary HIV infection. Methods: We studied a 32-year-old homosexual man who presented with 7 days of fever, rash, myalgia, lymphadenopathy and oral ulcers with an evolving HIV Western blot. The patient chose |
| 428 | Incidence and predictors of clinical progression among HIV-infected patients experiencing virologic failure of protease inhibitor-based regimens. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:170 (abstract no. 428) Deeks S, Barbour J, Grant R, Martin J; San Francisco Gen Hosp. Virologic failure of a protease inhibitor-based regimen is often associated with a durable CD4 T cell benefit, but the duration and predictors of clinical benefit have not been well- defined. Methods: This is a clinic-based observational study of HIV-infected patients who initiated a protease inhibitor-base |
| 429 | Immunologic response to HAART by duration of viral suppression and continuity of antiretroviral therapy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:170 (abstract no. 429) Chaisson RE, Keruly J, Moore RD; Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD. The objective of this study was to assess the immunologic response to HAART by duration of viral suppression and continuity of treatment. Methods: We studied 515 patients on a first HAART regimen who continued treatment for at least 6 months and achieved at least 1 viral load |
| 430 | The failure of T cell homeostasis in late-stage HIV disease is associated with a higher risk of death despite HAART. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:171 (abstract no. 430) Tsoukas C, Szabo J, Giannakis A, Nguyen VK, Cox J, Hatzakis G; McGill Univ Hlth Ctr, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It has been well established that highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) prolongs life and provides clinical benefit even to those with severe CD4 cell depletion (less than 50 cells/mm3). At this late stage of HIV disease, not only are CD4 cells at their lowest level, but total T cells and lymphocyte |
| 431 | Prevalence and clinical correlates of measurable viremia in patients with previous viral suppression below the limits of quantification. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:171 (abstract no. 431) Sklar P, Ward D, Baker R, Wood K, Gafoor Z, Alzola C, Moorman A, Holmberg S; George Washington Univ. Many patients who achieve viral suppression below the limits of quantification (BLQ) ( |
| 432 | Association between the level of plasma HIV RNA and long-term increase of CD4+ cell counts in a cohort of HIV-infected patients initiating a protease inhibitor-containing regimen. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:171 (abstract no. 432) Le Moing V, Thiebaut R, Leport C, Carrieri MP, Devidas A, Costagliola D, Cazorla C, Brun-Vezinet F, Raffi F, Chene G; Hosp Bichat, INSERM SC4, Paris. One of the objectives of HAART is to achieve the highest long-term increase of CD4 in order to protect patients (pts) against clinical progression for as long as possible. Methods: APROCO cohort study prospectively enrolled 1,281 pts at the initiation of a protease inhibitor (PI)-containing regimen (M0). Pl |
| 433 | A prospective, randomized study on the usefulness of genotypic resistance testing and the assessment of patient-reported adherence in unselected patients failing potent HIV therapy (ARGENTA): final 6-month results. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:172 (abstract no. 433) De Luca A, Antinori A, Cingolani A, Rizzo MG, Murri R, Ammassari A, Baldini F, Di Giambenedetto S, Marconi P, Ciancio B, Cauda R; Inst of Clin Infectious Diseases, Catholic Univ of Sacred Heart. The relative importance of resistance-guided treatment decisions and of patient adherence assessment on virologic and immunologic outcome is not fully established. Methods: Consecutive patients failing HAART, with HIV RNA (VL) >2,000 c/mL (bDNA, limit 50 c/mL), were prospectively randomized (1: 1) to receiv |
| 434 | Utility of HIV genotyping and clinical expert advice-the Havana trial. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:172 (abstract no. 434) Tural C, Ruiz L, Holtzer C, Viciana P, Gonzalez J, Ferrer E, Martinez-Picado J, Ruiz I, Dalmau D, Domingo P, Boucher CA, Schapiro J, Romeu J, Sirera G, Clotet B; HIV Clin Unit, Badalona, Spain. We attempt here to demonstrate the potential roles of genotyping (Geno) and expert advice (EA) interventions may have in an ART-experienced patient population. Methods: Final 24- week analysis of this prospective, multicenter, randomised trial. 274 ART-experienced patients were randomised to a change in ART |
| 435 | Phenotypic susceptibility and virologic responses in nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)-experienced subjects receiving NRTIS + efavirenz (EFV), nelfinavir (NFV), or both in ACTG 364. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:172 (abstract no. 435) Katzenstein D, Hellmann N, Liou S, Bosch R, Albrecht M; NIAID-Sponsored AIDS Clin Trials Group, Bethesda, MD. ACTG 364 evaluated highly nucleoside-experienced subjects (subj), randomized to treatment with dual NRTI in combination with NFV, EFV, or NFV + EFV. Viral suppression was greater in the NFV + EFV arm than the NFV or EFV triple arms. The impact of phenotypic drug susceptibility on short- and long-term virolo |
| 436 | Clinical impact of baseline genotypic resistance. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:173 (abstract no. 436) Tasker SA, Brodine SK, Wegner SA, Aronson NE, Barile AJ, Stephan KT, Wallace MR, Tamminga C, Wesner J, Larder B, Mascola JR; US Military HIV Res Program, Rockville, MD. The clinical significance of antiretroviral drug resistance mutations present prior to the initiation of therapy is unknown. The US military tests all active-duty personnel for HIV infection every 1-3 years. Since 1997 the majority of newly identified seroconverters have enrolled in a study that includes ba |
| 437 | Genotypic predictors of virologic response to stavudine after zidovudine monotherapy (ACTG 302). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:173 (abstract no. 437) Shulman N, Shafer R, Winters M, Machekano R, Liou S, Hughes M, Zolopa A, Katzenstein D; Stanford Univ, CA. Studies suggest that there is cross-resistance between AZT and d4T . Patients receiving d4T develop AZT resistance mutations, and patients treated with AZT have suboptimal responses to subsequent therapy with d4T-containing regimens, particularly patients |
| 438 | Genotypic resistance to zidovudine (ZDV) and relationship to subsequent virological response in novavir ANRS 073 trial. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:173 (abstract no. 438) Descamps D, Flandre P, Izopet J, Tamalet C, Ruffault C, Zeng F, Meiffredy V, Peytavin G, Aboulker JP, Joly V, Yeni P, Brun-Vezinet F; Univ Hosp of Paris-Bichat. NOVAVIR was a prospective randomised multicenter trial comparing d4T / 3TC /IDV and ZDV/ 3TC/IDV in Pts pretreated with ZDV, ddI and/or ddC (>6 months) but naïve for 3TC, d4T a |
| 439 | Genotypic resistance at baseline fails to predict outcome among chronically infected, antiretroviral- therapy-naïve patients in two large trials of pi-based regimens. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:174 (abstract no. 439) Pavia AT, Gulick R, Eron JJ, Squires K, Murphy R, Schoellkopf N, Hellmann N, Huang W, Parkin N, Grosso RA, Stevens MR; Univ of Utah, Salt Lake City. Genotypic resistance testing predicts treatment outcome in treatment-experienced patients. In the absence of selective pressure, resistance may be underestimated. Therefore, these findings may not apply to chronically infected drug-naïve patients. Methods: We studied the ability of baseline genotype to pred |
| 440 | Efficient prediction of response to therapy from genotype data in a clinical cohort. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:174 (abstract no. 440) Quigg M, Nicoll S, Clutterbuck D, Burns S, McMillan A, Leen C, Leigh Brown AJ; Univ of Edinburgh. Approximately 600 patients are receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the Edinburgh area; in nearly 45% plasma viral load has never fallen below 400 copies/ml. Extensive genotypic variation is present in RT in this population, rendering prediction of virological response to a new regimen difficult. Metho |
| 441 | Baseline and week 48 final phenotypic analysis of HIV-1 from patients adding tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) therapy to background art. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:174 (abstract no. 441) Miller MD, Margot NA, Schooley R, McGowan I; Gilead Sci, Foster City, CA. Study 902 was a phase II, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study evaluating 3 doses of TDF when added to stable regimens in 189 treatment-experienced patients (pts) (mean 4.6 yrs prior ART, mean HIV RNA 3.7 log10 c/ml). 94% of pts had NRTI resistance mutations at baseline (BL). There was a statistically s |
| 442 | Biochemical evidence of cross-resistance to stavudine (d4T) triphosphate in purified HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) derived from a zidovudine (AZT)-resistant isolate. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:175 (abstract no. 442) Duan CY, Poticha D, Stoeckli TC, Lu J, Petropoulos C, Whitcomb J, McHenry CS, Kuritzkes DR; Univ of Colorado Hlth Sci Ctr, Denver. The objective of this study was to characterize RT derived from an AZT-resistant clinical isolate and to determine whether this enzyme was cross-resistant to d4T-TP in vitro. Methods: Cloned wild-type (18A) and mutant (18C) (M41L/D67N/K70R/T215Y/K219Q) RT genes from HIV-1 isolates obtained before and after |
| 443 | Comparison of evolutionary distances between DNA polymerase and RNase H domains of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) in patients with and without exposure to nucleoside analogue therapy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:175 (abstract no. 443) Stoeckli TC, Duan C, Mawhinney S, Shugarts D, Kuritzkes DR; CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland. The objective of this study was to investigate the relative selection pressure of nucleoside analogues on the DNA polymerase and the RNase H coding region. Methods: HIV-1 was isolated from PBMC and plasma of 10 patients, after prolonged treatment with nucleoside analogues including |
| 444 | Virologic suppression from different thymidine analogue (TA)-containing HAART regimen sequencing strategies: VIRA3001. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:175 (abstract no. 444) Cohen C, Graham N, St Clair M, Hirani A, Rinehart A; Brookline, MA. Recent reports have shown that thymidine analogue (TAM) and multidrug resistance (MDR) mutations result from nonsuppressive d4T-containing regimens in zidovudine (ZDV)-naïve patients (pts). Methods: VIRA3001, an open-label, prospective, randomized clinical trial, assessed virologic efficacy following therap |
| 445 | Viral resistance results from the international, multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, 48-week study of hydroxyurea (HU) or placebo combined with efavirenz (EFV), didanosine (ddI) and stavudine (d4T) in treatment-naïve and -experienced patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:176 (abstract no. 445) Johnson V, Delaugerre C, Hazelwood J, Berzins B, Belsey E, Rhodes R, Calvez V, Katlama C, Murphy R; Univ of Alabama at Birmingham. Pts were CD4+ > or = 100 c/mm3 plasma HIV RNA >500 c/ml, and therapy naïve (n = 98) or experienced (n = 47) (no prior HU or NNRTIs, HIV RNA |
| 446 | Drug-selected HIV-1 mutations can differ in cervico-vaginal and blood plasma RNA. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:176 (abstract no. 446) De Pasquale MP, Allega J, Sutton L, D'Aquila RT, Caliendo AC, Donahue S, Cu-Uvin S; Massachusetts Gen Hosp. There are limited data on whether the female genital tract may be a compartment for replication of drug-selected HIV-1 genotypes different from those which dominate at the same time in blood plasma RNA, as has been frequently noted for semen. Methods: Seven HIV+ women on failing ART and 3 HIV+ untreated wom |
| 447 | 3TC-related mutations and response to therapy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:176 (abstract no. 447) D'Arminio-Monforte A, Cozzi-Lepri A, Balotta C, Forbici F, Violin M, Bertoli A, Facchi G, Colangeli V, Vincenti A, De Luca A, Soscia F, Ippolito G, Perno CF; ICONA Study Group, Italy. The objective was to study the prevalence of 3TC-related mutations and heir relation to the virological outcome in 249 previously naïve patients (pts) treated with 3TC-containing HAART. Methods: Plasma from 249 naïve pts belonging to the I.C.O.N.A. cohort was sequenced at baseline. Mutations associated with |
| 448 | Time to appearance of NRTI-associated mutations and response to subsequent therapy for patients on failing ABC/COM. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:176 (abstract no. 448) Melby T, Tortell S, Thorborn D, Pearce G, Spreen W, Scott J, Madison S, Lafon S, Lanier ER; Glaxo Wellcome, Res Triangle Park, NC. The objective of this study was to examine viral resistance emerging following long- term initial therapy with ABC/COM and its impact on subsequent therapy success. Methods: CNA3005 is a randomized, blinded study comparing ABC/COM and indinavir /COM in treatment- naïve adults. Amplicor Monitor and TrueGe |
| 449 | Resistance profile and cross-resistance to HIV-1 among 104 patients failing a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-containing regimen. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:177 (abstract no. 449) Delaugerre C, Wirden M, Simon A, Mouroux M, Agher R, Katlama C, Huraux JM, Calvez V; Pitie-Salpetriere Hosp, Paris, France. The objective of this study was to determine the resistance profile and the rate of cross- resistance in patients failing an efavirenz- or a nevirapine- or a nevirapine- and then efavirenz- containing regimen and to investigate whether zidovudine and, more generally, thymidine analog nucleosides lead to a p |
| 450 | Presence of thymidine-associated mutations and response to d4T, abacavir and ddI in the control arm of the Narval ANRS 088 trial. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:177 (abstract no. 450) Costagliola D, Descamps D, Calvez V, Masquelier B, Ruffault A, Telles F, Meynard JL, Brun-Vezinet F; INSERM SC4. Thymidine-associated mutations (TAMs) have been associated with d4T and Abacavir resistance. We aimed at studying the role of TAMs in the virological response observed in the control arm of Narval depending on the NRTI prescribed. |
| 451 | Polymorphisms in the HIV-1 protease as predictors of early virological failures in a cohort of antiretroviral-naïve patients initiating a PI-containing regimen (APROCO-ANRS EPI11 study). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:177 (abstract no. 451) Brun-Vezinet F, Masquelier B, Chene G, Cailleton V, Vuitton DA, Raffi F, Ceccaldi J, Droz C, Fleury H, Leport C; Univ Hosp of Paris-Bichat. In 1998-99 antiretroviral-naïve patients were enrolled in APROVIR, a substudy of the prospective multicenter APROCO cohort including patients starting a PI-containing regimen. Methods: 243 patients were enrolled in APROVIR, then followed every 2 months. HIV-1 protease (PR) nucleotide sequence was determined |
| 452 | Patterns of protease inhibitor cross-resistance in viral isolates with reduced susceptibility to ABT- 378. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:178 (abstract no. 452) Brun S, Kempf D, Isaacson J, Molla A, Mo H, Benson C, Sun E; Abbott Labs. Kaletra (ABT-378/r) is a novel HIV protease inhibitor (PI) with a high inhibitory quotient (IQ,(C)trough/EC50) that theoretically provides a pharmacologic barrier to the emergence of resistance from wild-type virus. To date, the selection of resistance to ABT-378 has not been identified among 470 antiretrov |
| 453 | Absence of resistance to Kaletra (ABT-378/r) observed through 48 weeks of therapy in antiretroviral-naïve subjects. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:178 (abstract no. 453) Bernstein B, Moseley J, Kempf D, King M, Gu K, Bauer E, Sun E; Abbott Labs, Abbott Park, IL. Study M98-863 is a randomized, double-blind, phase III study of 653 ARV-naïve subjects treated with either ABT-378/r (n=326) or NFV (n=327), in combination with d4T and 3TC . In an on-treatment analysis, 93% of ABT-378/r-treated subjects and 82% of NFV-tr |
| 454 | Decreased susceptibility, not hypersensitivity, to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) in patients treated with nucleoside analogues (NRTI). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:178 (abstract no. 454) Moreno S, Casado JL, Antela A, Perez-Elias MJ, Garcia-Arata I, Dronda F, Moreno A; Hosp Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain. There is controversy with regard to the variations in the sensitivity to NNRTI in patients exposed to multiple NRTI. Methods: The variations in phenotypic susceptibility to NNRTI have been evaluated in 62 NNRTI-naïve patients who had been heavily pretreated with NRTI. HIV RT sequences and phenotypic analysi |
| 455 | Worldwide variation in antiretroviral phenotypic susceptibility in untreated individuals. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:178 (abstract no. 455) Harrigan PR, Hertogs K, Larder BA; VIRCO, Cambridge, UK. Our aim in this study was to establish the natural phenotypic variability in drug susceptibility to antiretrovirals among untreated individuals in order to determine whether susceptibility varies widely in different regions of the world. This information helps establish biologically relevant cut-offs for ph |
| 456 | Patterns of drug resistance: do we need to adjust treatment to clade? Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:179 (abstract no. 456) Grossman Z, Alkan M, Bentwich Z, Gottesman G, Hasin D, Levi I, Maayan S, Shahar E, Yust I, Schapiro JM; Natl HIV Reference Ctr, MOH, Tel-Hashomer, Israel. Little is known about patterns of drug resistance of clade C HIV and their relationship to treatment regimens. Differences among clades in baseline sequence may result in the selection of different mutations under the pressure of particular drug combinations. All clade C patients (pts) carry M36I. In clade |
| 457 | Genotypic diversity of HIV-1 in recently infected patients from Abidjan (Cote D'Ivoire) and relationship to drug resistance. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:179 (abstract no. 457) Toni TA, Masquelier B, Bonard D, Faure M, Caumont A, Dahourou G, Huet C, Fleury H, Dabis F, Salamon R; CIRBA/PAC-CI, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire. HIV-1 resistance testing has become a useful marker for the management of antiretroviral therapy (ARV) in industrialized countries. However, little information is available on the impact of HIV-1 subtype non-B genetic diversity on ARV susceptibility. Methods: Recently infected patients ( |
| 458 | Performance of the virco drug resistance assays testing HIV-1 non-B subtypes. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:179 (abstract no. 458) Holguin A, Hertogs K, Soriano V; Inst de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. Drug resistance testing has become an important tool in the management of HIV- infected individuals, mainly in those undergoing antiretroviral therapy. The increasing global spread of HIV-1 distinct subtypes highlights the need to determine genotypic and phenotypic drug resistance on subtypes other than B |
| 459 | Amino acid mutation patterns in reverse transcriptase and protease sequences from subtype B, non-B and recombinant forms of HIV from infected individuals in Spain (Galicia). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:180 (abstract no. 459) Perez-Alvarez L, Delgado E, Manjon N, Pedreira JD, Cuevas MT, Villahermosa ML, Vazquez De Parga E, Lopez-Calvo S, Medrano L, Thomson MM, Taboada JA, Najera R; CNBF, Inst de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid. The objective of this study was to examine the different patterns of reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease (PR) HIV-1-associated mutations in subtype B, non-B and recombinant HIV-1 forms from 509 patients in Spain (Galicia). Methods: Mutations to RT and PR inhibitors were studied by automated sequencing. |
| 460 | Drug-selected and non-clade B pol genotypes in chronically HIV-1-infected antiretroviral-naïve adults in Boston. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:180 (abstract no. 460) Hanna G, Balaguera H, Steger K, Freedberg K, Craven D, D'Aquila R; Massachusetts Gen Hosp. Drug-selected HIV-1 pol mutations are assumed to be less frequently detectable in patients who are untreated for prolonged periods after HIV-1 infection compared to recently infected persons. Data are scant on non-clade B HIV-1 in the US. Methods: We studied 88 consecutive HIV- 1-infected antiretroviral-nai |
| 461 | Diversity between HIV-1 and HIV-2 protease sequences: implications for evolution of drug resistance in HIV-2. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:180 (abstract no. 461) Pieniazek D, Rayfield M, Nkengasong J, Heneine W, Soriano V, Zeh C, Agwale SM, Wambebe C, Odama L, Folks T, Kalish ML; CDC, Atlanta, GA. The clinical management of HIV-1infections has improved significantly with combinations of antiretroviral drugs including protease inhibitors (PI). In contrast, there is no proven antiretroviral drug therapy for HIV-2, which remains an epidemic in West Africa and causes hundreds of infections worldwide. Rec |
| 462 | Distinctive patterns of HIV-1 PR-RT resistance mutations in HIV-1 subtypes are independent of treatment length. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:181 (abstract no. 462) Stirnadel HA, Schmit JC, Hermans P, Currie E, Fontaine E, Robert I, De Wit S, Clumeck N; Roche Discovery Welwyn, Welwyn Garden City, UK. Imbalance of polymorphisms and resistance mutation patterns between HIV-1 subtypes may confound prediction of therapy failure and, more importantly, may reduce drug efficacy to specific subtypes. We assess the relationship between subtypes and protease (PR)-reverse transcriptase (RT) mutations in relation t |
| 463 | HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) M184V/I improves the rate of suppression of viral replication by salvage therapy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:181 (abstract no. 463) Frenkel LM, Burchett SK, Aldrovandi GM, Carey V, Oyomopito R, Mahalanibis M, Decker D, Kovacs A; NIH, Bethesda, MD. HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) has poor fidelity in its transcription of RNA into cDNA, with a mean misincorporation of one out every 1000 bases. A mutation in HIV-1 pol encoding RT, M184V/I, selected for by lamivudine therapy, confers a high level of resistance to the drug. In vitro studies have demonstr |
| 464 | Opposing effects of AZT resistance and foscarnet resistance mutations on nucleotide-dependent removal of AZTMP from blocked primer/ templates by HIV-1 reverse transcriptase suggests potential benefits of combination therapy with AZT and foscarnet. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:181 (abstract no. 464) Meyer PR, Chopra R, Pendarvis E, Matsuura S, Zonarich D, Bazmi H, So AG, Mellors JW, Scott WA; Univ of Miami, FL. The nucleoside analogue 3 -azidothymidine ( AZT ) and the pyrophosphate analogue phosphonoformate (foscarnet) inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). Two previously published findings have suggested a potential interaction between these two compounds. First, they inhibit HIV-1 replication synergistically. |
| 465 | Plasma trough levels correlate with distinct genetic mechanisms during the development of amprenavir resistance. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:182 (abstract no. 465) Elston R, Randall S, Myers R, Maguire M, Rakik A, Ait-Khaled M, Stein D, Snowden W; Glaxo Wellcome, Stevenage, UK. The development of amprenavir (APV) resistance in the clinic is associated with four distinct genetic mechanisms, involving either the protease substitution I50V or I54L/M or, less commonly, V32I + I47V or I84V. Limited information is available about factors that influence which of these genetic mechanisms |
| 466 | Molecular mechanism of I50V HIV-1 protease resistance and cross-resistance to protease inhibitors. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:182 (abstract no. 466) Xu R, Andrews W, Spaltenstein A, Danger D, Dallas W, Carter L, Wright L, Furfine E; Glaxo Wellcome Inc, Res Triangle Park, NC. I50V mutations in the HIV-1 protease gene mediate the primary pathway of resistance to amprenavir in vitro and in vivo, though multiple mutations in addition to I50V are required for high-level amprenavir resistance. I50V is partially cross-resistant to |
| 467 | Genotypic mutations in the protease (PR) and reverse transcriptase (RT) genes associated with antiretroviral resistance to combination therapy with ritonavir/AZT/3TC: a virological sub-study of PACTG 345. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:182 (abstract no. 467) Zhao Y, Vetterick T, Lewis D, Yu M, Chadwick E, Yogev R, Coberly SK, Palumbo P; Children's Mem Hosp, Northwestern Univ Med Sch, Chicago, IL. The role of antiretroviral resistance in relation to short- and long-term virologic response has not been investigated in infants receiving HAART The objectives of this study were (1) to determine mutation profiles of RT and Pr at both baseline and virologic failure time points for infants enrolled in PACTG |
| 468 | Analysis of HIV-1 drug resistance in a randomized, controlled trial of a combination of nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors plus nevirapine (NVP), nelfinavir (NFV), or ritonavir (RTV) in stable antiretroviral therapy-experienced HIV-infected children. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:183 (abstract no. 468) Eshleman SH, Krogstad P, Jackson JB, Lee S, Wang YG, Wei LJ, Cunningham S, Wantman M, Lindquist C, Nachman S, Palumbo P; Johns Hopkins Med Inst, Baltimore, MD. In PACTG 377, children were randomized to 4 treatment arms including different combinations of stavudine , lamivudine ( 3TC ), NVP, NFV, or RTV. Prior treatment with zidovudine ( AZT |
| 469 | Resistance profiles in HIV-1-infected children: a call for resistance testing. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:183 (abstract no. 469) Schmidt B, Walter H, Niehues T, Vocks-Hauck M, Wintergerst U, Grosch-Worner I, Korn K; Erlangen. Only very limited data are available about drug resistance in HIV-1-infected children. Since information on the prevalence of highly resistant viral strains may influence current guidelines for diagnostic and therapeutic management, the aim of the study was to evaluate drug resistance patterns in pediatric |
| 470 | Genotypic resistance analysis in french women participating in PACTG316/ANRS 083. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:183 (abstract no. 470) Chaix ML, Rekacewicz C, Bazin B, Blanche S, Delfraissy JF, Rouzioux C; Hosp Necker, Paris. The objective of this study was to assess the acquisition of reverse transcriptase (RTI) and protease (PI) resistance mutations on plasma samples at 6 weeks post partum, among women who received a single dose of nevirapine (NVP) or placebo at delivery, associated to the current therapy (trial treatment is s |
| 471 | Why does stavudine select zidovudine resistance mutations in vivo? Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:184 (abstract no. 471) Trouplin V, Mammano F, Clavel F; INSERM U82, Hosp Bichat, Paris, France. When HIV-1 escapes stavudine treatment, mutations that are typical of zidovudine resistance are selected. Although these mutations can induce marked resistance to zidovudine, they induce only minimal resistance to stavudine. Methods: We developed an assay system that measures the potential selective advanta |
| 472 | In vitro selection and characterisation of HIV-1 resistance to BCH-10618. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:184 (abstract no. 472) Gu Z, Nguyen-Ba N, Mellors J, Fortier C, Wainberg M; BioChem Pharma, Laval, Quebec, Canada. BCH-10618 is a heterosubstituted nucleoside analogue ((-)-2 -deoxy-3 -oxa-4 - thiocytidine). It is a potent and selective inhibitor of HIV-1 in vitro. Since resistance to antiretroviral agents is one of the major issues in the treatment of HIV-1 infection, we investigated the potential resistance of HIV-1 t |
| 473 | Virus sensitivity to T-20 and T-1249 is independent of coreceptor usage. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:184 (abstract no. 473) Greenberg ML, McDanal CB, Stanfield-Oakley SA, Jin L, Tremblay C, Sista P, Hirsch M, Matthews TJ; Duke Univ Med Ctr, Durham, NC. The fusion inhibitors (FIs) T-20 and T-1249 are currently in Phase III and Phase I/II clinical trials, respectively. The mechanism of action of these FIs targets a structural transition in the viral envelope glycoprotein gp41 required for membrane fusion and virus entry. Genetic analysis of resistant virus |
| 474 | Correlation of gp41 binding and antiviral potencies of the T-20 fusion inhibitor using clinical trial isolate-derived sequences. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:184 (abstract no. 474) Mink MA, Janumpalli S, Davison DK, Mosier SM, Erickson JB, Picking RA, Sista P, Lambert DM, Matthews TJ; Trimeris, Durham, NC. The HIV envelope glycoprotein gp41 contains two heptad repeat sequences, HR1 and HR2. A synthetic HR2-derived T-20 peptide is thought to target the HR1 domain and results in HIV fusion inhibition. Consistent with this mechanism, T-20 resistance mutations derived by in vitro passage of virus mapped to the HR |
| 475 | Sensitivity of HIV-1 to the fusion inhibitors T-20 and T-649 is modulated by coreceptor specificity and involves distinct regions of gp41. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:185 (abstract no. 475) Derdyn CA, Decker JM, Sfakianos JN, O'Brien WA, Ratner L, Shaw GM, Hunter E; Univ of Alabama at Birmingham. T-20 and T-649 are synthetic peptides that potently inhibit replication of HIV-1 by interfering with the transition of gp41 to a fusion-active state. We show here that sensitivity to both peptides is strongly influenced by coreceptor specificity defined by the V3 loop of gp120. Methods and Results: When the |
| 476 | Directly observed antiretroviral therapy (DART) in residential treatment facilities in New York City. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:185 (abstract no. 476) Hader SL, Weidle PJ, Cergnul IG, Hanson D, Berkman A, Filmore H, Zeller B, McGowan J, Ernst JA; CDC, Atlanta, GA. Success of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV-1 infection may require strict adherence, so there is interest in using DART to improve response to HIV therapy. Our objectives were to quantify the amount of antiretroviral drugs taken in a setting of DART, to describe associated virologic and immunologic out |
| 477 | Is illicit drug use a risk factor for non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy? Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:185 (abstract no. 477) Gebo KA, Keruly JC, Moore RD; Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD. The success of highly active antiretroviral therapy for the treatment of HIV infection is dependent upon strict adherence to complicated dosing regimens. Methods: We conducted a cross- sectional study of 232 patients, 120 patients with a history of illicit drug use (IDU) and 112 without a history of IDU, on |
| 478 | Factors affecting treatment outcomes in a medication event monitoring system (MEMS) clinical trial of PI-containing HAART. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:186 (abstract no. 478) Stansell J, Holtzer C, Mayer S, De Guzman C, Hamel E, Lapins D; Positive Hlth Program, San Francisco Gen Hosp, CA. Multiple studies infer that medication adherence positively affects treatment (tx) outcome. We studied adherence & other factors affecting tx outcome using MEMS & a behavior modification program. Methods: The MEMS trial, a randomized, multi-center study, evaluated medication adherence intervention ( |
| 479 | Effects of group HIV patient education on adherence to antiretrovirals: a randomized controlled trial. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:186 (abstract no. 479) Gifford AL, Bormann JE, Shively MJ, Lee M, Capparelli EV, Richman DD, Bozzette SA; VA Med Ctr, San Diego. It is not known how best to provide education and support for medication adherence in patients on multi-drug antiretroviral regimens (ARV). We hypothesized that a group patient education program to develop self-care skills could improve adherence, and we conducted a prospective randomized controlled trial. |
| 480 | Initial outcome of an on-line paging system (MediMom) to increase adherence to antiretroviral medications. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:186 (abstract no. 480) Safren S, Boswell S, Johnson W, Salomon L, Mayer K; Fenway Community Hlth. Growing evidence points to the need to empirically validate and disseminate interventions for HIV medication adherence. With 95% adherence being seen as a minimum standard (Carpenter et al., 2000; Patterson et al., 1998), complex, frequent, and long-term regimens, which are typical of highly active antiretr |
| 481 | Intensive adherence interventions improve virologic response to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in naïve patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:186 (abstract no. 481) Esch LD, Hardy H, Wynn H, Shelton MJ, Hewitt RG, Morse GD; State Univ at Buffalo. Failure of initial ART is reported as high as 50%. Adherence appears to be a strong predictor of durability; however, virologic outcome data evaluating adherence interventions are few. This study evaluated the impact of intensive adherence interventions by a pharmacist on ART adherence and virologic respons |
| 482 | Modeling the interaction between adherence and the evolution of antiviral resistance. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:187 (abstract no. 482) Hooper J, Ferguson NM, Donnelly CA, Lapins D, Hamel E, Anderson RM; Univ of Oxford. Poor adherence to antiviral regimens is a recognised key determinant of treatment outcome. In this study we robustly characterize temporal patterns in drug taking behavior and their relationship to the evolution of antiviral drug resistance. We parametrically fit electronically collected adherence data and |
| 483 | Adherence to HAART predicts progression to AIDS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:187 (abstract no. 483) Bangsberg DR, Perry S, Charlebois ED, Clark R, Zolopa AR, Moss AR; San Francisco Gen Hosp/Univ California, San Francisco. While adherence (ADH) predicts of viral suppression, its role in disease progression is not established. Methods: ADH was prospectively measured in a population-based cohort using electronic pill cap monitoring (MEMS) and unannounced home pill counts in 76 AIDS-free individuals on HAART. These ADH measures |
| 484 | Psychosocial correlates of incomplete adherence to HIV antiretroviral therapy (HAART): mental health matters. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:188 (abstract no. 484) Ostrow D, Fox K, Kleeberger C, Jacobson LP, Chmiel JS, Silvestre A, Visscher BR, Strathdee SA; Loyola Univ, Chicago, IL. Sociodemographic factors and regimen complexity have been associated with poorer adherence to HAART. We studied whether attitudes towards HAART and safer sex are independently associated with incomplete adherence among HIV-infected gay men. Methods: Men enrolled in the MACS completed semi-annual surveys and |
| 485 | Antiretroviral adherence correlates with quality of life. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:188 (abstract no. 485) Mannheimer S1, Friedland G2, Matts J3, Child C4, Chesney M4 for the CPCRA Self-reported antiretroviral adherence and quality of life are significantly associated, but their causal relationship is not clear. After adjusting for adh, fewer QOL dimensions remained associated with HIV RNA. Further research is needed to elucidate the nature and direction of the relationship among these measures and its bearing on therapeutic effectiveness. |
| 486 | The association of site with early study discontinuation on HIV clinical studies in the protease inhibitor era: DACS200. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:188 (abstract no. 486) Andersen JW, Van Der Horst C, Gorski H, Fass RJ; NIAID-Sponsored AIDS Clin Trials Group (ACTG), Bethesda, MD. Subject withdrawal from clinical studies before documentation of the primary endpoints affects the power and interpretability of these studies. The nature of preventive efforts will depend on the source of poor retention. Methods: Loss to follow-up (LFU) was defined as early discontinuation not mandated by |
| 487 | Varation and changes in expenditures for HIV care among American adults in the era of highly active therapy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:189 (abstract no. 487) Bozzette SA, Joyce G, McCaffrey DF, Leibowitz AA, Morton SC, Berry SH, Rastegar A, Timberlake D, Shapiro MF, Goldman DP; RAND, Santa Monica, CA. Resource use for HIV care continues to be of interest as changes in the content and outcomes of care require re-assessments of programs and policies. The nationally representative HIV Cost and Utilization Study (HCSUS) examined trends in expenditures for HIV care after the introduction of highly active anti |
| 488 | Differences in access to care and HIV progression by sex and injection drug use in the HAART era. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:189 (abstract no. 488) Moore RD, Poundstone K, Chaisson RE; Johns Hopkins Univ Sch of Med, Baltimore, MD. The advent of HAART has reduced the incidence of AIDS-related opportunistic illnesses and death among those infected with HIV. However, disparities in access to appropriate HIV/AIDS medical care could influence the clinical impact of HAART. Methods: We analyzed data from 3547 HIV-infected patients who were |
| 489 | Prospective follow-up (F/U) of a cohort of HIV+ patients with and without access to antiretroviral therapy (ART): survival and complications. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:189 (abstract no. 489) Wolff M, Diomedi A, Olivares R, Bustamante C, Bidart T, Dabanch J, Morales O, Northland R; Arriaran Fndn, Univ of Chile Sch of Med, Santiago. Three-drug ART (ART3) has reduced complications and improved survival in HIV+ patients (pts). The Chilean public health system began dual therapy (ART2) in 1997, reaching approximately 40% of pts in need. ART2 with insufficient coverage is common in resource- constrained countries. We followed pts with and |
| 490 | Clinical, immunological and virological effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy in a resource-poor setting: the Senegalese experience. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:190 (abstract no. 490) Sow PS, Diakhate N, Toure Kane NC, Toure MA, Gueye PM, Ciss M, Badiane S, Ndoye I, Mboup S; Dakar Univ Teaching Hosp, Senegal. Our objectives were to develop and initiate a strategy for access to antiretroviral drugs in a resource-poor setting in Senegal , West Africa. Method: With the aid of the Senegalese government, a committee, consisting of physicians caring for HIV-infected persons, was established to define the clinical and |
| 491 | Evaluation at 6 months of a once-a-day HAART regimen in treatment-naïve HIV-1-infected adults in Senegal (ANRS 12-04 study). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:190 (abstract no. 491) Landman R, Schiemann R, Thiam S, Delaporte E, Mboup S, Vray M, Badiane S, Coulaud P, Peytavin G, Girard PM, Ndoye I; IMEA, Hosp Bichat Claude Bernard. Our goal was to assess the feasibility, efficacy and safety of a once-a-day HAART regimen combining Didanosine (ddI), Lamivudine ( 3TC ) and |
| 492 | Prospective trial of CBV + IDV in West Africa. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:190 (abstract no. 492) Diop Y, Bonard D, Ba-Gomis O, Dahourou G, Hatzakis G, Nguyen VK, Sy C, Chenal H; Ctr Integre de Res Clin d'Abidjan, Cote-d'Ivoire. To date there have been no prospective clinical trials of HAART in West Africa. This study was conducted to examine whether standard triple combination therapy with Combivir and Indinavir was effective in |
| 493 | Comparative virological efficacy of HAART in African and European populations within a single centre. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:190 (abstract no. 493) Frater AJ, Dunn D, Duong T, Churchill D, Ariyoshi K, McClure MO, Weber JN; Imperial Coll Sch of Med at St Mary's. There are few data on the virological response to HAART of individuals infected with non-B HIV-1 subtypes. We compared the response, in our clinic, of African HIV-1-infected patients with those of their British and European counterparts. Methods: The St. Mary s Hospital HIV database was used to identify dru |
| 494 | Differences in prescription of highly active antiretroviral therapy persist in 1999. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:191 (abstract no. 494) McNaghten A, Hanson D, Dworkin M; CDC, Atlanta, GA. Differences in prescription of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) by sex, race/ethnicity, and risk group have been reported. The objective of this analysis was to determine if gaps in HAART prescription have changed over time by characteristics of patient population. Methods: We analyzed data from |
| 495 | Influence of race and economic status on HIV viral load trends since introduction of protease inhibitors and combination therapy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:191 (abstract no. 495) Faruki H, Seillier-Moiseiwitsch F, Wu Y, Alcorn T, Van Der Horst C; LabCorp, Res Triangle Park, NC. A serial monitoring database of 601,352 HIV viral load test results was analyzed to study viral load trends among US HIV patients since introduction of protease inhibitors . Methods: The database included 286,873 individual patient files dating back to 1996, of which 41,536 had >4 test results. Using a 1990 |
| 496 | Achievement and durability of viral suppression in patients prescribed HAART in HIV clinics in New York City. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:191 (abstract no. 496) Sackoff J, Shin S, Weedon J; New York City Dept of Hlth. Our objective was to evaluate the achievement and durability of viral suppression in HIV-infected patients prescribed highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in routine practice. Methods: The analysis draws on medical record data from the Adult Spectrum of HIV Disease study. The analytic sample compris |
| 497 | Use of alternative therapy among HIV-infected patients at an urban tertiary center. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:192 (abstract no. 497) Southwell H, Valdez H, Gripshover B, McComsey G, Salata R, Davidson R, Lederman M; Univ Hosp of Cleveland. Our objective was to document the use of alternative therapies and recognition of their use among patients seen at an urban HIV clinic. Methods: Patients were interviewed between April and July 2000 by a registered dietitian who used a structured questionnaire. Charts were reviewed for documentation of trea |
| 498 | Actual costs of HIV/AIDS care. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:192 (abstract no. 498) Roberts R, Rydman R, Gorosh K, Weinstein RA; Cook County Bureau of Hlth Services. The cost for HIV/AIDS care is important for decision-making and negotiations between providers and 3rd party payers. Costs are typically calculated using payments or charges, but this does not address the true cost of care. Methods: We examined medical cost for HIV/AIDS patients for 1 year of care from the |
| 499 | CCR5-delta32 mutation-protective against HIV, but bad for hepatitis C virus? Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:192 (abstract no. 499) Woitas RP, Ahlenstiel G, Brackmann HH, Matz B, Rockstroh JK, Spengler U; Inst of Experimental Hematology, Virology, Univ of Bonn, Germany. CCR5 has been identified as the major co-receptor for the entry of M-tropic variants of HIV-1. Polymorphisms in the CCR5 gene can modulate the natural history of HIV. Indeed homozygosity of a 32-base-pair (bp) deletion (CCR5-delta32) (present in 1% of a Caucasian population) is associated with resistance to |
| 500 | Hyperlipoproteinemia in HIV patients is linked to sterol-regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1C. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:193 (abstract no. 500) Miserez AR, Barella L, Muller PY, Schwietert M, Erb P, Klimkait T, Vernazza PL, Battegay M; Univ of Basel. Antiretroviral protease inhibitor (PI) therapy is often associated with hyperlipoproteinemia. Methods: To uncover the molecular basis, candidate genes were investigated. In vitro, the influence of PIs on the activity of specific genes was determined using dual luciferase reporter gene assays. In vivo, novel |
| 501 | G protein beta3 subunit gene TT genotype is a novel genetic risk factor for accelerated progression to AIDS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:193 (abstract no. 501) Brockmeyer NH, Bromen K, Staszewski S, Esser S, Zimmermann U, Rockstroh J, Jockel KG, Jennings B, Goos M, Siffert W; Ruhr-Univ, Bochum. The natural course of progression to AIDS is significantly influenced by genetic host factors. Previous studies have mainly focused on genetic polymorphisms in chemokine receptors. However, signal transduction via G protein-coupled receptors was shown to enhance the replication of SI strains. The 825T allel |
| 502 | Antiretroviral intensification accelerates the decay of the latent reservoir of HIV-1 and decreases but does not eliminate ongoing virus replication. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:193 (abstract no. 502) Ramratnam B, Ribeiro R, He T, Cauldwell P, Ruiz N, Hurley A, Zhang L, Perelson AS, Ho DD, Markowitz M; Aaron Diamond AIDS Res Ctr, Rockefeller Univ, New York, NY. The pathogenesis of ongoing viral replication during HAART is unclear. Methods: To address this issue, a treatment intensification study was conducted. ABV with or without EFV was added to the regimen of individuals receiving AZT / 3TC |
| 503 | Decay of cellular reservoirs of HIV-1 during primary infection treated before or after complete seroconversion. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:194 (abstract no. 503) Wong JK, Strain M, Spina CA, Lam RY, Daly OA, Nuyen J, Ignacio CC, Santangelo JA, Pitt J, Richman DD, Daar E, Little SJ; Univ of California, San Diego. Cellular reservoirs of latent HIV infection are established early in infection. Decay of these reservoirs is slow in chronically infected patients but may be more rapid in the setting of primary infection. Our objective was to determine whether the magnitude and decay characteristics of cell-associated infe |
| 504 | Suppression of HIV replication in the resting CD4+ T cell reservoir by CD8+ T cells: implications for the development of therapeutic strategies. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:194 (abstract no. 504) Chun TW, Justement J, Moir S, Ehler L, Liu S, McLaughlin M, Dybul M, Mican J, Fauci A; NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD. CD8+ T cell-mediated antiviral activity against HIV has been described in infected individuals; however, its role in controlling replication of HIV in the latent CD4+ T cell reservoir is unclear. Considering that immune-mediated containment of viral replication is particularly relevant in light of recent at |
| 505 | Natural killer cells are targets for HIV-1 infection in vivo: use of real-time PCR for the quantification of cell-associated viral load in cellular compartments. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:194 (abstract no. 505) Valentin A, Rosati M, Patenaude D, Yarchoan R, Hatzakis A, Pavlakis GN; NCI, Frederick, MD. The new combination therapies against HIV do not eradicate the virus, suggesting the existence of long-lived HIV-infected cell compartments that act as viral reservoirs and are responsible for the maintenance of chronic HIV infection even under HAART. The identification of these reservoirs has become critic |
| 506 | Activated memory CD4+ T cells are the primary target for SIV infection and elimination. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:194 (abstract no. 506) Veazey R, Alvarez X, Alexander L, Tham I, Romsey C, Desrosiers R, Lackner A; New England Regional Primate Res Ctr. We have previously shown that initial CD4+ T cell depletion and viral replication occur in the intestinal tract of macaques infected with SIV. Among CD4+ T cells in the intestine, those that are highly and/or acutely activated (CD69+ HLA-DR+) and memory phenotype (CD45RA- Leu8-) are preferentially depleted. |
| 507 | Cellular and viral dynamics in the second phase of viral load decline: persistence of infected macrophage in lymph node tissue not contributory to slow decline. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:195 (abstract no. 507) Bucy P, Deckard L, Sillers M, Sfakianos G, Shaw G, Saag M, Kilby M; Univ of Alabama at Birmingham. The mechanism(s) responsible for the changing slope of viral load decline in patients started on potent antiretroviral therapy remains unclear. Methods: A cohort of treatment-na^ve subjects were started on 4-drug antiretroviral therapy, and the dynamics of viral and cellular changes were followed in blood a |
| 508 | A unique Vif polymorphism isolated from a nonprogressing mother/child pair that severely inhibits HIV-1 replication. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:195 (abstract no. 508) Andiman WA, Aquino-De Jesus MJ, Alexander L; Yale Univ Sch of Med, New Haven, CT. We have examined nucleotide sequences along the entire length of the HIV genome in viruses harbored by individuals with benign clinical courses and low-level viral replication. This analysis has led to the identification of a unique two-amino acid insertion polymorphism in the Vif sequences isolated from a |
| 509 | Immunoreconstitution and viral dynamics in HIV-1-infected infants under highly active antiretroviral therapy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:196 (abstract no. 509) Ometto L, Patiri F, De Forni D, Zanchetta M, Giacomet V, Giaquinto C, Chieco-Bianchi L, De Rossi A; Univ of Padova, Italy. Immunoreconstitution in HIV-1-infected adults under highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is biphasic, with an initial rapid rise in CD4+ memory cells accompanied by a slow repopulation with newly produced naïve CD4+ cells. In HIV-1-infected infants, immunoreconstitution may differ due to the thymus |
| 510 | Early HIVenv gene evolution in perinatally infected infants predicts the rate of disease progression. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:196 (abstract no. 510) Dickover R, Garratty E, Bryson Y; Univ of California at Los Angeles Sch of Med. Little information is available on the relationship between HIV envelope gene evolution during primary and/or early perinatal HIV infection and subsequent clinical outcome. We tracked HIV env gene evolution over the first year of life in perinatally infected infants in order to determine if a relationship e |
| 511 | Effect of recent thymic emigrants on progression of HIV-1 disease among children with perinatal HIV-1 infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:196 (abstract no. 511) Kramer T, Touloumi G, Karanicolas R, Pappa M, Pollack H, Palumbo P, Kostrikis LG; Aaron Diamond AIDS Res Ctr, Rockefeller Univ, New York, NY. The concentration of TCR rearrangement excision DNA circles (TREC) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) is a marker of recent thymic emigrant T cells (RTE). In a previous study, we studied the implications of RTE for the clinical outcome of adult HIV-1-infected individuals and we showed that TREC wa |
| 512 | Maternal factors influencing pediatric HIV disease progression. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:196 (abstract no. 512) Abrams E, Wiener J, Carter R, Nesheim S, Palumbo P, Vink P, Bulterys M; Harlem Hosp, New York, NY. Maternal characteristics have been associated with the rate of perinatally acquired pediatric HIV disease progression. Methods: A multi-center prospective study of HIV-1 perinatal transmission and pediatric HIV disease progression was conducted in 4 urban centers in the U.S. between 1985-1999. The authors d |
| 513 | Gender differences in immunologic and virologic markers in children born to women infected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:197 (abstract no. 513) Pitt J, Moye J, Matthews Y, Diaz C, Rich K, Paul M, Hoff R; Columbia Univ Coll of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY. Lower HIV RNA and higher CD4 levels are noted in HIV-infected adult women compared with men. Menstrual cycle studies suggest that this phenomenon may be hormonally mediated. Little is known about whether gender differences in surrogate markers exist in HIV- infected children. Our objective was to compare ma |
| 514 | 10-year follow-up of somatic growth in children born to women infected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:197 (abstract no. 514) Moye J, Frederick M, Chantry C, Handelsman E, Trupin D, Paul M, Adeniyi-Jones S; NICHD. HIV infection adversely affects growth in infants with perinatally acquired and older children with transfusion acquired disease. Little data exist on its later effects on growth in perinatally acquired disease or with chronic antiretroviral treatment. Objectives: To compare attained growth and body composi |
| 515 | Impact of protease inhibitor (PI)-containing combination antiretroviral therapies on height and weight growth in HIV-infected children. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:197 (abstract no. 515) Buchacz K, Moye J, Cervia J, Lindsey JC, Hughes MD, Seage G, Dankner W, Oleske J; Harvard Sch of Publ Hlth, Boston, MA. PI-containing combination antiretroviral therapies are associated with improved laboratory and clinical outcomes but also with serious adverse morphologic and metabolic effects in adults. Our objective was to examine the effects of PI-containing regimens on height and weight growth in HIV-infected children |
| 516 | Selection of nevirapine resistance (NVP(R)) mutations in Ugandan women and infants receiving NVP prophylaxis to prevent HIV-1 vertical transmission (HIVNET-012). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:198 (abstract no. 516) Eshleman SH, Mracna M, Guay L, Deseyve M, Cunningham S, Musoke P, Mmiro F, Jackson JB; Johns Hopkins Med Inst, Baltimore, MD. In HIVNET 012, treatment-naïve Ugandan women and infants received a single dose of NVP to prevent HIV-1 vertical transmission. Women received 200 mg NVP at the onset of labor, and infants received 2 mg/kg NVP within 72 hours of birth. Thirty-six of 311 infants were HIV-1 infected by age 6 weeks despite NVP |
| 517 | Perinatal transmission of HIV-1 from pregnant women with RNA viral load less than 1000 copies/mL. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:198 (abstract no. 517) Ioannidis JP, Abrams EJ, Ammann A, Bulterys M, Goedert JJ, Gray L, Korber BT, Mayaux MJ, Mofenson LM, Newell ML, Shapiro DE, Teglas JP, Wilfert CM; Univ of Ioannina Sch of Med, Greece. Perinatal transmission of HIV-1 has been reported to occur occasionally even among women with very low HIV-1 RNA levels. We evaluated how frequent transmission is, when the maternal RNA is |
| 518 | Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in HIV-seropositive women. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:198 (abstract no. 518) Heard I, Tassie JM, Kazatchkine MD, Orth G; INSERM U430. The impact of HAART on the natural history of CIN in HIV-seropositive women is poorly documented. Our objective was to estimate the influence of HAART on the regression of CIN. Methods: A prospective study of CIN in HIV-positive women with a semestrial follow-up including colposcopy, Pap smears and biopsy w |
| 519 | CD4+ lymphocyte level is better than HIV-1 plasma viral load in determining when to initiate HAART. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:199 (abstract no. 519) Sterling TR, Chaisson RE, Bartlett JG, Moore RD; Johns Hopkins Univ Sch of Med, Baltimore, MD. The optimal timing for initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is unclear. The validity of current treatment guideline cutoffs (viral load >20,000 copies/ml or CD4+ lymphocyte level 90 days of a regimen including an HIV-1 protease inhibitor, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, |
| 520 | Late initiation of antiretroviral therapy (at CD4+ lymphocyte count <200 cells/microliter) is associated with increased risk of death. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:199 (abstract no. 520) Kaplan J, Hanson D, Karon J, Cohn D, Thompson M, Buskin S, Fleming P, Dworkin M; CDC, Atlanta, GA. When to start antiretroviral therapy (ART) is one of the most important questions facing HIV clinicians in industrialized nations. Methods: We assessed the risk of HIV-related death among 5,110 persons starting 2- or 3-drug antiretroviral therapy (ART) in 1994 or later in CDC s Adult and Adolescent Spectrum |
| 521 | HIV-specific immune responses in subjects with high-level viral suppression with or without intermittent viremia treated for 3-5 years with HAART. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:199 (abstract no. 521) Havlir DV, Little S, Hwang J, Richman D, Wong JK, Dubey S, Guan L, Zhu L, Punt K, Long R, Shiver J, Fu T; Univ of California San Diego, La Jolla. Previously, we reported that intermittent viremia was not associated with increased risk for rebound in pts with chronic infection who achieved viral suppression (RNA |
| 522 | Low-level HIV viral rebound and blips in patients receiving potent antiretroviral therapy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:200 (abstract no. 522) Greub G, Cozzi Lepri A, Ledergerber B, Staszewski S, Perrin L, Miller V, Francioli P, Furrer H, Battegay M, Vernazza P, Bernasconi E, Gunthard HF, Hirschel B, Phillips AN, Telenti A; Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS). After achieving optimal HIV suppression while receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART), low-level viral rebound may represent early treatment failure or a transient increase in viral load, commonly described as a blip . The outcome of the latter event remains undefined. Methods: We analysed data on low level |
| 523 | Response to ritonavir (RTV) intensification in indinavir (IDV) recipients is highly correlated with virtual inhibitory quotient. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:200 (abstract no. 523) Kempf D, Hsu A, Jiang P, Rode R, Hertogs K, Larder B, Zolopa A, Shulman N, Havlir D, Gallant J, Race E, Boller S, Swerdlow J, Jasinsky O, Renz C, Sun E; Abbott Labs, Abbott Park, IL. Pharmacokinetic enhancement of antiretroviral therapy by switching from IDV 800 mg TID to RTV/IDV 400/400 mg BID improves virologic response in long-term IDV recipients. In study M98-985, 37 pts with 50-50,000 copies/mL HIV RNA on a stable IDV regimen were switched to open-label RTV/IDV (400/400 mg BID) whi |
| 524 | The virtual phenotype is an independent predictor of clinical response. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:200 (abstract no. 524) Graham N, Peeters M, Verbiest W, Harrigan R, Larder B; Vircolab, Baltimore, MD. Retrospective studies have correlated baseline drug resistance (phenotype and genotype) with clinical response. We wished to assess the ability of the virtual phenotype, an averaged phenotype based on matching of genotypes with phenotypes, to predict response. Methods: Baseline samples from 191 patients enr |
| 525 | Kaletra (ABT-378/r) and efavirenz: one-year safety/efficacy evaluation and phenotypic breakpoints in multiple-PI-experienced patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:201 (abstract no. 525) Clumeck N, Brun S, Sylte J, Isaacson J, Chen S, Lazzarin A, Girard PM, Rockstroh J, Becker S, Telenti A, Bergmann F, Danner S, Ho D, Tubiana R, Carosi G, Bertz R, Hsu A, King M, Kempf D, Sun E; CHU Saint-Pierre-Brussels. Kaletra is a novel HIV protease inhibitor (PI) with mean trough concentrations that exceed its protein binding corrected EC50 for wild-type HIV by more than 75-fold when dosed at 400/100 mg BID. This increased inhibitory quotient (IQ) should provide antiviral activity in patients who have developed resistan |
| 526 | Equivalence in virological responses to HAART in patients with HIV-1 subtype non-B infections: a case-controlled study (n = 100). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:201 (abstract no. 526) Loveday C, Burke A, Van Hooff F, Johnson M; Royal Free and Univ Coll Med Sch, London, UK. The objective of this study was to perform an open, retrospective, case-controlled comparison of virological responses to HAART in patients infected with HIV-1 subtype non-B (NB) and subtype B (B) viruses. Methods: Consecutive patients presenting for clinical care at our centre with proven NB infection were |
| 527 | Resistance to antiretroviral therapy in the UNAIDS HIV drug access initiative-Uganda. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:201 (abstract no. 527) Weidle PJ, Sozi C, Mwebaze R, Rukundo G, Downing R, Malamba S, Hertogs K, Larder B, Respess R, Ochola D, Lackritz E; CDC, Atlanta, GA. One concern of expanding access to antiretroviral (ARV) drug therapy in resource-poor settings where financial constraints limit the use of maximally suppressive regimens is the emergence of drug resistance. Our objective was to monitor for the emergence of drug resistance patterns of HIV-1 among patients ( |
| 528 | Impact of directly observed therapy on long-term outcomes in HIV clinical trials. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:202 (abstract no. 528) Fischl M, Castro J, Monroig R, Scerpella E, Thompson L, Rechtine D, Thomas D; Univ of Miami, FL. Subjects in the DOT group had greater short- and long-term virologic responses compared with those in the SAT group. Self- administered four-drug regimens had a blunted response while an EFV-containing regimen had a better response compared with other regimens, suggesting that simplified regimens are likely to improve adherence and outcome. |
| 529 | cis-expression of DC-SIGN mediates more efficient usage of alternate coreceptors. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:202 (abstract no. 529) Lee B, Leslie G, Baik S, Ni H, Pohlman S, Hoxie J, Weissman D, Doms RW; Univ of Pennsylvania Sch of Med, Philadelphia. Background and Methods: DC-SIGN is a gp120-binding C-type lectin expressed on dendritic cells that enables efficient trans-infection of T cells by HIV-1. We report here that DC-SIGN, when expressed in cis, allowed more efficient infection of CD4/coreceptor-bearing cells. Results and Conclusions: This cis-enhancement ef |
| 530 | CD147 facilitates HIV-1 uncoating by interacting with virus-associated cyclophilin A. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:202 (abstract no. 530) Bukrinsky AM, Pushkarsky T, Zybarth G, Dubrovsky L, Yurchenko V, Sherry B; Picower Inst for Med Res, Manhasset, NY. Cyclophilin A (CyPA) is specifically incorporated into the virions of HIV-1 through interactions with the capsid antigen (CA) domain of the Gag polyprotein. While CyPA is not absolutely necessary for HIV-1 infectivity, it has been shown to enhance significantly (approximately 6-8 fold in one replication cyc |
| 531 | Lipid rafts and HIV biology: cholesterol is required for HIV-1 infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:202 (abstract no. 531) Liao Z, Hildreth JE; Johns Hopkins Univ Sch of Med, Baltimore, MD. We have shown that HIV buds selectively from membrane microdomains called lipid rafts. These domains are characterized by a high content of sphingolipids, cholesterol, and GPI- anchored proteins. The highly enriched levels of cholesterol in lipid rafts prompted us to examine the role of cholesterol in HIV i |
| 532 | Molecular basis for differences in the efficiency of macrophage infection by patient-derived and laboratory-adapted X-4-tropic HIV-1 isolates. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:203 (abstract no. 532) Tokunaga K, Morse MA, Greenberg ML, Lyerly HK, Cullen BR; Duke Univ Med Ctr, Durham, NC. Background and Methods: Laboratory isolates of HIV-1, including the prototypic IIIB/LAI/NL4-3 proviral clone, utilize CXCR-4 as a co-receptor to infect PBLs and T-cell lines. However, IIIB only very poorly infects primary macrophages even though they express cell surface CXCR-4 and can be infected by patient-derived X4 |
| 533 | Replacement of the V3 region of gp120 with SDF-1 preserves the infectivity of T-tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:203 (abstract no. 533) Yonezawa A, Hori T, Takaori A, Morita R, Uchiyama T; Graduate Sch of Med, Kyoto Univ, Japan. It has been known that the V3 lesion of HIV-1 gp120 directly binds to the coreceptor and its amino acid sequence determines viral entry and cell tropism. We previously reported that the T-tropic HIV-1-derived V3 loop peptides could directly bind to CXCR4 and inhibit T-tropic HIV-1 infection. In the present |
| 534 | Residues in the V3 loop and the C4 domain of gp120 comprise a binding site for CCR5 amino- terminal domain sulfopeptides. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:203 (abstract no. 534) Cormier E, Tran D, Yukhayeva L, Olson W, Dragic T; Albert Einstein Coll of Med, Bronx. CD4 and CCR5 mediate fusion and entry of R5 HIV-1 strains. Sulfotyrosine and other negatively charged residues in the CCR5 amino-terminal domain (Nt) are crucial for gp120 binding and viral entry. We showed that soluble gp120/CD4 complexes specifically bind to tyrosine-sulfated peptides corresponding to res |
| 535 | Mapping and characterization of HIV-1 gp120 epitopes recognized by three novel CD4-induced broadly reactive neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:204 (abstract no. 535) Xiang SH, Robinson J, Doka N, Choudhary RK, Sodroski J; Dana-Farber Cancer Inst, Boston, MA. HIV-1 infects cells through interaction of its envelope glycoprotein (gp120) with the receptor CD4 and further with a chemokine receptor (such as CCR5 or CXC4) to form a fusion complex. It has been shown that CD4 binding to gp120 induces a conformational change in gp120 which allows binding to the chemokine |
| 536 | Human CC-chemokine 1[9-74] induces CCR5 internalization and inhibits replication of R5-tropic HIV-1 isolates in primary T-cells and macrophages. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:204 (abstract no. 536) Muench J, Staendker L, Detheux M, Vakili J, Poehlmann S, Papkalla A, Rosorius O, Sass G, Adermann K, Parmentier M, Forssmann WG, Kirchhoff F; Inst for Virology, Erlangen. Recently, we have shown that proteolytic processing of human CC-chemokine 1 (HCC-1) generates a truncated form, HCC-1[9-74], which is a potent agonist of CCR1, CCR3 and CCR5, promotes calcium influx and chemotaxis of T-lymphoblasts, monocytes and eosinophils, and inhibits infection by R5-tropic HIV-1 isolat |
| 537 | CD4+ effector/memory T cells as a preferential target for HIV-1 during primary infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:204 (abstract no. 537) Harari A, Ellefsen K, Rizzardi GP, Knabenhans C, Yerly S, Perrin L, Pantaleo G; CHUV, Lausanne. The expression of the chemokine receptor CCR7 defines, at least in vitro, distinct subsets of naïve and memory CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. T lymphocytes lacking CCR7, i.e. CCR7- cells, contain cells with effector function. Methods: We have investigated the relative distribution of CCR7 in blood mononuclear |
| 538 | Prevalence of lipodystrophy and metabolic abnormalities in the multicenter AIDS cohort study (MACS). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:205 (abstract no. 538) Kingsley L, Smit E, Riddler S, Li R, Chmiel J, Palella F, Visscher B, Oishi J, Taylor E, Dobs A, Evans R; Univ of Pittsburgh, PA. The prevalence of lipodystrophy syndrome (LS) and high cholesterol and triglycerides varies considerably, depending on the definition and the study population. We present prevalence estimates of LS and metabolic abnormalities in the well-characterized MACS. Methods: Through July 2000, 868 MACS participants |
| 539 | Assessment of lipodystrophy in patients previously exposed to AZT, ddI or ddC, but naïve for d4T and protease inhibitors (PI), and randomized between d4T/3TC/indinavir and AZT/3TC/indinavir (NOVAVIR trial). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:205 (abstract no. 539) Joly V, Flandre P, Meiffredy V, Hazebrouck S, Harel M, Aboulker JP, Yeni P; ANRS, Paris, France. Our objective was to evaluate clinical lipodystrophy (body shape abnormalities) and metabolic abnormalities in HIV-1-infected patients (Pts) randomized to receive either AZT or d4T , in combination with a backbone regimen of |
| 540 | A Randomised, double-blind study of gemfibrozil (GF) for the treatment of protease inhibitor- associated hypertriglyceridaemia. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:205 (abstract no. 540) Miller J, Carr A, Brown D, Cooper DA; Natl Ctr in HIV Epidemiology and Clin Res, Univ of New South Wales. A syndrome of lipodystrophy has been widely described in patients with HIV, especially those taking protease inhibitors (PIs). Hypertriglyceridaemia has been a predominant metabolic feature in these descriptions, frequently observed at levels associated with accelerated cardiac disease. Gemfibrozil is clini |
| 541 | Indinavir inhibits bone formation while ritonavir inhibits osteoclast differentiation and function. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:206 (abstract no. 541) Wang MW, Teitelbaum SL, Tebas P, Powderly WG, Ross FP; Washington Univ Sch of Med, St Louis, MO. Potent antiretroviral therapy that includes a protease inhibitor may be associated with a decreased bone mineral density (BMD). Both osteoblast (OB) and osteoclast (OC) play an important role in regulating BMD. Methods: We tested ritonavir and indinavir for alterations in OB and OC differentiation and funct |
| 542 | Microbial antigens induce HIV-LTR transactivation through toll-like receptors. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:206 (abstract no. 542) Equils O, Madak Z, Yarali A, Faure E, Thomas L, Bulut Y, Arditi M; Cedars-Sinai Med Ctr. Opportunistic infections in HIV-infected patients are associated with an increase in HIV replication. It is believed that NF-kappaB-mediated regulation of the HIV long terminal repeat (LTR) is the likely mechanism of increased rates of HIV replication in these patients. Toll-like receptors mediate the micro |
| 543 | Pneumocystis carinii cytochrome b mutations are associated with atovaquone exposure in AIDS patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:206 (abstract no. 543) Kazanjian P, Armstrong W, Hossler P, Huang L, Beard CB, Carter J, Duchin J, Burman W, Meshnick SR; Univ of Michigan Hlth System, Ann Arbor. Atovaquone is used for pneumocystis prophylaxis in patients who are intolerant to sulfa-containing drugs. It inhibits electron transport by binding to the cytochrome bc1 at the Qo binding site. This retrospective cohort was conducted to determine if Pneumocystis carinii cytochrome b gene mutations in AIDS p |
| 544 | Compliance to cotrimoxazole prophylaxis in HIV-1-infected TB patients in a rural area of Malawi. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:207 (abstract no. 544) Zachariah R, Arendt V, Wennig R, Schneider S, Spielmann M, Panarotto E, Salaniponi F, Harries AD; Med sans Frontieres, Thyolo. In April 2000, WHO/ UNAIDS has recommended the use of cotrimoxazole in HIV-1- infected Africans based on results of clinical trials in Ivory Coast . The real impact of such an intervention at a large scale will depend on compliance to the drug. The National TB Control Programme of |
| 545 | Clearance of fungal burden during treatment of disseminated histoplasmosis with liposomal amphotericin B (ambisome) vs. itraconazole in patients with AIDS. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:207 (abstract no. 545) Wheat LJ, Cloud G, Johnson P, Connolly P, Goldman M, Le Monte A, Fuller D, Davis T, Hafner R; Indiana Univ Sch of Med, Indianapolis. Animal studies have shown that fungal burden correlates with survival during treatment with new antifungal therapies for histoplasmosis . Methods: In two separate closed clinical trials that evaluated the efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB) and itraconazole treatment of disseminated histoplasmosis |
| 546 | Discontinuation or continuation of maintenance therapy for cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS treated with HAART. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:207 (abstract no. 546) Mussini C, Cossarizza A, Pezzotti P, Antinori A, De Luca A, Ortolani P, Rizzardini G, Mongiardo N, Esposito R; Modena, Italy. HAART has decreased the incidence of new episodes and recurrences of opportunistic infections in patients with AIDS. Different studies showed that it could be considered safe to discontinue primary prophylaxis for PCP and MAC infections. At this time, no data are available concerning discontinuation of main |
| 547 | Successful discontinuation of MAC therapy following effective HAART. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:208 (abstract no. 547) Shafran SD, Gill MJ, Lalonde RG, Walmsley SL, Toma E, Conway B, Fong IW, Rachlis AR, Williams KE, Garber GE, Schlech III WF, Smaill F; Univ of Alberta, Edmonton. HAART is associated with improvement or resolution of several opportunistic infections. Successful discontinuation of CMV retinitis therapy has been achieved following HAART. Although MAC prophylaxis may be stopped following a favorable response to HAART, the U.S. Public Health Service guidelines presently |
| 548 | Efficacy of highly active antiretroviral therapy combined with rifamycin-containing antituberculous therapy in HIV-1-infected patients with tuberculosis. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:208 (abstract no. 548) Hung CC, Chen MY, Hsieh SM, Yang SJ, Lo PY, Chang SC; Natl Taiwan Univ Hosp, Taipei. The efficacy of HAART has rarely been studied while combined with rifamycin- containing antituberculous (anti-TB) therapy in patients with both HIV-1-infection and tuberculosis (TB). Methods: We randomized 14 and 12 AIDS patients with TB to efavirenz (800 mg hs) |
| 549 | Visceral leishmaniasis relapses in HIV patients in spite of successful HAART. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:208 (abstract no. 549) Merino E, Sanchez J, Boix V, Pasquau F, Cuadrado JM, Ena J, Jover F, De La Cruz J, Portilla J; Hosp Gen Alicante. Although the natural history of opportunistic infections in HIV patients (pts) has changed dramatically with the introduction of HAART, the impact over the course of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is not well known. The aim of this study is to analyze the incidence of relapses of VL in pts who have successful |
| 550 | Declining incidence and better outcome of visceral leishmaniasis in the era of HAART. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:208 (abstract no. 550) Tortajada C, Perez-Cuevas JB, Moreno A, Martinez E, Mallolas J, Garcia F, Valls E, Miro JM, Gatell JM; Hosp Clin, Barcelona, Spain. As far as we know, the influence of HAART in the incidence and outcome of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has not yet been reported, probably due to the low incidence of this OI and the requirement of a large cohort to assess any change. Methods: To assess change in the incidence and outcome of VL in relation t |
| 551 | Amphotericin B lipid complex versus no treatment in the secondary prophylaxis of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-infected patients: a multicenter, open-label with blinded centralized randomization and parallel clinical trial. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:209 (abstract no. 551) Lopez-Velez R, Videla S, Marquez M, Boix V, Jimenez-Mejias E, Gorgolas M, Arribas JR, Salas A, Laguna F, Alvaron J; Hosp Ramon y Cajal, Madrid. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a parasitic disease common in patients with HIV, characterized by a chronic course with frequent relapse. No secondary prophylaxis for VL has been stabilised. Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of amphotericin B-lipid complex (ABLC) in preventing VL relapses in HI |
| 552 | Decreased naïve T-lymphocytes in human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I)-infected individuals: its implication for immunodeficiency. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:209 (abstract no. 552) Yasunaga JI, Mitsuya H, Matsuoka M; Kumamoto Univ Sch of Med. Patients with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-I carriers were often complicated with opportunistic infections, such as cytomegalovirus pneumonia, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and fungal infection. Methods: To clarify the mechanism of immunodeficiency observed in HTLV-I- infected individuals, we anal |
| 553 | Early immune reconstitution and the control of cytomegalovirus replication following highly active antiretroviral therapy. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:210 (abstract no. 553) Deayton JR, Sabin CA, Britt WB, Johnson MA, Griffiths PD, Emery VC; Royal Free and Univ Coll Sch of Med, London, UK. In order to investigate the kinetics of immune reconstitution and the interrelationship with inhibition of CMV replication, we reasoned that anti-CMV glycoprotein B (gB) antibody levels may provide a more sensitive approach to assess T-helper reconstitution than measuring T-helper responses. Methods: All |
| 554 | CMV-specific CD4+ T lymphocyte function in long-term survivors of CMV retinitis (CMVR) receiving HAART. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:210 (abstract no. 554) Jacobson MA, Schrier R, McCune JM, Torriani F, Holland GN, O'Donnell JJ, Freeman WR, Bredt BM; Univ of California, San Francisco. Loss of CMV-specific T-cell response appears to be a key factor in the pathogenesis of CMVR. Serial monitoring of CMV-specific CD4+ T lymphocyte response might help determine when long-term survivors of CMVR, on HAART but off anti-CMV therapy, are at risk for retinitis reactivation. Methods: In an observati |
| 555 | Correlates of change in CMV viremia in patients with advanced HIV infection requiring transfusion. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:210 (abstract no. 555) Para MF, Kalish LA, Collier AC, Murphy EL, Drew WL; Ohio State Univ, Columbus. Our objective was to examine the relationships of serially measured CMV viremia, HIV RNA, CD4+ cell counts and clinical outcomes in late-stage HIV+ patients receiving blood transfusions. Methods: VATS was a randomized, double-blind trial comparing leukocyte-reduced to unfiltered red cell transfusions in HIV |
| 556 | Mutations conferring ganciclovir resistance in a cohort of patients with AIDS and cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:210 (abstract no. 556) Jabs D; Johns Hopkins Univ and Hosp, Baltimore, MD. Unless immune reconstitution occurs, CMV retinitis requires prolonged suppressive anti-CMV maintenance therapy. Resistant CMV develops in over 1/4 of patients by 9 months of treatment. Phenotype-genotype correlations and longitudinal changes in the CMV genotype were evaluated among patients with CMV retinit |
| 557 | Frequency of herpes simplex virus (HSV) reactivation in HIV+ persons is not influenced by HAART. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:211 (abstract no. 557) Posavad CM, Wald A, Kuntz S, Huang ML, Zeh J, Selke S, Corey L; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Res Ctr. Herpes simplex virus ( HSV ) is a common opportunistic infection (OI) in HIV+ persons and is a significant risk factor for HIV acquisition and transmission. HSV infection offers a unique opportunity for evaluating whether highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) effectively influences host immune contro |
| 558 | The safety and immunogenicity of hepatitis a vaccine [Havrix (HVX)] in HIV+ patients: a double- blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:211 (abstract no. 558) Kemper C, Haubrich R, Frank I, Buscarino C, McCutchan J, Deresinski S; Santa Clara Valley Med Ctr, San Jose, CA. The purpose of this study was to assess the safety and immunogenicity of HVX in HAV-seronegative HIV+ patients. Methods: Following stratification based on CD4 cell count ( 500/mm3), subjects were randomized to receive either HVX (1440 EL.U.) or placebo at 0 and 6 mos. Seroconversion frequency, geometric mea |
| 559 | Emtricitabine (FTC): HBV DNA viral load assessments over 36 weeks in patients with chronic HBV infection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:211 (abstract no. 559) Rousseau F, Fang L, Wang LH, Sykes A, Rigney A, Drobnes C, Delehanty J; Triangle Pharmaceuticals, Durham, NC. Selecting the correct therapeutic dose of an antiviral medication often involves more than correlating viral suppression, plasma levels, and dose. Using measures of supression commonly applied to HIV, we determined the therapeutic dose of emtricitabine for treatment of chronic HBV infection. Methods: FTCB-1 |
| 560 | Role of hepatitis G virus infection in patients with HIV and hepatitis B virus coinfection. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:212 (abstract no. 560) Tsertsvadze T, Kamkamidze G, Butsashvili M, Sharvadze L, Gochitashvili N, Gvetadze R; AIDS and Clin Immunology Res Ctr, Tbilisi, Georgia. The role of a recently identified virus , hepatitis G virus (HGV), in chronic liver disease as well as its effect on the clinical course of HIV and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections is poorly understood. The aim of the study was to evaluate the occurrence of HGV infection in HIV-positive patients coinfecte |
| 561 | Evidence of sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in a cohort of homosexual men. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:212 (abstract no. 561) Craib KJ, Sherlock CH, Hogg RS, O'Shaughnessy MV, Schechter MT; BC Ctr for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St Paul's Hosp, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Our objective was to determine HCV prevalence and identify risk factors for HCV infection in a cohort of sexually active homosexual men in Vancouver, BC. Methods: The most recent serum samples (obtained during 1982-98) from each of 662 VLAS participants were tested for HCV antibody using EIA1, EIA2, and RIB |
| 562 | False-negative hepatitis C antibody is associated with low CD4 cell counts in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:212 (abstract no. 562) Berggren R, Jain M, Hester J, Vinson G, Dawson B, Keiser P; Univ of Texas Southwestern Med Ctr. HIV- and hepatitis C virus (HCV)-coinfected patients have increased mortality from liver disease. We found a number of patients who were HCV RNA (+) but were HCV antibody negative [HCV Ab (-)] and hypothesized that AIDS may increase the risk of a false-negative HCV Ab test. Methods: Medical records of HCV A |
| 563 | Patterns of cytokine production to hepatitis C virus (HCV) antigens in intrahepatic CD4-enriched cells in HCV versus HIV/HCV-coinfected patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:213 (abstract no. 563) Graham C, Curry M, He Q, Afdhal N, Nunes D, Koziel M; Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr. Patients who are coinfected with HIV and HCV have an accelerated progression of liver disease compared to patients with HCV alone, but the mechanism is unclear. In chronic HCV, the mechanism of liver injury is presumed to be due to HCV-specific T cell destruction of hepatocytes. We examined intrahepatic cel |
| 564 | Cellular immune responses to hepatitis C virus (HCV) in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:213 (abstract no. 564) Graham C, Curry M, Fleming C, Craven D, Cheney C, Koziel M; Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr. Patients coinfected with HIV and HCV are at increased risk for progression to cirrhosis compared with HCV-monoinfected patients. In people with chronic HCV, low-level HCV-specific T cells are present in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Most previous reports have focused on IFNgamma production. We |
| 565 | gamma-delta T cell activation by HIV infection may contribute to intrahepatic Vdelta1 compartmentalization and progression of hepatitis C independently of HAART. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:213 (abstract no. 565) Agrati C, Poccia F, Narciso P, Ippolito G, Pucillo L, D'Offizi G; Natl Inst for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, IRCCS, Rome, Italy. HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection is associated with rapid progression of HCV-related disease, resulting in higher risk of cirrhosis. Recent data indicate that the Vdelta1 T lymphocytes are recruited in the liver of chronic HCV-infected patients and are increased in the peripheral blood of HIV-inf |
| 566 | Chronic hepatitis C in HIV-infected patients: effects of coinfection and HAART. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:214 (abstract no. 566) Tor J, Tural C, Ojanguren I, Romeu J, Fuster D, Rovira C, Sirera G, Jimenez JA, Muga R, Rey-Joly C, Clotet B; Hosp Germans Trias i Pujol, IRSI-Caixa Fndn, Univ Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain. Our objectives were 1) to evaluate the severity of chronic hepatitis C in HIV-infected asymptomatic patients on HAART; 2) to determine if patients with coinfection have a worse histological status than those with hepatitis C alone; and 3) to evaluate the correlation between histological status and several d |
| 567 | Impact of HIV coinfection on the long-term outcome of HCV cirrhosis. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:214 (abstract no. 567) Di Martino V, Ezenfis J, Tainturier MH, Benhamou Y, Bochet M, Katlama C, Poynard G; Hosp Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France. HIV accelerates the progression to HCV-related cirrhosis, but the outcome of HIV- infected patients with compensated HCV cirrhosis is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the independent influence of HIV coinfection on the occurrence of cirrhosis-related complications and death. Methods: 373 patie |
| 568 | HIV does not diminish eradication of hepatitis C viremia: analysis of viral hepatitis co-infection in a Dallas HIV clinic. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:214 (abstract no. 568) Jain M, Jain C, Hester J, Keiser P, Berggren R; Univ of Texas Southwestern Med Ctr. Hepatitis C (HCV) has emerged as an important opportunistic infection and non-AIDS cause of death. HCV prevalence in HIV patients ranges from 30-50%. While 15% of immunocompetent HCV-infected individuals eradicate HCV without therapy, the effect of co- infection on clearance rates remains undefined. Methods |
| 569 | Hepatitis C (HCV) co-infection is associated with increased morbidity and mortality among HIV- infected patients. Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:214 (abstract no. 569) Klein MB, Lalonde RG, Suissa S; McGill Univ Hlth Ctr, Royal Victoria Hosp, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. There is an increasing number of patients with dual HIV and HCV infections. The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has led to a dramatic reduction in the morbidity and mortality associated with HIV infection overall, but it remains unclear if HCV co- infected patients have fully be |
| 570 | Does hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection modify survival in HIV patients on combinations of antiretrovirals? Conf Retroviruses Opportunistic Infect 2001 Feb 4-8; 8:215 (abstract no. 570) Rancinan C, Neau D, Saves M, Lawson-Ayayi S, Bonnet F, Mercie P, Dupon M, Couzigou P, Dabis F, Chene G; INSERM U 330. Severe hepatic cytolysis in patients under combination of antiretrovirals occur more frequently in HCV+ patients. No study has explored whether HCV+ status or severe hepatic cytolysis is associated with survival from initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Methods: Patients from a large hospital-based cohort, |
| 571 | Influence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection on the mortality of patients with HIV disease under highly act |