Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrA1344)
Felber BK, Rosati M, Roth P, von Gegerfelt A, Alicea C, Valentin A, Franchini G, Markham P, Venzon D, Van Rompay K, Marthas ML, Pavlakis GN;;;; National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, United States
We explored further optimization of antigen presentation by DNA vaccination by testing a new generation of vaccine vectors, which produce either secreted or intracellularly degraded antigens. Methods: Viral protein genes were fused either to the secreted chemokine MCP-3 (targeting the viral proteins to the
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrA1345)
De Rose R, Dale CJ, Stratov I, Chea S, Purcell DF, Ramshaw IA, Thomson S, Boyle DB, Coupar B, Ramsay AJ, Ffrench R, Law M, Emery S, Cooper DA, Kent SJ;;;; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
DNA/poxvirus prime/boost HIV vaccine regimens have generally proven superior to other regimens in the induction of high-level HIV-specific T cell responses. We analysed optimised HIV-1 subtype B and SHIV DNA and Fowlpoxvirus (FPV) vaccines for the induction of protective immunity. The number of vaccinations
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrA1346)
Ellenberger D, Wyatt L, Li B, Buge S, Lanier N, Rodriguez I, Sariol C, Martinez M, Smith J, Otten R, Kraiselburd E, Moss B, Robinson H, McNicholl J, Butera S;;;; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
Because of the broad spectrum of HIV-1 subtypes circulating in West and West-Central Africa, we evaluated the cross-subtype responses to our vaccine based on the CRF02_AG recombinant subtype. The vaccine consists of priming with plasmid DNA and boosting with recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (rMVA) both
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrA1347)
Lisziewicz J, Trocio J, Whitman L, Ryder A, Bakare N, Markham P, Lisziewicz Z, Panicali D, Lifson J, Sampa S, Letvin N, Lori F;;;; Genetic Immunity, LLC and Research Institute for Genetic and Human Therapy, Washington, DC, USA, Washington, DC, United States
DermaVir is a novel topical DNA vaccine expressing structural and regulatory gene products in dendritic cells (DC) that polarize naive T cells towards a Th1 response. Based on data showing that DermaVir therapeutic immunization induced T-cell mediated immune responses and inhibited viral load rebound in chr
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrA1348)
Pantaleo G, Bart PA, Frachette MJ, Goodall RL, Khonkarly M, Legg K, Mackie N, McCormack S, Weber J;;;; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
EuroVacc is a scientific programme to design, manufacture and assess pre-clinically 7 candidate HIV vaccines, prior to conducting human and primate clinical trials. The first to emerge from this pipeline into a randomised, blinded clinical trial is NYVAC-HIVC, a recombinant NYVAC (vP866) strain with an inse
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrA1361)
Sankale JL, Hamel DJ, Thakore S, Gueye-Ndiaye A, Eisen G, Olaleye DO, Odaibo G, Langevin S, Mani I, Essex M, Mboup S, Kanki P;;;; Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
CRF02_AG is the most common form of HIV-1 in West and Central Africa. It is important to determine the emergence of this recombinant virus from its parental subtypes (A and G) and the rate of diversification in the population since its emergence. Methods: We sequenced the C2-V3 region of the envelope glycop
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrA1364)
Takebe Y, Ma Y, Yang C, Yokota Y, Kusagawa S, Yang R, Xia X, Ben K, Thwe M, Aung T, Oo KY, Lwin HH;;;; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
We investigate the molecular epidemiology of HIV in Myanmar and Yunnan Province of China to study the genesis and the interrelationship of the epidemic in these two regions. Methods: Study was conducted among injecting drug users (IDUs) in two cities (Yangon and Mandalay) in Myanmar and three study sites [W
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrA1366)
Papuashvili MN, Morozov VA, Shcherbakova TI;;;; Advanced Medical Researches, Moscow, Russian Federation
Defective genomes (DG) are frequent in HIV-1 infected individuals with active virus replication and a high virus load. DG with large internal deletions might not be detected using HIV-1 diagnostic primers. Putative role of DG accumulating during disease progression was not investigated in details previously
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrA1391)
Im EJ, McMichael AJ, Hanke T;;;; MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
The aim for an effective CTL-based HIV vaccine is the induction of broad CTL responses to reduce the chance of virus escaping recognition by our immune defense systems. However, immunodominance causes T cells to focus mainly on small numbers of dominant epitopes, rendering the majority of the other epitopes
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrA1392)
Brander C, Frahm N, Sango K, Adams S, Pae E, Cohen D, Wurcel A, Walker BD, Marincola F;;;; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
HLA classI alleles which share HLA binding motif characteristics can present promiscuously binding CTL epitopes. HLA alleles associated with slow or fast HIV disease progression can also share promiscuous epitopes. Such epitopes can help to address what role the epitope itself plays in determining the rate
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrA1393)
Trocha AK, Brown NV, Frahm N, Adams S, Marincola F, Walker BD, Brander C;;;; Mass. General Hospital and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, United States
HIV-1 derived CTL epitopes have been shown to be promiscuously presented by multiple HLA class I alleles. Epitopes that are shared by HLA-A, -B and -C alleles could be employed to assess the effect that Nef-mediated HLA classI down-regulation has on the ability of CTL to inhibit viral replication. Methods:
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrA1394)
Ferrari G, Betts MR, Exley B, Teaberry V, Price DA, Tomaras G, Douek D, Roederer M, Koup RA, Weinhold K, Goepfert P;;;; Vaccine Research Center/NIH, Bethesda, United States
We examined the HLA-B27 restricted anti-p24 263-272 (KK10) CD8+ T cell response induced by a HIV recombinant canarypox vaccine (vCP205, AVEG trial 202) in a vaccine recipient who became HIV infected two years post immunization (HOPO). Methods: The anti-KK10 response in HOPO was compared to those detected in
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrA1395)
Horton H;;;; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
Antiviral CD8+ T cells exert a major role in controlling HIV1 infection and many preventive vaccine strategies are designed to elicit these cells. As chronic disease ensues, HIV1 specific T cells typically become functionally impaired, but it is not known if this is the case in those elicited by vaccination
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrA1396)
MacDonald KS, Su J, Luscher MA, Xiong Y, Li B, Amara RR, Robinson HL;;;; University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
SIV infection in the rhesus macaque is an important model for the study of the immunodeficiency virus infections. Prime/boost immunized SHIV-infected animals that effectively controlled viral replication over time were examined to determine the breadth and magnitude of CTL responses, and the relationship of
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrA1397)
Zeichner S, Krishnan V;;;; HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, United States
To better understand cellular machinery involved in HIV lytic replication and latency, we studied cellular gene expression before and during reactivation and completion of the lytic viral cycle in HIV-1 chronically infected cells. Methods: Cellular gene expression profiles were examined with cDNA ~10K eleme
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrA1398)
Thierry SG, Marechal V, Rosenzwajg M, Nicolas JC, Gozlan J;;;; UMR 7079, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
In HIV-1 infected cells, a cell cycle arrest in G2, notably induced by the viral protein Vpr, increases viral expression and may represent a strategy for the virus to optimise its expression. In latently infected cells, balance between viral silencing and reactivation relies on the nucleosomal organization
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrA1399)
McGrath MS, Yu S, Jin X, Reis J, Lamers S;;;; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
Viral reservoirs, such as the brain, signify a major obstacle in eradicating HIV infection. The evolution of HIV-1 in the brain is distinct from that in other lymphoid tissues in that brain-derived viruses are always macrophage (MO) tropic and primarily use the CCR5 co-receptor for virus entry. These viruse
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrA1400)
Koelsch K, Camposs-Soto P, Little S, Ignacio C, Havlir D, Young K, Shafer R, Robbins G, D'Aquila R, Haubrich R, Richman D, Spina C, Wong J;;;; University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, United States
In HIV-1 infected patients HAART can lead to virus suppression (
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrA1401)
Rusconi S, Bulgheroni E, Citterio P, Lo Cicero M, Soster F, Vigano O, Croce F, Sutton L, D'Aquila RT, Galli M, De Pasquale MP;;;; University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Although is not surprising that viral rebound occurs in HIV-infected patients (pts) after discontinuation of HAART, the source of plasma rebounding virus remains uncertain. We examined the rebounding virus in plasma after interruption of HAART in 4 chronically infected individuals in whom successful suppres
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrA1402)
Cassol E, Page T, Mosam A, Cassol S, Jack C, Lalloo U, Friedland G, Coovadia HM;;;; HIV Molecular Virology and Bioinformatics Unit, Africa Centre, Doris Duke Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
A potential confounder of antiretroviral therapy in Africa is the high prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) and opportunistic infections (OIs). OI-induced activation has the potential to alter the kinetics of HIV-1 clearance by increasing viral replication and target cell availability. Methods: Plasma viral load
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrA1406)
Alfonzo R, Garcia NA, Weidenfeld J, Ochoa R, La Cruz MJ;;;; Hospital de Clinicas Caracas, Caracas, Venezuela
Infection by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has been considered pandemic since the 1980 s, in part due to the multiple forms of transmission of which one of the most important is anal sex. Several studies have demonstrated an increased incidence of coinfection with Human Papilloma Virus (
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrA1408)
Arendt G, Haslinger BA, Koller H, von Giesen HJ, Antke C, Wittsack HJ;;;; Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
Neuropathogenesis of HIV-1-infection is not yet totally clarified. During the last years, there have been achieved advances, for example, growing knowledge on CCR5 co-receptor use of the thus called R5 virus variants. But the relevant molecular mechanisms are not yet understood. The question is, whether neu
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrA1427)
Choopanya K, Tappero JW, Pitisuttithum P, Suntharasamai P, Kaewkungwal J, Vanichseni S, Martin M, Hu D, Sangkum U, Vimutisunthorn E, Natrujirote P, Heyward W, van Griensven F, Kitayaporn D;;;; Bangkok Vaccine Evaluation Group, Bangkok, Thailand
The world s first phase III HIV vaccine trial in Asia was successfully completed in June 2003 in Thailand . Methods: The HIV vaccine trial started in March 1999. The trial was a collaborative effort involving the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, the Thailand Ministry of Public Health (MOPH), Mahidol Uni
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrA1440)
Miyake A, Ibuki K, Enose Y, Suzuki H, Horiuchi R, Saito N, Nakasone T, Honda M, Miura T, Hayami M;;;; Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Information on virological events soon after HIV infection is important for vaccine study but limited. In this study, we examined the virus distribution and replication in various tissues within one month after mucosal infection using SHIV-macaque model. Methods: Adult and newborn rhesus macaques were inocu
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrA1441)
Sodora DL, Milush JM, Kosub D, Schmidt K, Scott F, Brown C, Westmoreland S, Marthas M;;;; University of Texas Southwestern Med. Center, Dallas, United States
Development of an HIV vaccine capable of preventing mucosal transmission relies on a thorough understanding of the earliest events post-infection. The majority of HIV infections occur via transmission of the virus across a mucosal surface as occurs during oral transmission following both mother-to-child and
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrA1442)
Flory E, Sanzenbacher R, Tschulena U, Plesker R, Coulibaly C, Raupp S, Wenig R, Cichutek K;;;; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany
In this study, we analyzed the physiological role of a so far functionally not characterized domain within the viral accessory protein Nef. Interestingly, this conserved domain is also defective in many strains of HIV long-term survivors. On the molecular level, it has been shown for HIV-1 Nef that this dom
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrA1443)
Muthukumar A, Zhou D, Milush J, Paiardini M, Barry A, McClure H, Staprans S, Feinberg M, Silvestri G, Sodora DL;;;; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
The infection of the natural host species, sooty mangabeys, with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVsmm) is characterized by high viral loads and the absence of simian AIDS. In contrast, cross-species transmission of this virus to rhesus macaques (SIVmac) results in CD4 depletion and simian AIDS. Our goal is
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrB1349)
Teeraratkul A, Chalermchokcharoenkit A, Asavapiriyanont S, Chotpitayasunondh T, Vanprapa N, Chaowanachan T, Mock P, Culnane M, Tappero J;;;; Thailand MOPH - U.S. CDC Collaboration, Nonthaburi, Thailand
A decrease in MTCT by adding single dose intrapartum/infant nevirapine ( NVP ) to the short course zidovudine (ZDV) regimen was recently reported. This substudy describes maternal viral load (VL) response after taking and stopping ZDV+NVP and the risk of i
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrB1350)
Sawe FK, Foglia G, Ngeno CH, Birx D, Robb M;;;; United States Army Medical Research Unit, Kericho, Kenya
Less than 1% of pregnant women in Sub Sahara Africa (SSA) have access to PMTCT services yet it accounts for more than 90% of all children that were infected through MTCT of HIV infections in the world. Insufficient capacity of health sectors are major obstacles to PMTCT service delivery in many countries. Descr
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrB1351)
Hlatshwayo N, Hislop MS, Cotton M, Maartens G, Regensberg LD;;;; Aid for AIDS (Pty)Ltd, Cape Town, South Africa
Aid for AIDS is a private sector HIV/AIDS disease management programme operating in Southern Africa. The objective of this study was to document experience with different MTCTP protocols in a managed healthcare setting. Methods: Data was from the confidential AfA database. Records were extracted for mothers
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrB1352)
Cressey TR, Kunkeaw S, Ruttana-Aroongorn PN, Jungpichanvanich S, Techapalokul S, Gomuthbutra V, Atthakorn W, Seubmongkolchai S, Jourdain G, Lallemant MJ;;;; Harvard School of Public Health/IRD054/Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
A single 200 mg dose of NVP during labor has been shown to be effective for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, but HIV resistance mutations to NVP are observed in the following weeks to months in a significant number of women. This study aimed to determining the length of time during whi
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrB1353)
Morris L, Martinson N, Pillay C, Moodley D, Chezzi C, Lupondwana P, Ntsala M, Cohen S, Puren A, Sullivan J, Gray G, McIntyre J;;;; National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
We reported previously that 39.4% of women develop nevirapine ( NVP ) resistance mutations 7 weeks after a single dose of NVP used to prevent mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission. Here we present the data from the same cohort followed to 6 months.
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrB1354)
Joao EC, Calvet GA, Menezes JA, Salgado LT, D'Ippolito MM, Silva SS, Cruz ML, Braga RC, Matos H;;;; Hospital dos Servidores do Estado, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Toxicity of nevirapine ( NVP ) has been reported in women with an overall risk higher than in men, but the rate has not been established in pregnant women. The most common toxicity of NVP is rash, usually in the first 4 weeks.
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrB1355)
Pierone G, Cho N, Norconk J, Hatten P, Mieras J, Kantor C, Bulgin-Coleman D, Shearer J, Platt B;;;; AIDS Research and Treatment Center of the Treasure Coast, Ft. Pierce, United States
Protease inhibitor (PI)-based HAART has been associated with higher rates of insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia than NNRTI-based therapy. A concern is PI-based therapy may accelerate the development of atherosclerosis. Carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) and coronary artery calcium (CAC) measure
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrB1356)
Noor MA, Mulvey R, Wang S, Elosua C, Wang F, Parker RA, Flint OP;;;; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, United States
Treatment of HIV with some protease inhibitor (PI) drugs is associated with metabolic complications including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. A proposed mechanism is by blockade of insulin-responsive glucose transporter (GLUT4). Atazanavir (ATV) is a new PI that is not associated with insu
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrB1357)
Blanco JL, Biglia A, Martinez E, Domingo P, Casamitjana R, Milinkovik A, Leon A, Garcia M, Murillas J, Laguno M, Lonca M, Larrousse M, Gatell JM;;;; Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
The pathogenesis of gynecomastia in HIV-infected male adults is unclear. Methods: Consecutive HIV-infected male adults from two Barcelona( Spain ) Hospitals were clinically evaluated for breast enlargement. Random asymptomatic controls without gynecomastia were also recruited in a 1:1 fashion. Gynecomastia
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrB1358)
Mary-Krause M, Roudiere L, Billaud E, Simon A, Poizot-Martin I, Costagliola D;;;; Inserm EMI 0214, Paris, France
Osteonecrosis has been increasingly associated with HIV disease throughout the 1990s. But, in the current context of side effects of antiretroviral treatments, it is important to study the incidence of osteonecrosis to evaluate if there is an association with exposure to HAART treatment. Methods: The French
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrB1359)
Suy A, Coll O, Martinez E, Lonca M, de Lazzari E, Pisa S, Larrouse M, Milinkovic A, Hernandez S, Blanco JL, Mallolas J, Garcia F, Miro JM, Cararach V, Vanrell JA, Gatell JM;;;; Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
We have recently detected an increasing number of pre-eclampsia (PE) and fetal death (FD) in HIV-infected pregnant women receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). We aimed to study the incidence and the risk for PE and FD in HIV-infected women. Methods: All pregnant women with available data d
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrB1360)
Shlay JC, Visnegarwala F, Bartsch G, Wang J, Peng G, El-Sadr W, Gibert C, Kotler D, Grunfeld C, Raghavan S;;;; Denver Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS (CPCRA), University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, United States
No randomized controlled trials have prospectively compared body composition and metabolic changes in thymidine analogue-sparing regimens vs. thymidine-analogue containing regimens. Methods: In a nested substudy of an ongoing multi-center randomized controlled trial of patients initiating antiretroviral the
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrB1373)
Mayer KH, Maslankowski L, El-Sadr W, Justman J, Masse B, Hendrix C, Rooney J, Kwiecien A, Soto-Torres L;;;; Miriam Hospital/Brown University, Providence, United States
To determine the highest tolerated combination of either 0.3% or 1% tenofovir gel (TFV) applied once or twice daily for two weeks in low-risk, sexually abstinent and active HIV(-) and then in abstinent and active HIV (+) women. TFV gel pharmacokinetics (PK) and effects on genital HIV shedding were also stud
In phase II trials Carraguard use has been shown to be safe and acceptable in women. To evaluate safety and acceptability among heterosexual couples, we conducted a six-month, randomized, triple-blinded trial of Carraguard (3% carrageenan) compared to 2.5% methyl cellulose placebo in Chiang Rai,
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrB1403)
Wolf T, Chow K, Mitrou P, Helm E, Mantzsch K, Brodt H;;;; Hospital of the JWG University, Frankfurt, Germany
Non-Hodgkin s lymphoma is an AIDS-defining disease. A retrospective analysis has been performed in order to determine the impact that HAART has made on incidence, prognosis and risk factors of ARL. We collected data 214 cases of ARL treated at our centre from 1984 to May 2003 and analyzed it using the Kapla
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrB1404)
Simonelli C, Spina M, Vaccher E, Rossi G, Jaeger U, Sparano J, Tirelli U;;;; National Cancer Center, Aviano (PN), Italy
Recent data suggest that the combination of rituximab plus chemotherapy (CT) is more effective than CT alone in the treatment of high grade NHL. With the aim to evaluate the efficacy and activity of combining infusional CDE plus rituximab, in June 1998 we started a phase II study using infusional CDE (cyclophosphamide
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrB1405)
Gichangi P, Estambale B, Bwayo J, Rogo K, Opiyo A, Njuguna E, Abwao H, Ojwang S, Temmerman M;;;; University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
Cervical cancer patients with concurrent HIV infection have a short survival of about 10-months despite appropriate treatment. It is ill understood how HIV infection confers such as adverse effect on treatment outcome of cervical cancer. To determine external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) treatment ou
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrB1407)
Lee A, Young T, Hanks D, Ung R, Stansell J;;;; Positive Health Program/San Francisco General Hospital/University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
Introduction: Anal cancer is one of the most common cancers that affect HIV-infected individuals. Methods: At the Positive Health Program at San Francisco General Hospital (SFGH), we have been screening HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM) with anal PAP since June 2001. Those with abnormal anal PAP findings wer
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrB1410)
Castilla J, del Romero J, Hernando V, Marincovich B, Garcia S, Rodriguez C;;;; Instituto de Salud Publica, Navarra, Spain
Reduction of infectivity among individuals who receive HAART has not been fully established in sexual transmission, in spite of the important influence it could have on the course of the pandemic. We aim to assess the effectiveness of HAART in reducing heterosexual transmission of HIV. Methods: Case-control
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrC1343)
Shao Y, Li H, Liu Y, Tang H, Zhang R, Liu Y, Peng H, Duan D, Hong K;;;; Division of Virology and Immunology, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
The relatively weak immunogenicity limits the widespread application of DNA vaccine. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether a 72-bp element from SV40 enhancer has any effect on the magnitude and balance of the immune responses induced by DNA vaccine when this element is incorporated into the pl
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrC1362)
Kalish ML, Pieniazek D, Robbins KE, Schaefer A, Nzilambi N, Quinn TC, St ME;;;; Louis, A.S. Youngpairoj, H.W. Jaffe, M.A. Rayfield, T.M. Folks. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
Most of our knowledge of the global HIV epidemic has come from phylogenetic analysis of full or partial genome sequences derived from recently collected blood samples. To gain a clearer understanding of the evolutionary history of HIV, we analyzed serum samples from West and Central Africa collected in the
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrC1363)
Easterbrook PJ, Aggarwal I, Smith M, Tatt I, Murad S; King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
An increasing proportion of new HIV diagnoses in the UK, and other European countries are due to non-B subtype infection, mainly among black Africans with infections heterosexually acquired in sub-Saharan Africa. We examined whether there was evidence for ongoing transmission of non-B subtypes within an eth
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrC1365)
Carr JK, Montano SM, Laguna-Torres VA, Olson JG, Avila MM, Sanchez J, Sanchez GI, Andrade R, Aguayo N, Birx DL, Sanchez JL;;;; Henry M Jackson Foundation, Rockville, MD, United States
The molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 in South America is complex and has begun to be described only very recently. Unique recombinants of subtypes B and F have been found primarily in Argentina , as well as one circulating recombinant form (CRF12_BF). These have been preferentially associated with heterosexu
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrC1367)
Valleroy LA, MacKellar D, Behel S, Secura G;;;; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
Men who have sex with men (MSM) and also women are a bridge for HIV between MSM and women. In 2 samples of young MSM, we investigate the prevalence of sex with women, and the traits and risk behaviors of MSM who have sex with women. Methods: The Young Men s Survey (YMS) was a cross-sectional sample survey o
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrC1368)
Lum PJ, Cohan D, Davidson P, Wirengard Y, Klausner J;;;; University of California, San Francisco, United States
HIV transmission is primarily sexual in MSM-IDU, and concurrent STIs can increase HIV transmission. Younger MSM-IDU may be at higher risk of HIV infection, but the epidemiological relationship between HIV and other STIs in this population has not been described. Methods: An ongoing cohort study of 200 young
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrC1369)
Hernandez A, Madhivanan P, Stein ES, Ekstrand ML, Paul S, Setia M, D'Souza B, Mathur M, Jerajani HR, Gogate A, Lindan CP;;;; UCSF, San Francisco, United States
By the year 2002, India had an estimated 4.6 million people with HIV and the majority of these infections were due to sexual transmission. Gender of partner, however, is not specified. We evaluated men who had sex with women to determine the extent to which they also had sex with other men and hijras (male-
Transmission of HIV from IDUs to their sexual partners is rarely addressed in targeted interventions for IDUs. Sexually transmitted infections are known to enhance HIV transmission, however little is known about their prevalence and contribution to HIV transmission from and to drug users. The objectives of
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrC1371)
Smolskaya T, Rusakova M, Tsekhanovich A, Yakovleva A, Tretyakova V, Piskarev I;;;; Saint-Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation
Our cross-sectional study was focused on HIV prevalence and risks related to HIV infection and spread among female street commercial sex workers (CSWs) in five districts of Saint Petersburg. Methods: The CSWs were contacted by the mobile unit of the prevention programme providing help to street CSWs. The st
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrC1372)
Gutierrez JP, Molina D, Bertozzi SM;;;; Division of Health Economics and Policy, National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Cuernavaca, Mexico
The Ecuadorian HIV epidemic is, as in many other Latin-American countries, concentrated among men who have sex with men (MSM). With an adult prevalence of only 0.3%, Ecuador had reported prevalence about 15% among MSM. Methods: As a part of the evaluation of the Frontiers Prevention Project (FPP), a compreh
In preparation for microbicide trials, we assessed attitudes of men to determine factors affecting their willingness to support trial participation by their female partners. Methods: Quantitative and qualitative methods were used in Francistown and Gaborone, Botswana to elicit barriers and facilitators of s
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrC1376)
van der Straten A, Kang MS, Buck J, Khumalo-Sakutukwa G, Chipato T, Posner SF, Padian N;;;; Department of OBGYN, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
The diaphragm is being evaluated as a barrier method against HIV/STIs. Although it is female-controlled , partner acceptance and involvement may nevertheless be necessary for some women. We assessed quantitatively and qualitatively male partner involvement among women in a diaphragm acceptability study in
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrC1409)
Kiene SM, Fisher JD, Cornman D, Friedland G, Moll A;;;; Center for Health/ HIV Intervention and Prevention, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
A significant minority of HIV+ individuals (30%) engage in sexual activities that place others at risk for HIV infection and themselves at risk for infection with other pathogens. Reducing HIV-risk behavior among HIV+ persons constitutes a highly efficient avenue of prevention. Recent data in a western populati
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrC1411)
Myers T, Allman D, Remis R, Calzavara L, Ennis M, Maxwell J, Swantee C, Travers R;;;; HIV Social, Behavioural and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Dept. of Public Health Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
To explore predictors of discrepancies between self-reported HIV status and saliva test results focusing specifically on men who indicated that they tested HIV negative at their last HIV test. Methods: An anonymous, self-completed cross-sectional survey with optional collection of a saliva sample for HIV te
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrC1414)
Shisana O, Simbayi L, Zuma K, Rehle T;;;; HSRC, Cape Town, South Africa
Testing has been placed at the centre of HIV/AIDS prevention and care efforts and knowledge of serostatus is considered to be instrumental in reducing the spread of infection. The underlying assumption of this approach is that knowledge of HIV serostatus may lead to safer preventive practices. In this study
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrC1415)
Farquhar C, Kiarie JN, Richardson BA, Kabura MN, John FN, Nduati RW, Mbori-Ngacha DA, John-Stewart GC;;;; University of Washington, Seattle, United States
Women who learn that they are HIV-infected often do not implement interventions to prevent vertical HIV-1 transmission. Conducting voluntary HIV counseling and testing (VCT) for pregnant women together with partners may improve maternal access to mother-to-child HIV-1 prevention interventions by facilitatin
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrC1416)
Tchendjou P, Gake B, Tsague L, Tejiokem M, Ahidjo A, Choundong V, Kamga L, Titcheu F, Nga R, Njom Nlend A, Zekeng L, Thonnon J;;;; Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Garoua, Cameroon
Lack of health education in the peri-urban milieu causes a decreased or non use of ANC services, hence many women are not sensitized against AIDS and can therefore not benefit from the interventions of the PMTCT programme. Our objective was to study the impact of counselling in the labour room amongst women
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrC1417)
Koulinska IN, Villamor E, Msamanga GI, Fawzi WW, Renjifo B, Essex M;;;; Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Boston, MA, United States
HIV-1 transmission by breastfeeding is associated with high viral and proviral load in milk. Although cell numbers in milk tend to decrease over time, a constant risk of HIV infection has been reported between 6 weeks and 24 months postpartum. Relative transmission rates of free virus and infected cells mig
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrC1418)
Kafulafula G, Martinson F, Msamanga G, Sinkala M;;;; College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
Antibiotics to reduce chorioamnionitis-associated mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV were tested in a randomized, double-blinded, Phase III trial. Methods: Eligible HIV-infected women in Malawi (Blantyre, Lilongwe); Tanzania (Dar es Salaam); and Zambia (Lusaka)
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrC1419)
Thorne C, Newell ML; Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
The elective caesarean section (CS) rate in the European Collaborative Study (ECS) rose to 30% in the mid-1990s with the finding of the protective effect of elective CS in reducing mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). The approximate halving of MTCT risk with elective CS was confirmed in a clinical trial in
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrC1420)
Taha TE, Nour S, Kumwenda NI, Broadhead RL, Fiscus SA, Kafulafula G, Nkhoma C, Chen S, Hoover DR;;;; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Several studies have reported on rates of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV and risk factors associated with transmission. However, if gender of the offspring increases susceptibility to infection is not known. We investigated gender-specific rates of MTCT of HIV among babies born to HIV infected m
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrC1421)
Ruberantwari AJ, Nakiyingi J, Mbulaiteye SM, Biraro SJ, Kamali A, Grosskurth H;;;; Medical Research Council (UK) Programme on AIDS/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
Three decades since the HIV epidemic was first described, it continues to expand most in sub-saharan Africa at an alarming rate. In Uganda , encouraging declines in HIV incidence and prevalence have been reported. Infection rates declined significantly in a rural population in southwest Uganda observed over
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrC1422)
Sakarovitch C, Msellati P, Leroy V, Becquet L, Atta H, Viho I, Ouassa T, Welffens-Ekra C, Dabis F, Alioum A;;;; Unite EMI INSERM 03 38, Unite INSERM 593, Universite Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France
Incidence of HIV infection is a key indicator for the planning and evaluation of national AIDS control programs, but direct measures are difficult to obtain in Africa. By contrast, seroprevalence data on specific sentinel groups such as pregnant women are widely available. We estimate incidence of HIV infec
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrC1423)
Des Jarlais DC, Perlis TE, Torian LV, Arasteh K, Beatrice S, Milliken J, Mildvan D, Yancovitz S, Friedman S;;;; Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, United States
Evaluation of community-level HIV prevention is typically very difficult and very expensive. The Serologic Test Algorithm for Recent HIV Seroconversion (STARHS, detuned assay ) permits estimating HIV incidence from cross-sectional seroprevalence surveys. STARHS was used to measure HIV incidence among injecti
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrC1424)
Saphonn V, Parekh BS, Dobbs T, Mean CV, Ly PS, Sopheab H, Detels R;;;; National Center for HIV/AIDS Dermatology and STDs, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
The prevalence of HIV infection was used to monitor the HIV epidemic in Cambodia . Recently, a testing strategy which can differentiate recent from long-term HIV infection has become available. Incidence of HIV infection can then be estimated and dynamic of HIV epidemic Cambodia can be explored. Methods: Al
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrC1425)
Song R;;;; Centers for disease control and prevention, Atlanta, United States
Two estimation methods are widely used in estimating HIV incidence density. One is the cohort-based Kittayaporn method that apportions seroconverters and person-time across calendar years. The other is the well-known STARHS method that uses a less-sensitive test to identify a recent seroconversion. Both met
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrC1426)
Kumwenda NI, Kelly C, Hoffman I, Chirenje M, Coletti A, Ristow A, Martinson F, Brown J, Richardson B, Chilongozi D, Padian N, Taha T;;;; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Clinical trials to evaluate the effectiveness of measures to reduce heterosexual HIV transmission (microbicides, treatment of STIs, promotion of behavior change, and vaccines) are being planned. Design and monitoring of these trials will require knowledge of baseline HIV incidence. We conducted a multisite
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrC1428)
Rerks-Ngarm S, Pittisutthithum P, Nitayaphan S, Brown AE, Kitayaporn D, Gurunathan S, Heyward W, McNeil J;;;; Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
The world s first community-based, phase III HIV vaccine trial began in Thailand in late 2003. This is being carried out through the infrastructure of the Ministry of Public Health, augmented by Mahidol University and supported by the Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences. Objectives: determin
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrC1429)
Lee ES;;;; AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition, New York, United States
Recently concerns have been raised that public support of HIV vaccine research is lessened by the conduct of large scale trials of products that fail to prevent HIV infection. Yet when examining the impact of the AIDSVAX trials, community involvment and awareness of HIV vaccine research increased. This abstract
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrC1430)
Vickerman PT, Foss AM, Watts CH, Rowley J;;;; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
Concern has been raised that after vaccine introduction people may increase their sexual risk behaviour. This study uses a mathematical model to identify the boundary threshold where the protective effect of a vaccine is counter-balanced by increases in risk due to changes in sexual risk behaviour following
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrC1431)
Excler JL;;;; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New Delhi, India
Over 4.58 million people have been HIV-infected in India at the end of 2002. High prevalence rates of HIV infection are reported from southern and northeastern Indian states. AIDS vaccines are considered as a long-term prevention tool to stop the epidemic. Steps were taken to define the feasibility of condu
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrC1432)
Lampinen TM, Chan KJ, Logue K, Vincelette J, Hogg RS, Remis RS, Willoughby B, Linnen K, Roy JL, McLean N, Popovic V;;;; BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
To estimate HIV incidence at 36 months among Canadian trial participants in the first phase III HIV preventive vaccine efficacy trial. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled 3-year study to evaluate efficacy of the bivalent rgp120/HIV-1 vaccine (AIDSVAX™ B/B) to prevent sexually transmi
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrD1379)
Narangui H, Ndolo C, Crosskey AF;;;; Save the Children, Nairobi, Kenya
In June 2000, national HIV prevalence rates in Kenya were 14%, rising to 30% in some rural areas. In addition to this, 56% of Kenya s population (including 8.6. million children) are living below the poverty line. In an attempt to understand the impact that HIV/AIDS is having on child poverty, Save
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrD1380)
Pope P, Steinitz LY;;;; Family Health International, Windhoek, Namibia
As HIV and AIDS affects all aspects of the human condition, so does the vulnerability of children affected by this disease. As with a traditional three-legged pot, the ability of children to cope depends on a tri-partite focus on health-related, economic, and psychosocial issues. Too often, however, psychosocia
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrD1381)
Constantin AM, Kline M, Rashmi G, Ghosh S, Kurup A, Bajpai D, Foster G, Bhatt P, Richardson J;;;; Centrul de Copii Romano-American, Constanta, Romania
Many responses to children affected by HIV/AIDS (CABA) do not initially include psychosocial support (PSS) activities. What factors lead to the recognition by implementers of the need to establish PSS? What is the nature of PSS activities? What are the benefits of PSS interventions? Step Forward,
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrD1383)
Sebuliba I, Coutihno AG, Nabiryo C;;;; The AIDS Support Organisation TASO, Kampala, Uganda
Uganda has about 1.8 million orphans and The AIDS Support Organisation (TASO) with in its resources developed projects to help with the situation. Some of the impacts of HIV on children include: - loss of family and identity, exposure to HIV/AIDS, loss of inheritance and loss of health care including immunizati
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrD1384)
Schierhout G, Kinghorn A, Govender R, Johnson S, Mungani J, Morley P;;;; Health and Development Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
It is widely recognised that HIV and AIDS may disadvantage childrens education in severely affected countries, but quantitative data demonstrating effects and children at risk are scant. The main objective of this study was to investigate associations between chronic illness and death in the household and s
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrD1412)
Bateganya MH, Kityo C, Mugyenyi P, Mayanja H, Serwadda D;;;; Makerere University Institute of Public Health/CDC/Joint Clinical Research Center, Kampala, Uganda
More than 80% of the worlds HIV infected patients reside in Sub-Saharan Africa. The infectious pool is enormous and the potential for further transmission of HIV arising from the sexual behavior of those who already know their status cannot be overlooked. We studied the sexual behavior of HIV positive patie
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrE1377)
Lince N, Montgomery E, Naidoo S, Backes K, Harrison T, Ramjee G, Dinat N, Chipato T, Padian N;;;; Ibis Reproductive Health, Cambridge, United States
The number of female-controlled methods for prevention of HIV/AIDS is limited. Currently available methods, like diaphragms, are being evaluated to see if they can prevent HIV. The Methods for Reproductive Health in Africa (MIRA) study is an ongoing randomized controlled trial of 4500 women in
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrE1378)
Mabasa S, Madondile N, Nsaluba A;;;; MSF, Lusikisiki, South Africa
HIV prevention is key to sustainable mass ARV intervention. 98% of South African adults are aware that unprotected sex leads to HIV/AIDS. Yet condom usage is low, and 1500 new infections occur daily. This is often interpreted as knowledge not translating to practice. However a real problem is a lack of availabi
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrE1382)
Ahimbisibwe T, Witter SN, Calder G, Webb D;;;; Save the Children (UK), Kampala, Uganda
From 1991-6 Save the Children UK ran a project in Rakai, Uganda , to support children made vulnerable by AIDS, poverty and conflict. It was considered to be highly succesful, but funding was stopped in 1996 and the project ended. The objective of this study was to revisit the site after a gap of 7 years, to ass
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrE1385)
Ainsworth M;;;; World Bank, Washington, D.C., United States
Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of national HIV/AIDS programs are important for accountability, improved project management, and cost-effectiveness. They also can be used to raise government commitment: Monitoring trends in HIV prevalence and risk behavior can be a powerful tool to launch public action
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrE1386)
Johnson S, Skenjana T, Delany A, Russell B, Goldstein S;;;; Health and Development Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa
HIV/AIDS Communication needs to evolve as the HIV and AIDS epidemics evolve. In South Africa there has been a need to shift from traditional messages around HIV prevention to include campaigns focused on stigma, care and support, and to promote new government programmes. The South African Government commissione
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrE1387)
Saggurti N, Garimella RR, Singh SK;;;; International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
The increasing burden of Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has putforth new challenges for public health in India . Realising its acceleration, the three AIDS control societies in Maharashtra, the western part of India have funded more than 60 AIDS prevention and service projects in different distri
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrE1388)
Amornwichet P, Kanshana S, Naiwatanakul T, Teeraratkul A, Culnane M, Ngamsiriudom B, Woramongkol N, Levine WC, Simonds RJ, Tappero JW;;;; Department of Health, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
Thailand s program for prevention of mother to child HIV transmission (PMTCT) was implemented in 2000. The program includes routine voluntary counseling and testing for all pregnant women, antepartum (AP) and intrapartum (IP) zidovudine (ZDV) from 34 weeks (wks) gestation for HIV-infected women, infant ZDV
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrE1389)
Agins BD, Heiner KW, Bagley A, Feldman IS, Ferguson W, Carrino G, Weinberg PG, Birkhead GS;;;; New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute, New York, United States
Introduction of HAART therapy in 1996 prompted concerns about equality of access by different groups including substance users, different race/ethnicity groups and women. Analysis of patients insured through either Medicaid or the AIDS Drug Assistance Program was conducted to determine the rate and extent o
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrE1390)
Rhucharoenpornpanich O, Lewluck W, Lewluck C, Satienthamawit W, Borwornnathadech W, Borsombat K, Khamcharoen D, Chatboonkert C, Rodraksa T, Chaiposri P, Thanarujiwong U;;;; AIDS Control Division,Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, Bangkok, Thailand
The HIV/AIDS situation in Bangkok is particularly critical in dense communities, with no effective programs to mobilize community response. People in these communities are more concerned about drug abuse, their deteriorating environment, crime and Dengue Fever, than they are about AIDS. Bangkok Met
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrE1413)
Rodriguez-Madera SL, Toro-Alfonso J, Acosta-Perez E, Ruiz-Torres Y, Rodriguez-Acevedo A, Rodriguez-Ramirez H;;;; Ponce School of Medicine, Ponce, Puerto Rico
New USA policy emphasizes that prevention efforts must target HIV+ people and highly-risk populations for testing and treatment. SAFE (Seropositive Approach to Fighting the Epidemic) has the objective of identifying PLWHA at early stages and provide them with access to care as a meaningful way to prevent fu
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrE1433)
Dutta S, Nyaga J, Ofosu-Amaah AW, Cruz MT;;;; World Bank, Washington, DC, United States
Constraints in expanding coverage of evidence-based, prevention, care, and treatment services in many Eastern and Southern African countries can be seen to derive heavily from human resource capacity gaps, instead of merely from financial resource limitations. Although human capacity development among health pr
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrE1434)
Maimane AS;;;; Hivan, University of Kwazulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
Thousands of unemployed South Africans are working as volunteer community health workers (CHWs) for no pay and no training. They play a key role in AIDS-care, particularly in remote rural areas, closing the wide gap between health systems and grassroots communities. This paper examines the working condition
The education sector has not been spared the effects of the AIDS epidemic. It affects not only the enrollment of students at schools but also depletes the human resources, namely teachers. Teachers have been known to have the greatest impact on the lives of the children. Therefore, they too need to be adequ
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrE1436)
Hadi N, Lemouchoux CH;;;; The Asian Harm Reduction Network, Jakarta, Indonesia
Offical estimates suggest that between 124,000 and 196,000 Indonesians are injecting drugs. National estimates indicate that 43000 IDUs are already infected by HIV, and that the number of injecting drug users living with HIV has doubled in 2003, accounting for more than 80% of new infections nationwide. In 2003
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrE1437)
Soulama K, Ouatara A, Bassonon D, Some PA, Millogo B, Van Renterghem H;;;; IPC/BF, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
Generally, HIV/AIDS raises difficult and personal issues related to people s health, sentimental life, and sexuality. Involving people living with HIV/AIDS physically and intellectually through discussion groups may contribute to alleviate HIV s psychological and social impacts, and improve the quality of life
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrE1438)
Bodolan M;;;; ARAS, Bucharest, Romania
Romania was one of the first CEE countries to be hit by the HIV/AIDS epidemic, concentrated among children. The first cases were discovered in 1990, immediately after the fall of the communism. In response to this growing epidemic and to the feeble government s reaction, a group of individuals founded ARAS - th
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrE1444)
Ayres JR, Della Negra M, Franca Junior I, Galano E, Gravato N, Lacerda R, Lecussan P, Marques HH, Paiva V, Segurado A, Silva M;;;; University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Due to free access to HAART, a new reality is now challenging AIDS policies and programs in Brazil : the number of adolescents living with HIV/AIDS is progressively increasing. Specific health care needs, support for personal development, social inclusion, and affectionate and sexual relationships in the co
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrE1445)
Smith AM, Dolan M, Maher J, Simmons J;;;; CAFOD, London, United Kingdom
Discussions of HIV prevention strategies tend to place protagonists in pro-condom or abstinence/fidelity only diametrically opposed groups. Debates become polarised & confrontational. Political, religious, ideological & sexual health agendas become confused. Complex issues requiring a sophisticated rang
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrE1446)
Yang J, Qi A, Wang Z, Luo C, Tang C;;;; Futures Group Europe, Chengdu, China
Sustainability is political as well as financial and managerial. Political sustainability is a major concern for AIDS interventions in China . After crackdowns, the sex trade outside of Chengdu (a provincial capital in southwest China) is more covert, and interventions are more difficult. Identification of fact
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrE1447)
Nyaruhirira I, Schocken CM;;;; Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda
As large HIV/AIDS care programs are implemented in Rwanda , the Government desires a transparent process that allows all people to equitably access services. It is also concerned that the quality and level of care be standardized. Rwanda recently adopted a national policy covering training of healt
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrE1448)
Capstick S, Warwick Z;;;; ACHAP, Tutume, Botswana
Botswana has the highest prevalence of HIV in the world. In 2001 the Botswana Government together with African Community HIV and AIDS partnership (ACHAP) made the commitment to provide free ARV therapy to HIV positive citizens of Botswana. Given the high prevalence of HIV, the low doctor to patient ratio and ge
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThOrE1449)
Hader SL, Halpert P, Fussell M, Sullivan J, Weisenfeld P;;;; US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
Often, international agencies contribute to national public health initiatives by supporting separate sites or complementary programs. As US Government Agencies, DHHS/CDC and USAID have a unique relationship and opportunity for close collaboration. In Zimbabwe , this collaboration has been defined by areas of c
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6928)
Nunez M, Benito JM, Lopez M, Gonzalez-Lahoz J, Soriano V;;;; Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
Apoptosis has been proposed as a mechanism of CD4 depletion in HIV infection. On the other hand, increased lymphocyte apoptosis has been reported in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected subjects. HCV/HIV-co-infected patients may show increased lymphocyte apoptosis with respect to HIV-monoinfected individuals, w
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6929)
Ullah AKM Ahsan M;;;; Applied Social Studies, City University Of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
Sex, one of the primary ways that HIV/AIDS is transmitted fastest in third world countries. Sex workers (SW), at greater risk for the pandemic, are on increase to meet the high demand in sex market. This paper explores the risk behaviors and the vulnerabilities of the CSWs and their clients to HIV/AIDS. A total of 412
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6930)
Nicol AF, Fernandes AT, Grienstzen B, Russomano F, Tristao A, Lapa-Silva JR, Martinez-Maza O, Nuovo JG, Bonecini-Almeida MG;;;; Fiocruz-IPEC-Lab. Imunologia, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, Brazil
It is well known that human papilloma virus ( HPV ) is a main etiologic agent of cervical cancer, the second most frequent cancer in woman worldwide. HIV-1 infection has become the major factor in the epidemiology of AIDS and is often associated with HPV-related lesions in the female genital tract.
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6931)
Nyagbe N;;;; Association Ile de Developpement(AIDE), lome, Togo
The pratice of excision is a traditional practice and compulsory in some ethenic groups in Togo . The different types of feminine genital mutilationsAblation of the skin fold beyond the clitorisAblation of the clitoris and partial or total ablation of the small labia. The infibrulation, the most severe form of
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6932)
Dotsu D;;;; Association Ile de Developpement (AIDE), lome, Togo
The case of the ending of widowhood and the obligation for the widow to marry one of the deceased brothers during the second marriage in togo. ISSUES- In Togo we face many practices very harmful to the breeding health and which particularly constitute a means of the HIV/AIDS spread among the widows. After the death of
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6933)
Mussini C, Pinti M, Colombari B, Bedini A, Borghi V, Esposito R, Cossarizza A, Blasi E;;;; University of Modena, Modena, Italy
Studies on the effects of Indinavir on C. neoformans cultures are important to understand the capacity of HAART of reducing opportunistic infections. Methods: Laboratory strains and clinical isolates were exposed to Indinavir and then tested for vitality, mitochondrial activity, replicative capacity, suscep
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6934)
Alemnji AG, Toukam E, Ayong L, Wembe E, Asonganyi T;;;; Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Yaounde, Cameroon
The need for Integration of HIV/AIDS care and prevention programs in the ongoing mass ochocerciasis treatment program in Africa Both Onchocerciasis and HIV/AIDS are now significant public health problems in many countries of Africa. The African program for Onchocerciasis control has embarked on Ivermectin t
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6935)
Nansubuga AH;;;; University, Cambridge, United States
Wide spread poverty, harmful cultural practices, domestic violence and the devastation of HIV/AIDS, heighten HIV/AIDS risks for the youth in developing countries. Despite the efforts by different sources to educate communities and increase awareness on HIV/AIDS, the youth response has remained the lowest yet the
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a key role in the onset and spread of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. The DC-specific C-type lectin DC-SIGN binds HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein and facilitates transmission of infectious virus to permissive CD4+ T cells. It was recently reported that DC-SIGN i
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6937)
Msukwa I;;;; Malawi Network of People Living with HIV/AIDS, Lilongwe, Malawi
In Malawi , positive living is hindered by the high poverty levels of most people infected with HIV/AIDS. High poverty levels with an average of US[dollar]170 per capita income per year makes them unable to have access to good medical care and nutrition, which is essential for HIV-positive individuals. This makes discl
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6938)
Carrara S, Vincenti D, Palmieri F, De Mori P, Rianda A, Di Virgilio V, Girardi E, Amicosante M, Goletti D;;;; National Institute for Infectious Deseases 'L. Spallanzani', Rome, Italy
tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis is still difficult to perform, especially in HIV+ patients. Mycobacterium tuberculosis ESAT-6 purified protein and its peptides are currently being evaluated as antigens for the immune diagnosis of TB. We set up an ELISPOT assay for IFN-gamma whose novelty consists on two multiep
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6939)
Bassani S, Benito JM, Vazquez M, Toro C, Jimenez V, Soriano V;;;; Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
HTLV-II coinfection is frequent in HIV infected intravenous drug users. HTLV-II could play a protective role against CD4 depletion and HIV disease progression. In this study we assessed the influence of HTLV-II infection on immune activation and HIV-specific CD8+ response (CTLs) in HIV-infected patients. Me
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6940)
Savarino A, Sannella A, Spaccapelo R, Lucia MB, Severini C, Boelaert JR, Crisanti A, Cauda R, Cassone A, Majori G;;;; Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
Malaria is a global killer and HIV/malaria coinfections are very frequent. The antimalarial chloroquine (CQ) exerts anti-HIV effects and partially reverts HIV-1 resistance to protease inhibitors (PIs) (Savarino et al., Lancet Infect Dis 2003; Savarino et al., JAIDS 2004). We now show the effects of PIs on e
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6941)
Toure H, Becquet R, Rouet F, Horo A, Dabis F, Ekouevi KD, Bequet L, Viho I, Tonwe-Gold B, Allou G, Welfens-Ekra C;;;; Projet ANRS DITRAME PLUS,Programme Pacci, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
To describe the mortality patterns and estimate the rate of transmission of HIV-1 in twin pairs and triplets in Ditrame Plus project in Abidjan, Cote d Ivoire . Method: We identified twins and triplets born to HIV-1 infected women included in the Ditrame Plus project evaluating antiretroviral-based peripartu
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6942)
Hartmann M, Boit R, Jenssen JS;;;; University, Heidelberg, Germany
The prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum in patients without urethritis among HIV-infected patients is not yet established. Some investigators suggest that the detection in AIDS patients increases up to 56% and over 10% in HIV positive patients. Others found a correlation between i
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6943)
Bartholomew CF, Suite M, Edwards RJ;;;; The Medical Research Foundation of Trinidad and Tobago, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
There is an increase in tuberculosis caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis worldwide and a large part is attributed to increasing numbers of cases of active tuberculosis among HIV-infected individuals. For example, in 2002, of 119 admissions with tuberculosis in the Chest Hospital in
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6944)
Zha J, Chen H, Zhuo J, Nishitani J, Zack JA, Liu X;;;; Charles R. Drew University of Medicine & Science, Los Angeles, United States
Epidemiologic studies suggest that alcohol might accelerate AIDS progression. However, the mechanisms mediating these effects are unknown. The purpose of the study was to examine the mechanism of alcohol-mediated HIV-1 replication in T cells. The hypothesis is that increased viral replication in alcohol-tre
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6945)
Liu X, Zha J, Chen H, Zack JA;;;; Charles R. Drew University of Medicine & Science, Los Angeles, United States
Dendritic cells (DC) are antigen presenting cells (APCs) that play a major role in efficiently capturing HIV-1 and migrating to secondary lymphoid organs to infect CD4+ T cells. Binding of HIV-1 requires expression of DC-SIGN molecule on the cell surface of DC. However, the role of DC-SIGN in epithelial cel
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6946)
Barugahare B, Eggena MP, Okello ME, Mutalya SB, Mugyenyi PN, Kityo CM, Cao H;;;; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
HIV disease progression in Africa is thought to be more rapid for unclear reasons. Co-infection with multiple pathogens endemic in this region may play a role. HIV associated immune activation has been implicated as a mechanism for CD4 T cell depletion and is thought to be a powerful indicator of disease pr
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6947)
Schmidt RE, Schneidewind S, Stoll M, Weber K, Horvath T, Heiken H;;;; Dept. of Clinical Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
Previous studies have shown that coinfection of HIV with the flavivirus GBV-C increases survival rates among HIV-infected patients. The reason for this effect remains unclear. We wanted to determine whether this positive effect was due to increased numbers of HIV-specific T cells in individuals with GBV-C.
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6948)
Page TN, Cassol E, Mosam A, Friedland GH, Coovadia HM, Cassol S;;;; HIV Molecular Virology and Bioinformatics Unit, Africa Centre, Doris Duke Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
Viral load (VL) assays are important indicators of disease progression and response to antiviral therapy. Accurate and reliable VL assays for HHV-8 are under development, but it is unclear as to which tissue and cellular compartment will be most informative. This study compares the clinical utility of HHV-8
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6949)
Grant RM, McConnell JJ, Herring B, Boutelle A, Tsui R, Hunt E, Liegler T, Delwart E;;;; Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology and University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
Sequential infection with variants of HIV-1, or superinfection, has been described in case reports involving persons who are recently infected and those who have been intermittently treated with antiretroviral therapy. The frequency of superinfection after exposure to a genetically distinguishable virus is
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6950)
Casseb J, Posada MP, Oliveira AC, Montanheiro PA, Fukumori LM, Duarte AJ;;;; Institute of Infectious Diseases 'Emilio Ribas', Sao Paulo, Brazil
Introduction: The possibility that the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-I) co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infection would falsely increasing on T CD4+ cell count at the moment of AIDS-defining event, inferring that CD4 cell count would be an erroneous markers in this situation
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6951)
Sgouroudis E, Liang C, Wainberg MA;;;; Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
HIV-1 Gag protein contains a late domain motif (PTAP) located at the N-terminus of p6. This proline-rich motif has been shown to play a pivotal role in HIV-1 budding through recruitment of a cellular factor TSG101 (Tumor Susceptibility Gene 101), a key player in the Vacuolar Protein Sorting (VPS) pathway. C
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6952)
Squires KE, Nyangweso PM, Brown D, Fife K, Clark R, Watts H, Hafner R, Bernstein S, Andersen JW; Keck School of Medicine USC, Los Angeles, United States
A5029 was designed to determine the effect of HAART on HPV status and course of cervical dysplasia in ART-naive, HIV-1 infected subjects (sbjs). We present BL characteristics of the sbjs and their association with HPV DNA, HPV risk level and Papanicolaou smear status. Methods: Previously untreated sbjs init
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6953)
Jamal LF, Guibu IA, Tancredi MV, Ramalho MO, Vasconcelos GM, Cota IN, Estevam DL, Domingues CL;;;; Centro de Referencia e Treinamento DST/AIDS - SES/SP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
In HIV/AIDS patients, signs and symptoms of tuberculosis (TB) are often confounded with other diseases linked to HIV/AIDS. The majority of cases of TB/HIV co-infection occurs in developing countries, where tools for confirmed diagnosis are frequently unavailable; consequently, the number of cases can be ove
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6954)
Delpech V, Antoine D, Forde J, Story A, Watson J, Evans B;;;; CDSC, HPA, London, United Kingdom
HIV is fuelling the TB epidemic in high HIV prevalence populations. Its impact on TB in the UK is largely unknown. In 2002, an estimated 50,000 people were living with HIV in the UK and over 6000 new TB diagnoses were reported. Both infections are on the increase, particular among specific risk groups. We r
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6955)
Li Y, Zhang T, Ho C, Orange JS, Douglas SD, Ho WZ;;;; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States
Natural killer (NK) cells are critical in host innate immune defense against certain viruses. We examined whether NK cells release anti-viral factor(s) that inhibit hepatitis C virus (HCV) replicon expression in human hepatic cells (FCA-1, Huh.2, and Huh.8). Methods: Primary NK cells (>95% of purity) were o
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6956)
Magen E, Agmon-Levin N, Sthoeger Z;;;; Clinical Immunology Allergy and AIDS Center Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
To study whether eradication of HP could facilitate a better immune reconstitution in HIV-1 patients. Methods: 11 medically stable, ambulatory patients with asymptomatic HIV-1 infection for 5,9 +/- 2,4 years with symptoms of peptic disease, coinfected with HP (Group HP) as diagnosed by upper gastrointestinal
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6957)
Fang L, Howett MK;;;; Drexel University, Philadelphia, United States
Subcutaneous xenografts of human epithelial tissues in immuno-compromised mice demonstrate accurate tissue differentiation phenotypes and long-term viability. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), human papillomaviruses ( HPV ) and
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6958)
Shi Y, Brandin E, Blaxhult A, Gyllensten K, Brostrom C, Fenyo EM, Albert J;;;; Dept of Virology,Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Stockholm, Sweden
To better understand why HIV-2 is less pathogenic than HIV-1, we have investigated autologous neutralisation and neutralisation escape in HIV-2 infected patients. Method: Four Swedish HIV-2 infected individuals, who have been followed for around 10 years, were studied using sequential virus isolates (n=15)
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6959)
Lizeng Q, Bjorling E, Nilsson C;;;; Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
We have previously shown that HIV-2-specific serum IgA has high reactivity to the transmembrane protein (gp36) of HIV-2 and a potent neutralizing capacity to HIV-2 in vitro. In the present study we aimed to elucidate the neutralization epitopes within the gp36 targeted by HIV-2 specific serum IgA. Methods:
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6960)
Humbert M, Antoni S, Landersz M, Schreiber A, Rodes B, Soriano V, Wintergerst U, Dietrich U;;;; Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
The aim of this study was to identify the epitopes of HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies in polyclonal sera from long-term non-progressing (LTNP) HIV-1 infected persons to finally derive vaccine candidates. Methods: The presence of neutralizing antibodies in LTNP sera was tested by in vitro neutralization assays
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6961)
Aasa-Chapman MM, Holuigue S, Wong M, Jones NA, Aubin K, Newton P, Cornforth D, Williams I, Borrow P, McKnight A;;;; Wohl Virion Centre, University College London, London, United Kingdom
The aim of this study was to clarify what role antibodies (Ab) play in controlling primary viraemia following HIV-1 infection. Methods: The development of neutralising Abs was assessed using either recombinant virus containing gp120 directly amplified from patients shortly after infection, or early virus is
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6962)
Farquhar C, Haigwood NL, Nduati R, Sutton WF, Mbori-Ngacha D, Bosire RK, Redman M, John-Stewart G;;;; University of Washington, Seattle, United States
HIV-1-exposed, uninfected infants have high morbidity and mortality secondary to infectious diseases. Studies have shown that placental transfer of antibodies to important pathogens is lower for HIV-1-infected than uninfected women. It is not known whether maternal immune status and HIV-1 viral load correla
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6963)
Binley JM, Wrin T, Korber B, Zwick MB, Stiegler G, Kunert R, Zolla-pazner S, Petropoulos C, Burton DR, Chappey C, Katinger H;;;; The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
Broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are useful tools to guide HIV vaccine design. A comprehensive cross-clade mAb neutralization analysis would provide a useful frame of reference for HIV vaccine development. However, technical limitations mean that a thorough analysis has, to date,
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6964)
Pumpradit W, Tomita Y, Ariyoshi K, Rojanawiwat A, Pathipvanich P, Tatsumi M, Sato H, Sawanpanyalert P;;;; JICA-NIH Project, Nonthaburi, Thailand
Neutralizing antibody (NA) is an important component in developing a successful HIV vaccine. The objective of this study is to establish a simple, rapid, and sensitive NA assay with CRF01_AE HIV-1 infectious molecular clones. Method: CRF01_AE X4R5 and R5 tropic virus clones (93JP-NH1 and NH2 respectively) w
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6965)
Pal R, Wang S, Kalyanaraman VS, Nair BC, Cristillo AD, Whitney S, Keen T, Hocker L, Hudacik L, Rose JN, Yu Q, Mboudjeka I, Shen S, Chou T, Montefiori D, Mascola J, Markham PD, Lu S;;;; Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Kensington, United States
R5 phenotype of HIV-1 represents an important target for developing an effective AIDS vaccine as these viruses transmit efficiently via mucosal surface. DNA immunization primes or induces both humoral and cellular immune responses, which can be boosted by proteins. Methods: A vaccine strategy based on primi
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6966)
Moog C, Burrer R, Haessig-Einius S, Aubertin AM;;;; the Scripps Research Istitute, La Jolla, CA, United States
We analyzed the potential correlation between neutralization and binding of polyclonal IgG from HIV-infected patients antibodies (Ab) to primary isolates (PI). Methods: The fixation of purified polyclonal IgG to PI was investigated by quantifying the capture of 4 PI by antibodies immobilized onto a plate. U
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6967)
Holl V, Schmidt S, Decoville T, Aubertin AM, Moog C;;;; University Louis Pasteur EA 3770, Strasbourg, France
Although macrophages and dendritic cells represent in vivo target cells for HIV, little is known about in vitro inhibition of HIV infection by antibodies (Ab) in these cells. In this study, we compared the neutralizing activity of monoclonal Ab and polyclonal IgG from HIV patients using either blood lymphoc
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6968)
Lallemant M, Barin F, Jourdain G, Ngo-Giang-Huong N, Brunet S, Warachit B, Ngampiyasakul C, Sriwacharakarn C, Hansudewechakul R, Watanayothin S, Karnchanamayul W, Vithayasai V, Thanasiri P;;;; Universite F Rabelais, Tours, France
A broadly neutralizing response may be key to the success of a vaccine against HIV-1. Perinatal transmission is a unique situation where the role of maternal antibodies can be studied. Conflicting results have been observed, mainly due to the nature of the viruses used in neutralizing assays, i.e. laborator
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6969)
Valentin A, Morrow M, Yarchoan R, Pavlakis GN;;;; National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, United States
CD45RABC (B220) is expressed on human CD27- B cells and a subset of CD27+ (memory) B cells. CD27+B220- B cells are absent in disease with disrupted memory B cell generation (i.e. X-SCID). The goal of this study was to examine the frequency of memory B cells in HIV infection focusing on the expression of B22
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6970)
Roberts ES;;;; The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
Studies of HIV and SIV have found many parallels in the pathology caused by viral infection in the CNS. Minor pathology has been recorded in acute infection and throughout asymptomatic disease, while more significant pathology is shown in people with AIDS and terminal illness. The current study utilized rhesus macaques
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6971)
Van Rompay KA, Singh R, Pahar B, Sodora DL, Wingfield C, Lawson JR, Marthas ML, Bischofberger N;;;; California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, United States
The contribution of antiviral immune responses to the efficacy of anti-HIV drugs to suppress viremia is unclear, and has not received much attention in models of HIV dynamics. Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of macaques is a suitable animal model to answer such questions, as it allows approach
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6972)
Nordqvist A, Fredlund H, Vodros D, Thorstensson R, Fenyo EM;;;; Department of Medical Microbiology, Dermatology and Infection, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
To compare coreceptor use and macrophage tropism of sequential SIVsm reisolates in relation to the severity of SIVsm infection, following intravenous or intrarectal inoculation of cynomolgus macaques. Methods: Cynomolgus macaques were infected with SIVsm (Sooty mangabey origin). The monkeys were monitored f
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6973)
Heneine W, Switzer WM, Shanmugam V, Bhullar V, Parekh B, Cong M, Boneva R, Chapman LE, Yee J, Lerche N, Folks TM;;;; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States
The recognition that AIDS originated as a zoonosis heightens concerns associated with human infection with simian retroviruses (SRs) endemic in nonhuman primates (NHPs), including simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), simian type D retrovirus (SRV), simian T-cell lymphotropic virus (STLV), and simian foamy v
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6974)
Vasudevan J, Ambrozak DR, Brenchley JM, Lore K, Price DA, Moniuszko M, Franchini G, Douek DC, Koup RA, Ruff LE;;;; Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, United States
SIV infected rhesus monkeys are readily accessible and mimic HIV-1 replication in humans. We sought to assess the phenotype and location of SIV gag DNA-containing cells from different tissues within chronically infected rhesus macaques. Methods: Twenty-one rhesus macaques infected with SIVmac251 that were p
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6975)
Pikora C, Wittish C, Desrosiers RC;;;; NEPRC, Southborough, United States
To evaluate the dispensability of N-linked glycosylation sites within the conserved, core region of gp120 and whether their removal may expose targets of neutralization, we used the crystal structure of HIV-1 gp120 as a guide to create 25 mutants of SIV239 in which 14 sites were mutated individually or in v
From phylogenetic analyses, the previously characterized SIVs fall into 6 major lineages: 1) SIVcpz/HIV-1; 2) SIVsm/HIV-2); 3) SIVagm; 4) SIVlhoest/SIVmnd; 5) SIVsyk and 6) SIVcol. Recently, a seventh putative lineage was defined to be formed by SIVmon from mona monkeys (C. mona), SIVgsn from greater spotted nosed guen
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6977)
Wolfe ND, Switzer WM, Carr JK, Bhullar VB, Shanmugam V, Tamoufe U, Prosser AT, Torimiro JN, Wright A, Mpoudi-Ngole E, McCutchan FE, Birx DL, Folks TM, Burke DS, Heneine W;;;; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
The hunting and butchering of wild nonhuman primates (NHPs) infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is thought to have sparked human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), perhaps the most significant pandemic in human history. Nevertheless, while SIV and other primate retroviruses infect laboratory and zo
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6978)
Olasode OA, Olaogun OA;;;; Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile ife, Nigeria
Current antiretroviral regimes are associated with clinically important toxicities and do not give total viral eradication. The lifetime regimes have several limitations including cost, development of resistance, complications and issue of pill burden. There is need for an alternative regime that would use the natural
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6979)
Hamajima K, Xin KQ, Kojima Y, Matsui K, Toda Y, Jounai N, Ozaki T, Strong P, Kawamoto S, Okuda K;;;; Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
Chitin micro-particles (CMP) derived from shrimp or crab shells have been shown in model mouse to reduce markedly allergic symptoms because of an up-regulation of IL-12, IFN-gamma TNF-ialpha and other Th1-type cytokines. We examined whether the CMP shows potent adjuvant activity for specific immune response
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6980)
Bukrinsky MI, Brichacek B;;;; The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington DC, United States
CCR5 is the main co-receptor used by primary HIV-1 isolates. The same receptor is also used by myxoma virus, a member of the poxvirus family, thus putting forward the possibility of a cross-talk between immune responses to these viruses. Methods: PBMCs from 10 subjects vaccinated against the smallpox, 10 su
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6981)
Nakamura M, Ohno T, Shiba K;;;; Jikei University, Tokyo, Japan
We report a novel immunizing method called Craft-gen in which artificial proteins having epitope as well as a property of assisting the formation of the high-order structure of protein are created and used as immunogen. In this study, we focused on HIV gp120 V3 epitope that is known as neutralizing and CTL
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6982)
Fleury HJ, Legrand E, Recordon-Pinson P, Toni T, Lan NT;;;; Virology department, University of Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
Among the three groups and nine subtypes of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) inter subtypes circulating recombinant forms (CRF), CRF01_AE are found in Southern Asia and CRF02_AG in West Africa. HIV-1 specific T-lymphocytes are involved in the immune control of HIV-1-infection. Until now, most specif
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6983)
Kenai A, Kimura T, Yoshimura K, Koito A, Matsushita S;;;; Division of clinical retrovirology and infectious disease, Center for AIDS research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
HIV-1 Nef is an early expressed regulatory protein that has an important role in HIV-pathogenesis. The objective of this study was to induce cellular and humoral immune responses against HIV-1 Nef by immunizing a Tat-Nef fusion protein. Methods: We constructed vectors that consisted of nef gene of SF2 fused
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6984)
Xin KQ, Jounai N, Someya K, Hamajima K, Honda M, Okuda K;;;; Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
DNA prime-boost regimen with adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) vector elicited protective immune responses against SHIV challenge in a monkey model. However, the hepatocellular tropism of Ad5 limited the virus vector as a safe vaccine. In this study, we constructed replication-deficient chimeric Ad5 vectors containin
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6985)
Tanaka Y, Yoshida A, Tanaka R, Murakami T, Yamamoto N;;;; University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
We have reported that hu-PBL-SCID mice immunized with autologous mature DC pulsed with inactivated HIV-1 are protected against R5-HIV-1 infection. Sera from the protected mice inhibited infection of activated PBMC with R5-HIV-1, but not X4 HIV-1, in vitro. The anti-HIV-1 activity was not neutralized by antibodies to hu
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6987)
Yoshino N, Kanekiyo M, Someya K, Matsuo K, Ami Y, Yamamoto N, Sato S, Honda M;;;; Department of Microbiology, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
HIV-1 is transmitted via mucosal surfaces in all infected persons except those who are infected intravenously, and therefore the vaccine will need to induce protective antibodies and/or cytotoxic lymphocytes at mucosal surface. Methods: We have evaluated a recombinant vaccinia virus (rVV) vector-based vacci
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6988)
Tung FY, Tung L, McClure H;;;; GeneCure Biotechnologies, Atlanta, United States
Background We have developed a replication-defective HIV as a therapeutic vaccine for AIDS patients. The safety and efficacy of this vaccine approach was tested using replication-defective SIV pseudotyped with Vesicular Stomatitis Virus G protein (VSV-G) as an AIDS vaccine model. Methods In the vaccine construct, the p
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6989)
Ellenberger D, Wyatt L, Li B, Buge S, Lanier N, Rodriguez I, Sariol C, Martinez M, Smith J, Otten R, Kraiselburd E, Moss B, Robinson H, McNicholl J, Butera S;;;; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
We developed an AIDS vaccine for Western and West-Central Africa based on HIV-1 subtype CRF02_AG. The HIV-1 vaccine consists of priming with a Gag-Pol-Env-expressing plasmid DNA and boosting with a recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (rMVA), expressing matched Gag-Pol-Env CRF02_AG proteins. To optimize the
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6990)
Cho MW, Han DP, Kim YB;;;; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
One of the major obstacles in developing an effective HIV-1 vaccine is the inability to elicit neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) that are broadly reactive against the large number of isolates that exist. We recently demonstrated proofs-of-principle that polyvalent envelope vaccines can induce Nabs of greater b
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6991)
Matsuo K, Izumi Y, Ami Y, Someya K, Hamano T, Yamazaki S, Yamamoto N, Honda M;;;; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
A highly attenuated vaccinia virus strain, which is completely replication-negative in mammalian cells, should be desirable for AIDS vaccine development. In this study, a replication-deficient vaccinia strain DIs was evaluated as a recombinant vaccine vector against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6992)
Purcell DF, Thomson S, Kent SJ, Boyle DB, Ruxrungtham K, Ellett AM, Shoobridge M, Coupar BE, Ramshaw IA;;;; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
DNA vaccines for HIV have proved effective at priming high level HIV-specific T cell responses when used in conjunction with a fowlpoxvirus boost. The expression of multiple HIV proteins and pseudoviral particles promotes a broad coverage of T-cell epitopes and efficient priming, but requires great attentio
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6993)
Matano T, Kobayashi M, Kawada M, Igarashi H, Takeda A, Nakamura H, Kano M, Mori K, Iida A, Hasegawa M, Yuasa T, Miyazawa M, Yasunami M, Kimura A, Nagai Y;;;; Univ. of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) play an important role in the control of immunodeficiency virus infections. However, preclinical trials of CTL-based AIDS vaccines have rarely shown control of replication of simian immunodeficiency virus mac239 (SIVmac239) that induces chronic disease progressio
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6995)
Marcon L, De Groot AS, Bishop EA, Foti S, Franco J, Martin W, Lally M, Carpenter CC, Mayer KH;;;; TB/HIVResearch Laboratory, Brown University, EpiVax Inc., Providence,RI, United States
Broad cellular immune responses to HIV-1 T cell epitopes (CD4 and CD8) are linked to protection from the progression to AIDS and may also play a role in preventing HIV infection. Developing a vaccine that will stimulate broad HIV-specific T cell responses has been difficult both because of the significant l
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6996)
Koita OA, Tounkara A, Dao S, Guiteye H, Noumsi C, Dabitao D, Bishop EA, Martin W, De Groot AS;;;; Applied Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of Mali, Bamako, Mali
Broad cellular immune responses to HIV-1 CD4 and CD8 T cell epitopes are linked to protection from the progression to AIDS and may play a role in preventing HIV infection. Developing a vaccine that will stimulate broad HIV-specific T cell responses has been difficult both because of the polymorphism in HLA
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6997)
Van Rompay KK, Marthas ML, Lawson JR, Colon R, Schmidt K, Earl P, Tartaglia J;;;; California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
Ideally, a childhood HIV vaccine aimed to prevent HIV transmission from breastfeeding would also protect against later sexual exposure to HIV in adolescence. To test HIV vaccine candidates, we developed an infant rhesus macaque model to better mimic repeated oral HIV exposure during breast-feeding. We recen
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6998)
Weiner DB, Boyer J, Kutzler M, MacGregor RR, Robinson T, Muthumani K, Calarota S, Otero M, Lewis M, Letvin N, Schadeck E, Sidhu M, Egan MA, Felber B, Pavlakis G, Israel Z, Eldridge J;;;; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
Over the past 13 years DNA vaccines have moved from a laboratory curiosity to an important immunization approach for HIV-1. However, the quality and longevity of the responses induced even with highly optimized plasmid cassettes is still significantly below that of vector live approaches. Enhancing potency
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA6999)
Wakasiaka S, Bwayo JJ, Ndinya JA, Jaoko WG, Omu A, Omosa GM, Ogutu HA, Nyange J;;;; University of Nairobi/KAVI, Nairobi, Kenya
Development of an HIV vaccine is a high priority for Africa. Volunteer recruitment activities were initiated in February 2001 at a time when an evaluation of a candidate vaccine started. Program objectives focused in increasing community awareness for HIV vaccines trials, improving recruitment and retention
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. ThPeA7000)
Wakasiaka S, McBride M, Omosa GM, Bwayo JJ, Ndinya JA, Jaoko WG, Omu A, Ogutu HA, Wambui W;;;; University of Nairobi/KAVI, New York, Kenya
Evaluation of a candidate HIV vaccine was initiated in February 2001 and to date four trials have been carried out. The aim of this paper is to identify and address obstacles that hinder volunteer s enrollment and retention in vaccine trials. Methods: In an ongoing Phase I/II a randomized double blind place
