Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrA1105)
Zheng BJ, Zhao XY, Lee SS, Wong KH, Chan KC, Ma S, Ng MH;;;; The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
Previous studies showed that single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) at coordinates -403 and -28 in the promoter region of RANTES, ie. -403A/G and -28 C/G, exhibit distinct ethnic distribution. Their apparent impact on the course of HIV infection also seems to differ for different ethnic groups. Methods: We d
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrA1106)
Weiser B, Burger H, Fang G, Kuiken C, Rowland-Jones S, Plummer F, Chen CH, Kaul R, Sinsheimer JS, Anzala AO, Bwayo J, Kimani J, Philpott S, Kitchen C, Gaschen B, Lang D, Shi B, Kemal KS, Rostran T, Brunner C;;;; Wadsworth Center, NY State Department of Health
The pace of HIV-1 disease progression is variable, and long-term survival may be influenced by viral sequences, host genetics, and immune responses. Methods: To investigate the determinants of slow disease progression in an untreated African cohort infected with non-clade B HIV-1, we obtained complete plasm
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrA1107)
Capoulade-Metay C, Ma L, Truong XL, Dudoit Y, Versmisse P, Nguyen NV, Nguyen M, Scott-Algara D, Barre-Sinoussi F, Debre P, Pancino G, Theodorou I;;;; INSERM, Paris, France
Despite multiple exposure to HIV-1, some individuals remain uninfected. This resistance has been associated with homozygosity for a 32-base pair deletion in the CCR5 receptor gene. This variant is frequent in Caucasians, but extremely rare in Asians. Identifying variations in the CCR5 gene affecting suscept
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrA1108)
Bukrinsky MI, Zhao Y, Iordanskiy SN;;;; The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
HIV-1 Vpr is an important contributor to viral pathogenesis. Vpr displays several highly conserved pathogenic activities, including induction of cell cycle G2 arrest and cell death, as well as stimulating HIV-1 infection of macrophages. To identify innate anti-Vpr factors, we performed a genetic search for
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrA1133)
Pomerantz RJ, Kubota S, Yan B, Zhou N, Zhang H, Godbout R, Fang J;;;; Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
Introduction: HIV-1 Rev escorts unspliced viral mRNAs out of the nucleus of infected cells which allows formation of infections HIV-1 virions. We have identified a putative RNA helicase, DDX1, as a novel cellular co-factor which interacts with a specific motif of Rev, entitled nuclear diffusion inhibitory signal (NIS).
We have previously described a cis enhancer sequence (CES) in the gp41 region of HIV-1 env downstream to RRE, which could co-operate with Rev and RRE to enhance Gag and Env expression. Methods: We tested whether the CES could function in CTE-dependent expression system by replacing RRE with CTE in expressio
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrA1135)
Guo X, Roldan A, Hu J, Wainberg MA, Liang C;;;; McGill AIDS Centre/McGill University, Montreal, Canada
Lentiviral Gag protein contains a short spacer sequence that separates the capsid (CA) from the downstream nucleocapsid (NC) domain, which has been shown to play an important role in the assembly of HIV-1gag protein. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The objective of this study is to gain f
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrA1136)
Frankel FA, Roldan HA, Liang C, Wainberg MA;;;; Jewish General Hospital - LDI. McGill University, Montreal, Canada
HIV-1 Tat is a small basic protein which is synthesized from multiply spliced viral RNA and is required for both efficient viral gene expression and reverse transcription. The presence of Tat in the virion has never been reported, yet Tat is able to exert effects on reverse transcription in a new round of i
Alteration of cellular gene expression is one of the mechanisms involved in the inmune dysregulation induced upon HIV infection. In this regard, the HIV1-tat protein has been shown to affect the activation of different cellular transcription factors through direct and indirect mechanisms. We have investigated the role
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrA1138)
Costa LJ, Zheng YH, Mak J, Fackler OT, Peterlin BM;;;; UCSF, San Francisco, United States
The atypical Nef protein from HIV-1F12 (NefF12) interferes with virion production and infectivity via a mysterious mechanism. The correlation of these effects with the unusual perinuclear subcellular localization of NefF12 suggested that the wild type Nef protein could bind to assembly intermediates in late stages of v
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrA1139)
McCutchan F, Piyasirisilp S, Hoffmann O, Sanders-Buell E, Wilson G, Tovanabutra S, Birx DL, Hoelscher M, Maboko L;;;; Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, MD, United States
Dual infection with more than one HIV-1 subtype is a potential source of new recombinant strains and may result from limited cross-protective immunity. A high-risk cohort in Tanzania , where subtypes A, C, and D co-circulate, has been evaluated for dual infection. Methods: A subset of the cohort was evaluat
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrA1141)
Zhu T, Zioni R, Zhu H, Xu Y, Lee J, Nelson P, Andrus T, Llewellyn N, Nickle D, Chang Y, Mullins J, Corey L, McElrath J;;;; University of Washington, Seattle, United States
In the past 6 years, we have conducted a study to identify HIV-1 infection in exposed-seronegatives (ES) persons who reported repeated unprotected sexual activities with multiple HIV-1-infected partners. Methods: HIV-1 sequences were PCR-amplified from ES and their long-term sexual partners, and were analyz
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrA1142)
Takebe Y, Kusagawa S, Yang R;;;; National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
The infectious HIV-1 molecular clones have been critical tools for systemic evaluation of the structure and function of HIV-1 genes and for delineating the mechanisms of viral replication and pathogenesis. In the present study, we isolated and characterized the infectious molecular clones for CRF08_BC that
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrA1143)
Kallas EG, Sa Filho DJ, Bassichetto KC, Sanabani SS, Sabino E, Janini M, Diaz RS, Mesquita F;;;; Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Recombination is recognized as one of the major mechanisms generating HIV-1 diversity. Recombinants have been identified in Brazil based on short genome fragments precluding a comprehensive appreciation of their structure. Full-length HIV-1 genome analysis in recently acquired infections will provide a more
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrA1144)
Sahni AK, Seth P, Gupta RM, Bhardwaj JR, Prasad VV;;;; Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, India
Rapidly evolving viruses such as HIV-1 develop marked sequence differences in their genome over course of epidemic and in individuals infected for longer duration. Best strategy for controlling the menace of HIV remains development of efficacious prophylactic vaccine using the most appropriate (antigenicall
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrA1181)
Pomerantz RJ, Xu Y, Sullivan J, Kulkosky J;;;; Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United States
Introduction: The induction of neuronal cell death in vivo has been recognized as a prominent feature of HIV-1 infection leading to HIV-1-induced encephalopathy. Viral and host cells proteins, released from HIV-1-infected cells, have been implicated as the inducers of neuronal cell apoptosis. Methods: Murine and human
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrA1182)
Schwartz L, Lawrence DM, Seth P, Durham L, Major EO;;;; National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
HIV-1 infected adults and children may develop CNS disease, but clinical and pathologic manifestations differ. Microglial cells are productively infected in both, but up to 20% of pediatric subcortical astrocytes may also contain virus, a finding not reported in adults. To investigate this observation, we e
Vertical transmission of HIV-1 is a serious public health issue. HIV-1 enters massively in trophoblasts (cells of the placenta) chiefly via endocytosis, a process leading to infection of these cells. The expression of CD4/CXCR4/CCR5 is controversial in trophoblasts suggesting a different receptor usage by H
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrA1184)
Philpott S, Watt G, Kitchen CM, Brunner C, Kantipong P, Burnouf T, Burger H, Weiser B;;;; New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States
Scrub typhus (O. tsutsugamushi) infection of HIV-positive patients can be accompanied by a decrease in HIV load. Transfer of plasma from scrub typhus patients to HIV-infected individuals also results in a drop in viral load. The mechanism of suppression is unclear but may involve induction of inhibitory sub
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrA1185)
Grivel JC, Garcia M, Moss WJ, Margolis LB;;;; NICHD/NIH, Bethesda, United States
Lymphoid tissues and organs are prominent sites of both measles virus and HIV-1 replication. HIV-infected children with acute measles were shown to have reduced plasma HIV-1 RNA levels. We tested the hypothesis that measles virus infection suppresses HIV-1 replication in lymphoid tissues. Methods: We infect
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrA1186)
Casoli C, Pilotti E, Elviri L, Campanini B, Mozzarelli A, Careri M, Vicenzi E, Bertazzoni U, Re MC, Berghenti F, Caccavari R, Poli G;;;; University of Parma, Parma, Italy
A substantial percentage (10-20%) of IDUs in the world are co-infected with HIV-1 and HTLV-2. We have demonstrated that in co-infected subjects, induction of CCL3/MIP-1ialpha and other T-cell factor(s) by HTLV-2 may lead to inhibition of HIV infection. This study is aiming at understanding the influence of
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrA1219)
Taylor M, Dlamini SB, Nyawo N, Jinabhai CC, Morar N, Esterhuizen T, Friedland G;;;; University, Durban, South Africa
Introduction: Use of disinhibiting substances may influence risky sexual behaviour in the SA HIV/AIDS epidemic. This study investigated the relationship between the use of alcohol,dagga (cannabis), cocaine, solvent inhalants, injecting drug use, and sexual behaviour placing students at risk of HIV/AIDS. Method: A cross
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrB1140)
Smith DM, Wong JK, Hightower G, Koelsch KK, Igancio C, Daar E, Richman DD, Little SJ;;;; University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
Formal documentation of HIV superinfection (SI) in humans has only recently been reported. To investigate clinical consequences of SI, we studied 3 cases identified in a cohort of newly infected individuals. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed plasma samples from subjects enrolled in the San Diego and Los
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrB1145)
De Baets A, Edidi B, Beelaert G, Schrooten W, Kolsteren P, Fransen K;;;; Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
Phlebotomy and HIV-testing in children at the district hospital level remain complicated in many aspects. Alternative tests and strategies would facilitate optimization of care and scaling up of antiretroviral therapy. Methods: Venous and capillar phlebotomies were performed on 941 Congolese children, aged
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrB1146)
Naeem-Sheik A, Makuraj A, Bogoshi M, Violari A, Cindi J, McIntyre J, Gray G, Vardas E;;;; Institution, Johannesburg, South Africa
Saliva is often used as a non-invasive, cheaper alternative to serum to detect HIV-1 antibodies in surveillance programmes in developing countries and is a reliable, safe and effective alternative to serum for ELISA testing for HIV-1 antibodies in adults. The diagnosis of HIV infection in young children is
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrB1147)
Ipuge Y, Lyamuya E, Kagoma C, Ocheng D, Martin C, Mbago T, Merlin T, Collins C, Downer M, Scott C;;;; US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention -Tanzania, Atlanta, United States
Use of rapid HIV antibody tests in voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) sites is common, but little data describe performance of commercially available rapid HIV kits in field settings. Methods: We undertook a field trial to evaluate performance of five rapid HIV test kits in three VCT sites in Dar es Sal
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrB1148)
Walker SK, Aye TT, Francis B, Dax EM;;;; National Serology Reference Laboratory, Australia, Melbourne, Australia
Accurate HIV test results are critical for the correct diagnosis and treatment of HIV. The National Serology Reference Laboratory, Australia (NRL) coordinates an External Quality Assessment Scheme (EQAS) monitoring laboratory performances for anti-HIV testing in Asia, the Pacific and Australia. Methods: The
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrB1149)
Fryland M, Chaillet P, Bonte L, Barnaba A, Teck R, Odiambo D, Zachariah R;;;; Medecins sans Frontieres, Brussels, Belgium
It is important to monitor CD4+ T-Cell counts in HIV-positive individuals in order to decide when to initiate anti-retroviral treatment (ART) and to assess immunological evolution. A instrument called the Partec CyFlow Counter™ (Partec GmbH, Munster, Germany ) is now available for CD4+ counting. This m
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrB1150)
Fisher KA, Weiner J, Farley J, Nesheim S, Palumbo P, Bulterys M, Abrams EJ;;;; Columbia Univrersity, New York City, United States
Current WHO guidelines suggest consideration of total lymphocyte count (TLC) as a substitute for CD4 lymphocyte count in resource-limited settings. In adults, investigators recently proposed a clinical algorithm combining TLC and hemoglobin (Hg). The age-dependent relationships between TLC, Hb, and CD4 have
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrB1187)
Obimbo EM, Mbori-Ngacha DA, Overbaugh J, Emery S, Otieno PA, Wamalwa D, Gichuhi C, Wariua G, Bosire R, Lohman B, John-Stewart G;;;; University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
We conducted a prospective observational study in Nairobi among HIV-1 infected pregnant women and their infants to determine association between maternal and infant viral burden, and infant disease progression. Methods: HIV-1 infected women were enrolled during third trimester and given short course zidovud
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrB1188)
Doerholt K, Duong T, Sharland M, Tookey P, Butler K, Lyall H, Dunn D, Gibb DM;;;; MRC Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom
CD4 and viral load (VL) are poor predictors for progression to AIDS/death in infancy. In addition to a paucity of studies evaluating early treatment in infancy, adherence difficulties and limited pharmacokinetic data complicate decisions about starting HAART in infancy. Methods: The CHIPS cohort has followe
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrB1189)
Gibb DM, Dunn DT, Duong T, Galli L, Giaquinto C, Hughes M, Mofenson L, Moye J, Newell ML, Palumbo P, Rudin C, Shearer W;;;; Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, London, United Kingdom
TLC has been proposed as an alternative to CD4% for informing when to initiate antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-infected children in resource-poor settings. WHO guidelines suggest a threshold of 2500 cells/mm[3] for children
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrB1190)
McIntosh K, Seage GR, Buchacz K, Weinberg GA, Dankner WM;;;; Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
A staging system predictive of severity for perinatally HIV-infected children is needed for clinical and research purposes, particularly in resource-poor settings. Methods: A Pediatric AIDS Severity Score (PASS) was developed using baseline sociodemographic, clinical, immunologic, and functional measures ob
In 2001 the Botswana Government took a bold decision to provide its citizens with free antiretroviral treatment. Children who are HIV infected as determined by ELISA or PCR tests qualify for treatment. We report our experience on treatment-naive children enrolled in the program between April 2
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrB1192)
Ananworanich J, Lolekha R, Pancharoen C, Sirivichayakul S, Siangphoe U, Kaewchana S, Apateerapong W, Mahanontharit A, Chotpitayasunondh T, Ruxrungtham K;;;; Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok, Thailand
To determine incidence of reverse transcriptase (RT) mutations in Thai children treated with dual NRTI. The results will guide the next appropriate ARV regimen options. Methods: Between Mar and May 2003, 100 dual NRTI-treated children attending the pediatric infectious disease clinics at 2 tertiary care cen
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrC1109)
Friedman SR, Tempalski B, Cooper H, Keem M, Friedman R, Flom PL;;;; National Development and Research Institutes, New York, NY, United States
Little research has been done on structural predictors of IDU population prevalence, HIV prevalence among IDUs, or prevention program coverage. Methods: Using methods similar to Holmberg s (1996), we estimated IDUs per 10,000 population and HIV prevalence rates in IDUs for 96 large USA metropolitan areas in
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrC1110)
Booth RE, Mikulich-Gilbertson S, Brewster JT, Salomonson-Sautel S, Semerik S;;;; University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, United States
The explosive rise of the HIV epidemic in Ukraine was likely attributable to both the economic and social turmoil brought on by the collapse of the Soviet Union, as well as the injection practices of IDUs in Ukraine. The present study was designed to assess factors associated with continued needle-related r
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrC1111)
Macalino GE, McNamara S, Sanford-Colby S, Case T, Zierler S;;;; Brown University Medical School, Providence, RI, United States
Access to clean syringes has been shown to be a powerful HIV prevention effort among injection drug users. Recently, a policy intervention was adopted in Rhode Island to allow for over-the-counter purchase of syringes. We sought to determine if racial/ethnic disparities existed by purchaser experience. Meth
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrC1112)
Colon HM, Finlinson HA, Robles R, Rios E;;;; Center for Addiction Studies, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamon, Puerto Rico
The shared use of drug preparation materials has an important role in the transmission of HIV and HCV among IDUs. The shared use of these materials results in exposure to blood-borne pathogens largely because they come in contact with contaminated syringes during the process of preparing drug solutions. Modifyi
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrC1113)
Hammett TM, Norton GD, Kling R, Wei L, Yi C, Ngu D, Binh KT, Dong HV, Des Jarlais DC;;;; Abt Associates Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
Community understanding and support are essential to the success of harm reduction interventions for HIV prevention among IDUs. As part of the evaluation of a peer-based intervention involving distribution of new needles/syringes and pharmacy vouchers and collection of used needles/syringes, we monitored co
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrC1114)
Vickerman PT, Kumaranyake L, Watts C, Guinness L, Balakireva O, Artyukh O, Yaremenko A;;;; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
There are ~25,000 injecting drug users (IDUs) in Odessa. In 2000 the IDU HIV prevalence was 64%. A harm reduction project started in Sept 1999. It reached 7524 IDUs and distributed 71,273 syringes in its 1st year. The percentage of reached IDUs not sharing syringes doubled in 2 years. We estimate the cost-e
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrC1121)
Jewkes RK, Nduna M, Levin JB, Jama PN, Khuzwayo N, Duvvury N, Koss MP;;;; Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
Introduction: Experiences of sexual violence in childhood have been shown to influence HIV risk behaviours but there is limited evidence of links between other forms of childhood trauma and HIV risk behaviours. This paper seeks to describe the impact of childhood trauma on HIV risk behaviours of South African youth. Me
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrC1124)
Gilbert L, El-Bassel N, Wu E, Go H, Ashton D, Hill J, Sanders G;;;; Columbia University, New York, United States
The relationship between perpetrating intimate partner violence (IPV) and sexual HIV risk among men remains unclear, despite accumulating evidence documenting associations between experiencing IPV and HIV risk among women. The purpose of this NIDA-funded study was to examine the temporal relationships betwe
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrC1126)
Christofides NJ, Jewkes RK, Muirhead D, Penn-Kekana LA;;;; Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
Sexual assault and HIV infection are highly prevalent in South Africa . In April 2002 the government announced that post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) to prevent the transmission of HIV would be made available in the public health service. This study aims to model the cost-effectiveness of PEP to prevent the t
Increasing number of Street children is one of the emerging Public health threats faced by Pakistan . Anecdotal data suggests that these children are among the most vulnerable populations at risk of acquiring and spreading HIV infection, due to lacking awareness and extremely risky sexual practices. This cr
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrC1152)
Jain S, Fritz K, Woelk G, Chirowodza A, Makumbe K, McFarland WC;;;; San Francisco Department of Public Health and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Francisco, United States
Although undefined and minimally referenced in the literature, anecdotal reports contend that sugar daddies are widespread and contribute to high HIV prevalence among young women. Methods: To establish a working definition of sugar daddies and characterize their demographic and risk profile, data were exami
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrC1153)
Wambe M, Gregson S, Nyamukapa CA, Garnett GP, Lewis JJ, Mason PR, Chandiwana SK, Anderson RM;;;; Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
Orphans and children made vulnerable by HIV/AIDS (OVCs) in sub-Saharan Africa could be at increased risk of HIV infection and other adverse reproductive health outcomes. Methods: Data on HIV infection, sexually transmitted infection (STI) symptoms, and pregnancy, and common risk factors were collected for O
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrC1154)
Hlongwa-Madikizela LF, Pettifor A, Rees H, Zantsi K;;;; Reproductive Health research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
Studies among youth in the United States have found that parental monitoring/presence can have a positive effect on reducing high risk behaviours yet there is little data showing the same in Africa. The aim of this paper was to determine whether the presence of parents has an effect on HIV and related risk
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrC1155)
Torres MP, Walker DM, Gutierrez JP, Bertozzi SM;;;; Division of Reproductive Health, National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Cuernavaca, Mexico
There is growing skepticism among experts as to the impact of school-based education interventions on reducing sexual risk taking and unplanned pregnancy. We aimed to measure the impact of a high school-based HIV/AIDS prevention intervention on knowledge, attitudes and sexual risk behavior in Morelos,
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrC1156)
Hargreaves JR, Morison LA, Porter JD, Makhubele MB, Kim JC, Watts C, Busza J, Pronyk PM;;;; Rural AIDS and Development Action Research Programme, Acornhoek, South Africa
Household wealth might influence young peoples risk of HIV infection through many pathways. Understanding this might help elucidate the potential role of poverty alleviation initiatives in HIV prevention. We examined whether current school enrolment might be a pathway linking household wealth and risk of HI
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrC1157)
Egger M;;;; On behalf of the ART Cohort Collaboration
The ART Cohort Collaboration was established to estimate the prognosis of HIV-1 infected, treatment naive patients initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Methods: 12 cohorts currently participate in ART-CC: FHDH ( France ), ICONA ( Italy ), SHCS (Swiss), ATHENA (Dutch), EuroSIDA
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrC1158)
Munderi P, Watera C, Nakiyingi J, Kasirye A, Walker S, French N, Gilks C, Grosskurth H;;;; Medical Reasearch Council/ Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
The Entebbe cohort (EC) is an active, community-based clinical cohort of HIV-infected adults set up in 1995. Recruits were staged clinically and by CD4 count at entry, followed up with standard protocols and each death confirmed. Several HIV interventions have been evaluated in this cohort before the introd
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrC1159)
Gomez FA, Romero SP, Bernal JA, Gonzalez-Outon J, Briceno F, Ruiz P, Garcia-Gil D;;;; Hospital Universitario Puerto Real, Department of Medicine, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
AIDS related mortality has decreased after the introduction of HAART. To assess the incidence of causes of death with the improvement of HARRT. Methods: We studied the cause of death over three different periods pre-HAART (January 1992 to December 1994), early-HAART (January 1995 to December 1998
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrC1160)
Enriquez ME, Petersen M, Hacker M, Bastos FI;;;; Stanford University, Stanford, United States
Brazil , as the first developing country to offer HAART through a government public health system in November 1996, presents a unique opportunity to assess the impact of universal access to HAART in a resource-limited setting. This study aims to analyze nationwide trends in AIDS incidence and mortality in B
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrC1161)
Kellerman SE, Blair J;;;; CDC, Atlanta, GA, United States
Introduction: ART has decreased AIDS incidence in the US, but some people with HIV still progress to AIDS. We determined factors associated with progression to AIDS. Methods: Medical record abstraction for the 12 months preceding AIDS diagnosis was performed for persons >13 years old diagnosed with AIDS in 1999 and rep
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrC1162)
Lee KC, Wong KH, Chan KC, Lee SS, Chan MK;;;; Integrated Treatment Centre, Department of Health, Hong Kong, China
Background Western countries have witnessed decreased AIDS morbidity and mortality with the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). We examined progression to AIDS and/or death in advanced HIV disease patients in Hong Kong , in the pre-HAART and HAART era. Methods We retrospectively studied 1074 non-per
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrC1193)
Marseille E, McConnel CE, Dandona L, Marshall N, Lioznov D, Hansl B, Bautista S, Stanley N, Muyingo S, Krupitsky E, du Plessis J, Zvartau E, Bertozzi S, Gaist P, Kahn JG;;;; Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, United States
Understanding the correlates of efficiency in operating voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) programs could strengthen the impact of HIV prevention efforts in low and middle-income countries. The purpose of this analysis is to assess the association of key program features with efficiency in the provision
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrC1195)
Visrutaratna S, Sripaipan T, Kawichai S, Chariyalertsak S, Ruangyuttikarn C, Beyrer C, Short O, Inchum W, Celentano DD;;;; Chiang Mai Public Health Office, Thai Ministry of Public Health, Chiang Mai, Thailand
HIV voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) has been a main strategy for preventing HIV transmission and widely available in Thailand since 1992. We conducted a pilot study that provided mobile VCT to rural residents of four districts in Chiang Mai province, northern Thailand to inform our design of this typ
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrC1197)
Van Loon CL, Koevoets WM;;;; HIV Association Netherlands, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Several studies have shown that by 2000, 58% of MSM in the Netherlands had never been tested for HIV and that by 2002, 1/3 of the MSM with HIV in Amsterdam actually knew their HIV status. Although the prevalence among MSM in the Netherlands is comparable to that in other western urban areas, MSM in the Neth
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrC1199)
Allman D, Myers T, Calzavara L, Ennis M, Remis R, Maxwell J, Travers R;;;; HIV Social, Behavioural and Epidemiological Studies Unit, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
To examine differences between men who receive money for sex and those who receive non monetary resources. Methods: An anonymous, self-completed cross-sectional study conducted in 13 communities. Men were recruited within gay bars, bathhouses, events and organizations. Logistic regression analysis was used
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrC1200)
Lippman SA, Pulerwitz J, Reingold A, Chinaglia M, Ogura C, Hubbard A, van Dam J, Diaz J;;;; Population Council, Campinas, Brazil
Mobile populations such as truck drivers may be vulnerable to HIV infection. Qualitative research indicates that movement away from protective social networks may result in more readiness to engage in riskier sexual behaviors, including relations with multiple partners. There is sparse quantitative data fro
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrC1201)
Johnson AM, Mercer CH, Ward H, Wellings K, Fenton KA, Erens B;;;; University College, London, United Kingdom
High-risk sexual behaviour, STI incidence and heterosexually acquired diagnosed HIV infections are increasing in Britain. Women sex workers have been the focus of HIV prevention initiatives, and their risk currently remains low. However, little attention has focussed on clients. We examined the epidemiology
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrC1202)
Huang YY, Henderson GE, Pan SM, Cohen MS;;;; Sociology Department, Renmin University, Beijing, China
The number of female sex workers (FSWs) in China has increased in the past decade; current estimates range from half a million to three-four million. In 2000, HIV prevalence among FSWs in Guangxi and Yunnan provinces was 10.7% and 4.6%, but recent studies have shown that most FSWs in China have little knowl
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrC1203)
Hoffmann O, Wolff B, Maboko L, Mmbando D, Samky E, McCutchan F, Todd J, Zaba B, Hoelscher M;;;; Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University of Munich and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Munich/London, Germany
Introduction: The HISIS Study, established in 2000, has an open cohort design for 600 female bar and guest-house workers followed up at three-monthly intervals for 30 months, to learn about socio-demographic, virologic and immunologic correlates of HIV-1 infection and HIV-superinfection in high-risk occupational groups
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrC1204)
Wotton R, McMahon MF;;;; ACON, Sydney, Australia
Sydney has a legally-defined street-based sex working area that the Sex Workers Outreach Project (SWOP) regularly outreaches. Recent over-policing has shown a direct negative impact on the effectiveness of HIV prevention strategies. After an extended period of over-policing in 2003, sex workers rep
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrD1115)
Onyango M, Mkala Z, Purdon S;;;; Movement of Men Against AIDS in Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
In Kenya , traditionally, men are not empowered or given skills to deal with HIV/AIDS or with being HIV positive, yet they make most of the decisions at home, in the workplace, in parliament and in religious institutions. Men have not been actively involved in HIV prevention, care or support. Men with HIV/AIDS have suf
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrD1116)
Gebreselassie G, Kereta W, Livi N, Girma A, Berhan K, Stuer F;;;; Family Health International, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Family Health International is providing technical assistance to strengthen home-based care (HBC) services in Addis Ababa. Existing HBC services were assessed in terms of adequacy, constraints and quality of care. After consultative program design, an umbrella organization was selected from the HBC implementing
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrD1117)
Oritz-Torres B, Noboa-Ortega P;;;; Universidad de Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
Social networks have been identified as an important source of support for HIV+ women. After more of two decades of the AIDS epidemics, interventions for this group do not incorporate in a consistent fashion members of these networks such as family members and health providers. In an exploratory study we had fo
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrD1118)
Akintola O;;;; University of Natal, Durban, South Africa
The South African government is promoting home-based care programme due to the over-stretching of formal health facilities and the potential positive benefits for PLWAs. Yet, little is known about the consequences upon the caregivers let alone the broader strategic implications on home-based care in the cou
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrD1119)
Castano F, Atkin L;;;; Margaret Sanger Center International, New York, United States
This abstract focuses on how to scale up HIV prevention programs for young people and presents a framework of critical components (CC) to guide such efforts. Margaret Sanger Center International (MSCI) implemented Safe Youth Worldwide (SYW), a global initiative funded by UNFPA, aimed at identifying
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrD1120)
Susser IS, Parisi PE;;;; Columbia University/Hunter College, New York City, United States
The increased availability and funding of treatment and prevention techniques for HIV/AIDS in southern Africa is transforming social, cultural and political milieux and forcing a re-evaluation of social programs and cultural expectations. Based on ethnographic research in Namibia and
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrD1122)
Banerjee A, Jana S, Bandyopadhyay N, Sengupta S;;;; Rural and Urban Development and Sustainable Alternatives, Calcutta, India
This paper addresses the issue of violence and other human rights violations faced by sex workers, explores how it increases their vulnerability to STD/HIV and suggests interventions to address the problem. Methods: This 4-month ethnographic study covered 220 sex workers in Calcutta. Quantitative and qualit
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrD1123)
Smith Fawzi MC, Lambert W, Singler JM, Tanagho Y, Leandre F, Nevil P, Bertrand D, Claude MS, Bertrand J, Louissaint M, Joanis L, Mukherjee J, Goldie S, Salazar JJ, Farmer P;;;; Harvard Medical School and Partners In Health, Boston, MA, United States
The goals of the study were to: 1) estimate the prevalence of forced sex among women accessing services at a women s health clinic in rural Haiti ; 2) examine factors associated with forced sex in this population; and 3) explore the implications of these findings for HIV prevention among women in this extre
Bangladesh is at a great risk of AIDS epidemic, despite its relatively low prevalence of HIV. Migration from neighboring India and Myanmar and unprotected sex in vulnerable group is a major threat for spreading HIV/AIDS.
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrD1163)
Kamkwamba H, Malekezo M, Deutsch B;;;; Salvation Army, Blantyre, Malawi
In Malawi , cultural practices which increase risk of transmission of STIs including HIV/AIDS, unwanted pregnancy, and delay women s access to emergency maternal health care services have been well documented. The National Behaviour Change Interventions Strategy for HIV/AIDS/SRH (2002) also highlights the elimi
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrD1164)
Ngnie Tagne S, Kengne Siriaque KS, Tagne AF;;;; Society for Women Against AIDS in Africa - Cameroon, Yaounde, Cameroon
Sub-Saharan Africa is the most hit by HIV/AIDS, 26.6 million cases in 2003, 3.2 million newly infected and 2.3 million deaths. Women are more exposed than men to infection. Youth aged 15-24 are seriously hit by this pandemic, especially girls who have intercourse at early ages with elderly persons who are m
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrD1165)
Martini M, Di Pasquale L, Cohen G, Pizzirani A;;;; IOM, Rome, Italy
Italy has become an immigration country only in the last decades. In order to decrease their vulnerability to HIV-AIDS, migrant communities need to be given the chance to access information in their own language and in respect to their cultural approaches. Specific research is needed to find the most effect
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrD1166)
Molloy R;;;; Marie Stopes International Australia, Melbourne, Australia
The general population of Australia is recognised as being one of the healthiest of any developed country. In contrast, the Indigenous Australian population is one of the least healthy, even worse than in many developing countries. Rates for STIs are remarkably high among the Aboriginal population, and the rate
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrD1167)
Zulu KP;;;; Youth Forum Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
In most African Countries, childhood is a time of hardships, particularly in Zambia where child abuse, sexual defilement, HIV/AIDS and other sexual transmitted infections (STIs), so often fall heavily on children. The conspiracy of culture and traditional impurity has greatly contributed to the rise of HIV/AIDS
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrD1168)
Chan KY, Yi Y, Zhang KL, Reidpath DD;;;; Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
Controlling HIV stigma is central to controlling the epidemic. Unfortunately the understanding of the phenomenon is still in its infancy. HIV stigma is, for instance, known to be layered upon multiple co-stigmas associated with injecting drug use, sex work, sexual behavior, ethnicity, poverty and disability
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrD1205)
Chimzizi RB;;;; TB Control Programme, Lilongwe, Malawi
Malawi , a small land-locked country in Southern Africa, has one of the highest prevalence rates of HIV infection in the world, with AIDS leading cause of death among 15-49 year olds. This year (2003) it is estimated that there are approximately 900,000 adults and children living with HIV AIDS out of a popu
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrD1206)
Valencia ES, Saez HV;;;; Parnassia Psychiatric Research Center, The Hague, Netherlands
Homeless mentally ill persons at risk for HIV are also at risk for TB. There is a need to include TB screening in their specialized services. We report on the inclusion of TB screening as part of Critical Time Intervention services to homeless mentally ill in a large NYC shelter during a five-year period. C
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrD1207)
Rhucharoenpornpanich O, Tadashi Y, Sirinak C, Lewluck W, Thanarujiwong U, Lewluck C, Chaiposri P, Rodraksa T;;;; AIDS Control Division, Department of Health, BMA, Bangkok, Thailand
Approximately 15,000 people in Bangkok develop tuberculosis (TB) annually. TB cases have sharply increased with the HIV epidemic and most cases live in crowded communities. Therefore, it is critical to strengthen programs that combat the dual infection among these populations. This study investigated TB per
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrD1208)
Bhalla S, Banderwal D, Jain A, Tripathi CD, Singh S;;;; New Dehli, India
Tuberculosis, a major public health problem in most of the developing world, is posing a still bigger threat with the world wide epidemic of Human Immuno deficiency virus (HIV). Tuberculosis exerts a detrimental effect on the course of HIV infection and the risk of death in HIV infected persons with
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrD1209)
Floyd K, Kumaranayake L, Getahun H, Nunn P;;;; World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
In 2003, the World Health Organization (WHO) set a target that 3 million HIV+ people in developing countries should be enrolled on antiretrovial treatment (ART) by 2005 (the 3 by 5 initiative). Many HIV+ tuberculosis (TB) patients meet the criteria for enrolment on ART. TB programmes can make an important c
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrD1210)
Kumaranayake L, Fielding K, Grant A, Roux S, Charalambous S, Day J, Churchyard G;;;; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
Tuberculosis (TB) is the most common opportunistic infections among HIV-positive people in Africa. Although efficacious, there are several operational obstacles to implementing Isoniazid (INH) prophylaxis. This is the first study to estimate cost-effectiveness of INH prophylaxis in a routine health setting
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrD1211)
Glass TR, Vernazza PL, Young J, Rickenbach M, Flepp M, Furrer H, Bernasconi E, Weber R, Cavassini M, Hirschel B, Battegay M, Bucher HC;;;; Basel Institute for Clinical Epidemiology, Basel, Switzerland
Sexual contact is the primary mode of HIV transmission worldwide and in the last few years there has been an increase in the incidence of HIV infection in the northwestern hemisphere. We evaluated whether reported unsafe sexual behavior among HIV-infected individuals, both treated and untreated, is increasi
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrD1212)
Onwuliri VA, Kanki P, Umeh MN, Oyere CN, Odutolu O, Awari H, Mohammed R, Ihemegbulam PC, Mmegwa PN, Solomon MD;;;; Society for Women and AIDS in Africa Nigeria/Department of Biochemistry University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
Nigeria has 4million people living with HIV/AIDS. Plateau State, Nigeria has a prevalence of 7.8% and 11.3% for the capital city. It ranks third in HIV prevalence among the States in Nigeria. Plateau is reputed for tourism and sex work flourishes. The sexual and economic insubordination of women and their poor
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrD1213)
Lyavala JL, Nabiryo C;;;; The AIDS Support Organisation (TASO), Kampala, Uganda
At TASO during counseling session, PLWHAs are encouraged to practice safer sex with their partners in order to prevent infections and re-infections of HIV/AIDS & STDs. They are encouraged to share their HIV/AIDS sero status with partners to avoid spread. Data from counseling sessions for clients that joined
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrD1214)
Robin LE, Coyle KK, Kirby DB, Banspach SW, Baumler E, Glassman J;;;; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States
Alternative schools in the United States serve youth at risk of failure in mainstream high schools because of disciplinary problems, substance use, or involvement in the juvenile justice system. Alternative school students are at greater risk than students in mainstream high schools for sexual activity and
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrD1215)
Maticka-Tyndale E, Wildish J, Gichuru M, Brouillard-Coyle C, Gallant M, Metcalfe K, Holland D;;;; University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada
We have considerable information about which intervention programmes work under the controlled conditions imposed by evaluation designs. However, we rarely know what will happen when a successful intervention is scaled-up for implementation across vast geographical areas and religious and cultural diversity
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrD1216)
McCauley AP, Baker S, Givaudan M, James S, Leenen I, Pick S, Reddy P, Rewthong U, Rumakom P, Greene J;;;; Horizons Program/International Center for research on Women, Washington, D.C., United States
Curricula designers in 3 countries incorporated abstinence messages into pilot curricula according to their assessment of local student needs. A rights-based approach was used in Mexico and South Africa , and a health strategy approach in Thailand . All 3 programs also
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrD1217)
Land C;;;; Tulane University School of Public Health & Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, United States
Available data on adolescent reproductive and sexual health in Ethiopia paints a daunting picture of HIV risk, including early sexual initiation, multiple partners, intergenerational sex, and low condom use. The present study examines the association between risk and/or protective factors and sexual risk be
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrD1218)
Murray NJ, Chatterji M, Dougherty L, Winfrey B, Buek K, Amon J, Mulenga Y, Jones A;;;; Futures Group International, Washington, DC, United States
Family dynamics and family structure theory suggest that familial disruption increases the probability that youth will engage in risky behaviors, including becoming sexually active at an early age. Unpublished research studies and programmatic reports have suggested that orphans in developing countries are
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrD1220)
McMahon JM, Tortu S, Pouget ER, Hamid R, Torres L;;;; National Development and Research Institutes, New York, United States
A growing number of epidemiological studies indicate that many women are at greatest risk for acquiring HIV from their primary male partners (PMPs; husbands or steady boyfriends) compared to other partner types. This study examined HIV risk among women drug-users to assess relative risk from different types
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrD1221)
Ompad DC, Fuller CM, Galea S, Del Vecchio S, Vlahov D;;;; New York Academy of Medicine, New York, United States
Previous studies have reported higher rates of sexual and drug use behaviors in women who have sex with women (WSW) as compared to women who have sex with men only (WSMO). We compared the distribution of HIV risk factors among young WSW and WSMO drug users in New York City. Methods: Female drug users (active
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrD1222)
Wells VE;;;; SOTENI International, Cincinnati, United States
Women are less powerful than men in obtaining health care, negotiating sexual relations, earning wages, and even taking care of themselves, each one of which increases their vulnerability to HIV/AIDS. These sociologic issues ignite with women s increased biological vulnerability to fuel the worldwide epidemic.
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrE1127)
Irawati Atmosukarto I, Eka B;;;; IHPCP-AUSAID, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia
This abstract looks at successful efforts by the harm reduction working group (POKJA) of West Java (WJ) and DKI Jakarta (DKI). Both provinces were well known for the lack of commitment by local government. Yet, recently, all institutions put aside their differences to build comprehensive services.
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrE1128)
Mathai R, Foti C, Olouch P, Doherty A;;;; Catholic Medical Mission Board, New York, United States
Born to Live, Catholic Medical Mission Board s (CMMB s) prevention of mother-to-child of HIV/AIDS program in South Africa , Kenya , Zambia , Swaziland , Nigeria , Haiti , & Papua New
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrE1129)
Pedraza J, Pena M;;;; Cicatelli Associates Inc., New York, United States
Scaling up treatment programs can be successfully achieved by forging multidisciplinary collaborations between people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) and HIV health and social service providers. Given the increasing access of antiretroviral medications and the need for innovative strategies to support adherence to
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrE1130)
Chu TV, Pham HT, Chong PS, Hoang TN, Ha DV, Nguyen TH, Luu CM, Kamb ML;;;; Vietnam Ministry of Health - LIFE/GAP Office, Hanoi, Vietnam
HIV in Vietnam is fueled by a concurrent epidemic of injecting heroin use and, by 2003 injecting-related HIV cases have been identified in all 61 provinces or urban areas. In October 2002, Vietnam s Ministry of Health initiated a national program for provinces to expand HIV prevention services, including pe
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrE1131)
Conway M;;;; The Children and Young People HIV Network, London, United Kingdom
How do we provide the optimum care and support for HIV positive children living in Britain and ensure their voices are central in the development and provision of this? Numbers of positive children are increasing in the UK, yet with the exception of a few centres of excellence, HIV medical and support services
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrE1132)
Mutale BM;;;; Youth Alive Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
Behavior change and enforcement of Life skills are the most effective method of HIV/AIDS prevention among the youth. Many existing HIV/AIDS and Life skills programs at community level do not address the sexual cultures, concerns, desires, experiences and are not based on true actual needs of the youth as most p
The Central American AIDS Project (PASCA) is committed to enhance the program environment for an effective HIV/AIDS response in El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Nicaragua and
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrE1170)
Palmer S, Thompson A, Gill B;;;; HIV Drug Resistance Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, United States
China s HIV epidemic may infect 10 to 15 million persons by 2010. In 2003, the Chinese government introduced a new program, China CARES, to provide free or low-cost antiretrovirals to infected persons in 9 provinces. The program treated about 5500 patients in 2003, and hopes to reach 40,000 by 2008. However, ma
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrE1171)
Falobi OA, Nwagwu M, Danuk JH, Akanni OO;;;; Journalists Against AIDS (JAAIDS), Lagos, Nigeria
Many countries that have made advances in eradicating or reducing HIV-related stigma and discrimination have done so partly through the mechanism of legislation. In Nigeria , laws and policies to protect against stigma and discrimination though available to some extent have never been evaluated to determine thei
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrE1172)
Perez Casas C, Scouflaire SM, Ravinetto R, Pascual F, Mace C;;;; Medecins sans Frontieres, Campaign for Access to Essential Medicines, Paris, France
Medecins sans Frontieres (MSF) is an independent, international medical relief organization which since 2001 has established antiretroviral (ARV) treatment projects in 19 low- and middle-income countries and is treating over 10,000 patients in 42 projects. Procurement and supply management of ARVs may significantly dif
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrE1173)
Warwick Z;;;; St Stephen's AIDS Trust, London, United Kingdom
Increasing the uptake of HIV testing in countries of high prevalence remains a challenge. Various barriers to HIV testing have been identified including cost and accessibility of the test, fear of stigma and discrimination, concerns around confidentiality and lack of support following a positive diagnosis.
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrE1174)
Matida LH, Gianna MC, Goncalves A, Tayra A, Succi RC, Hearst N;;;; Program of STD/AIDS, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Sao Paulo State has had the largest number of pediatric AIDS cases in Brazil . Since 1996, Sao Paulo (and Brazil nationally) has implemented an aggressive program to reduce perinatal transmission; we gathered available indicators to examine the program s impact. We obtained data on reported AIDS ca
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrE1175)
Lush L;;;; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
HIV/AIDS programmes incorporate a complex set of interventions which require informed and evidence-based decisions to prioritize resource allocation. This study draws on political science to examine ways in which HIV researchers act through issue networks to influence the lens through which policy makers evalua
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrE1176)
Dulani J, Higgins A, Bery P, Mistry N;;;; Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, United States
Public and private sector leaders face complex issues in addressing the epidemic. Understanding how partnerships work, the extent to which prevention and treatment programs alter the epidemiology of the disease, and the potential future impacts of the epidemic are key to evaluating competing public health initi
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrE1177)
Woratanarat T;;;; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States
On October 2003, Thai MoPH announced national policy to provide HAART up to 50,000 HIV infected patients and planned to scale up each year until all patients could get the drugs. This policy has been supported by Royal Thai Government budget and GFATM program. However, there was a pilot project of HAART provisi
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrE1178)
Remien RH, Exner T, Ehrhardt AA, Kirshenbaum SB, Johnson MO, Weinhardt LS, Rotheram-Borus MJ, Morin SF, Kelly JA, Goldstein RB;;;; HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies
There is concern about increased sexual risk associated with HAART and public health consequences of nonadherence and the risk for transmission of resistant virus. We examined sexual risk and medication adherence in a large and diverse sample of HIV+ adults. Methods: Cross-sectional self-report interviews (
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrE1179)
Nyblade LC, Kidd R, Mathur S, Schneider A, Mbwambo J, Kidanu A, Bond V, Kilonzo G, Banteyerga H;;;; International Center for Research on Women, Washington, DC, United States
Research can initiate, shape and direct specific methods to reduce stigma. A 3-year (2001-2003), multi-country ( Ethiopia , Tanzania , Zambia ), community-based research-to-action study of the causes, contexts and experiences of HIV stigma. Structured text analysis of 730 qualitative t
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrE1180)
Rutenberg N, Kalibala S, Baek C, Rosen J, Mulenga D;;;; Horizons/Population Council, Washington DC, United States
UNICEF and Population Council have published a practical guide for managers on scaling-up and improving programs for prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV. The recommendations in the guide are based on successful strategies identified by program managers, an evaluation of pilot
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrE1194)
Joseph DL, Allen S, Roth D, Telfair J, Sams K; Projet San Francisco- Emory University School of Public Health, Kigali, Rwanda
Heterosexual couples are the largest risk group for HIV in Africa; greater than 60% of new infections are acquired from a spouse. Research shows that when husbands and wives receive couples VCT (CVCT) together, HIV incidence decreases by >50% per year. However, less than 1% of African couples have received
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrE1196)
Juma MA, McCauley AP, Geibel S, Kirumira E, Kakande N, Hitimana L, Lukenge D, Mukisa E;;;; Horizons Program/Population Council, Nairobi, Kenya
To increase youth satisfaction with VCT, programs must adjust services to appeal to young people. In Uganda , a stand-alone VCT center, AIDS Information Center (AIC), established a youth corner while a youth reproductive health (RH) service, Naguru Teenage Information and Health Center (NTIHC), added VCT to
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrE1198)
Arnow PM, Auxila P, Guillaume FD, Dubuche G, Desmangles B, Pollock J;;;; Management Sciences for Health, Boston, United States
A key element of successful HIV/AIDS programs in developing countries is a network of facilities to provide voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) as a gateway to focused prevention and treatment. Establishing such a network requires centralized planning, coordination, and financial support. The facilities inco
Since 1995, a series of studies have been conducted (by SIDALAC and others) in order to determine the expense and the financing of AIDS prevention and care in the region. Two such studies have been conducted in Peru , in 1999 and in 2000. In the context of a study on alternatives for the implementation of a
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrE1224)
Bryant M;;;; Management Sciences for Health, Boston, United States
Expansion of antiretroviral therapy (ART) programs on a large scale is taking place in many countries, mainly due to the reduction in the cost of drugs and the injection of significant funding from initiatives such as the Global Fund and the US President s Initiative. Although this expansion is tak
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrE1225)
Stover J, Begala J;;;; Futures Group, Glastonbury, CT, United States
Achieving the goals of UNGASS requires increasing the coverage of essential care services to at least 50% of those who need them and increasing the coverage of key prevention services to 50-80% of those who need them. This report presents results from 80 countries on the coverage of these key services in 20
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrE1226)
Innocent N, Munyakazi L, Donner J, Ruxin J, Schocken C, Ellis D, Sharffenberger G, Johnson P, Sundaram L;;;; Rwandan Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda
Rwanda plans to increase the number of people on ARV treatment from 1,000 to 50,000 by 2005. This dramatic response requires a robust information system that meets the unprecedented challenges involved in rapid scale up of HIV/AIDS care and treatment programs, supports monitoring and evaluation and helps streng
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrE1227)
Martinson NA, Bakos D, Gray G, McIntyre J;;;; Johns Hopkins University and Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa
There is little information on the costs of HIV care in resource poor settings where nurses provide most primary care. We report on actual costs of non-ARV HIV care provided by nurse practitioners supported by a doctor. Care included screening and preventive treatment for OIs, verbal screening and treatment
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuOrE1228)
Onoja A, Idoko J, Fola T, Sani-Gwarzo N;;;; Federal ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
The Federal Government of Nigeria embarked on implementing Africa s largest antiretroviral treatment in April 2001. The program provides treatment at 25 sites located in several cities in Nigeria at subsidized rates. Though each site is allocated a specified number of treatment slots, many centers exceeded thei
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4299)
Matovu Abubakar MR;;;; Jamii Ya Kupatanisha (JYAK), Masaka, Jyak, Kampala, Uganda
Given the status of the community leaders; chiefs their aides and community headmen and the respect accorded them by their communities an innovative decision was made to sensitise these cultural leaders before implementing a current running research project on HIV/ AIDS which involves voluntary counselling and t
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4300)
Chen SS, Chan WE, Wang YL, Lin HH;;;; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
The long cytoplasmic tail of HIV-1 Env plays crucial roles in virus replication. Determining whether the presence of an intact, full-length cytoplasmic tail is a prerequisite for Env function is fundamental to understanding the role of the cytoplasmic tail during the evolution of HIV-1. Methods: Viral infec
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4301)
Zheng NN, Daniels RS;;;; University of Washington, Seattle, United States
Env gene glycoprotein products are essential to viral infectivity and important targets for host s humoral and cellular immune responses. We have previously reported the construction of C2, an effective env-gene cassetting system for assessing biological properties of HIV-1 subtype B env-gene glycoprotein p
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4302)
Hattori T, Xiao P, Usami O, Ling H;;;; RID, International Medical Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
Inflammation causes accelerated HIV infection. Thrombin is one of the most active inflammatory factors. It has been implicated that serine proteases including thrombin can cleave V3 loop of gp120 on the most conserved tip of V3 loop (GPGRAF sequence). Therefore we evaluated if the proteases activate the env
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4303)
Madani G, Abdeyazdan Z;;;; Faculty of Nursing Isfahan university, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran
Introduction: AIDS is a threatening disease, which is not so cared in our Society while it can involve teenagers. Although this is not as a serious Problem in schools now but it should be decided before it gets. Materials and methods: This is a descriptive analytic study on 175 female and male high school students stud
Introduction: This study measured nursing faculty members knowledge on prevention of AIDS. A total of sixty members in five nursing midwifery colleges were selected randomly. Methods: This is a descriptive study. The accessible population has been the faculty, holding Master of Science in nursing specialties (maternal-
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4305)
Martin G, Roy J, Giguere JF, Belanger D, Petrin M, Tremblay MJ;;;; Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, CHUL, Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada
A wide range of host-derived molecules are incorporated in the envelope of HIV-1 and they were shown to either modify HIV-1 infectivity or initiate signaling events in T cells. The aim of this study is to evaluate if HIV-1 could incorporate both peptide-loaded class II MHC (MHC-II) and the co-stimulatory B7
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4306)
Mukasa DE;;;; Sir Albert Cook and Banda Clinic, Kampala, Uganda
In February 2003 twenty patients with a confirmed HIV infection were selected from a large group in Kampala which sample contained both adult males and females. They were chosen without regard to age race or social ties. Patients obviously having other diseases were not included. Before beginning the treatment the CD4+
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4307)
Karlsson I, Antonsson L, Shi Y, Oberg M, Karlsson A, Albert J, Olde B, Owman C, Jansson M, Fenyo EM;;;; MMDI, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Chimeric receptors, where successively larger parts of CCR5 have been systematically exchanged for CXCR4, have previously been shown to be fine instruments for detection of HIV-1 evolution within the CCR5-using phenotype (R5). Exclusive use of wild type CCR5 defined the R5narrow phenotype, whereas the abili
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4308)
Feng TJ, Wang XH, Chen L, Wang FS;;;; Shenzhen Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Shenzhen, China
To analyse and investigate the genotypes and allelic frequencies of CCR5, CCR2b and SDF1 relevant to HIV-1 resistance in Chinese AIDS patients, and to study the association of them with AIDS disease progression. Methods: Genome DNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 68 AIDS patients were amp
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4309)
Bessong PO, Obi CL, Phoswa M, Cilliers T, Papathanasopoulos M, Morris L;;;; Department of Microbiology, University of Venda for Science and Technology, Thohoyandou, South Africa
The Limpopo province of South Africa , has experienced a dramatic rise in HIV prevalence. In studying the biological properties of viruses from this region, 14 HIV-1 subtype C primary isolates were screened for their preference for CCR5 or CXCR4, coreceptors which are required together with the CD4 receptor
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4310)
Giguere JF, Tremblay MJ;;;; Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, CHUL, Laval University, Ste-Foy (Qc), Canada
Impeding the attachment/entry of HIV in the target cell is presently attracting interest, as demonstrated by the development of a new fusion inhibitor, i.e. T 20. Many host factors play a role in the attachment process, such as membrane proteins acquired by HIV-1 during the budding of viral particles at the
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4311)
Machado ES, Lambert JS, Schrago C, Afonso AO, Cunha SM, Oliveira RH, Soares MA;;;; Servico de Doencas Infecciosas e Parasitarias, HUCFF, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Most HIV-1 infected children develop disease in the first years of life and median survival time is estimate to be around 8 years. In a cohort of 40 perinatally HIV-1 infected children diagnosed between 1999 and 2001, we found 6 patients (15%) older than 9 years of age (mean age: 11 years). The determinants
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4312)
Kasibotla K;;;; Institution, Hyderabad, India
In India the HIV/AIDS epidemic is now 15 years old, & emerged as one of the most serious public health problems in the country. The initial cases of HIV/AIDS were reported among commercial sex workers & injecting drug. The infection has since then spread rapidly in the country. As a part of the partners
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4313)
Mild M, Bjorndal A, Medstrand P, Fenyo EM;;;; Institute of Med. Microbiology, Dermatology and Infection, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
HIV-1 is dependent on CD4 and chemokine co-receptors to infect cells. MultitropicHIV-1 isolates are composed of genetically related but distinct variants, so called quasi-species, and interact with various combinations of co-receptors. Dissecting the complex composition of virus populations and the underlyi
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4314)
Moriuchi M, Moriuchi H;;;; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
Levels of CCR5 expression appear to be critical for infectability by R5 HIV-1 or rate of disease progression in infected individuals. However, molecular mechanisms regulating CCR5 expression have not been precisely clarified yet. Here we report a role of DBP (albumin D-element binding protein) in CCR5 promo
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4315)
Modukanele M, Armstrong K, Ndung'u TP, Vladmir N, Sepako E, MacFrane M, Essex M;;;; Botswana Harvard Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C is now responsible for the majority of infections in the HIV/AIDS pandemic and is the predominant virus in Southern Africa. Although the reasons for the rapid spread of HIV-1 subtype C remain largely unclear, HIV-1 subtype C possesses unique genetic features tha
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4316)
Mohabbat P;;;; Cathe Foundation Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
Preamble: Discrimination is at its peak in Pakistan where issue of HIV/AIDS and Sexual Reproductive rights are so stigmatized that PLWHA are facing a tough time. Pakistan being rigid and orthodox society with limited religious boundaries has very fixed social norms where sex and sex related issues are not discussed ope
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4317)
Sepako E, Ndung'u T, Gaseitsiwe S, Bedi K, Peter T, Kasipo C, Modukanele M, Essex M;;;; Botswana Harvard Aids Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
HIV-1C accounts for nearly 50% of all HIV/AIDS cases in the pandemic and is the predominant subtype in the heavily burdened region of southern Africa. Although the reasons for the rapid spread of HIV-1C remain largely unclear, the HIV-1C env gene possesses unique genetic features that have suggested importa
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4318)
Rodriguez LR;;;; Provincial Center for the Promotion and Education for Health, PINAR DEL RIO, Cuba
Sex transmited infections are at present as the reasons of morbility inside the national epidemiological situation; they affect mainly the MSM population (Men who have Sex whit men) who are from 15 to 24 years old. Directly most of the cases diagnosed as persons living with HIV/AIDS is inside this group. Ob
The Nigeria media are not reporting the Islamic standpoint on HIV/AIDs pandemics. The implication is devastating,as Muslims constitute 60% of the nations population going by 1990 census. Discription: Given the rising advocacy against the HIV/AIDs pandemics by non-govermental organisations,government,health agen
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4320)
Polonis VR, Darden JM, Tovanabutra S, Sittisombut N, Chantakulkij S, Oblander T, Brown BK, Carr JK, McCutchan FE, Birx DL, de Souza MS;;;; The Henry M. Jackson Fnd., Rockville, MD, United States
Several HIV-1 recombinants have become prevalent circulating forms, such as CRF 01_AE and the recently identified CRF 15_01/B. The goal of this study was to characterize the neutralizing antibody (NAb) profiles and biotypes of HIV-1 recombinant isolates from Thailand to assess the potential impact of these
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4321)
Reeves JD, Lee F, Miamidian JL, Juntilla M, Jabara C, Doms RW;;;; University of Pennsylvania, Dept of Microbiology, Philadelphia, PA, United States
Several antiviral agents that target different stages of HIV entry into cells are in clinical development, with the entry inhibitor enfuvirtide (ENF/T-20) having recently received FDA approval for use in the therapy of multiple-drug-experienced patients.
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4323)
Shimizu N, Tanaka A, Oue A, Takebe Y, Hoshino H;;;; Department of Virology and Preventive Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
Several G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) including chemokine receptors (CKRs) have been shown to act as coreceptors for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), HIV type 2 (HIV-2), and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Two CKRs, CCR5 and CXCR4, are thought to play important roles as major corecept
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4324)
Miyazaki Y, Kuwata T, Ibuki K, Miura T, Hayami M;;;; Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
N-linked carbohydrates on HIV-1 Env is considered to play a crucial role in viral replication and sensitivity to antibody-mediated neutralization. In addition, the sensitivities to neutralization were reported to be related to induction of neutralizing antibodies. We tried to elucidate the role of the carbo
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4325)
Walker PR, Choge IA, Ketunuti M, Cilliers T, Meyers T, Holmes EC, Morris L;;;; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
HIV-1 in infants infected by mother to child transmission is characterised by a bimodal distribution of disease outcome, defined as either rapid progression to AIDS within three years of birth, or slow progression, surviving over eight years of HIV infection. Disease outcome has been associated with various
Early in HIV-1 infection viruses using CCR5 as coreceptor are the most common. However, with disease progression many infected individuals develop virus variants that use CXCR4. Thus, approximately 50% of HIV-1 infected never acquire CXCR4-using isolates but maintain the R5 viruses despite AIDS onset. Never
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4327)
Dhungana MD, Ross JR, Mills SM, Acharya LA, Tuladhar ST, Shrestha MS;;;; New ERA, Kathmandu, Nepal
Rapid growth of HIV in last few years felt a need to measure risk behaviours among sex workers in Far Western districts. This study is the first of this type for that area. Methods: The sites, localities and the size of FSW were identified during the reconnaissance visit. Using probability proportional to s
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4328)
Marrima EJ;;;; AMODEFA ONG, MAPUTO, Mozambique
Mozambique is one of the most HIV infected countries in Africa. One of the factors that contributed to this situation was the delay of the Government response to it, the first case was identified in 1986 and the multisectoral response started 10 years later. This was also associated to myths and tabu at that ti
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4329)
Wilcox A;;;; Fenway Community Health, Boston, United States
Recruiting for HIV Vaccine trials is a difficult challenge given limited resources, vast and diverse audiences, and complicated messaging. The attached Awareness and Recruitment marketing plan has been developed to most cost-effectively address these issues. It can be used as an example of how to educate and recruit in
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4330)
Olson WC, Huang W, Franti M, Ketas TJ, Petropoulos CJ, Maddon PJ;;;; Progenics Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown NY, United States
The HIV-1 replication cycle initiates when viral gp120 binds CD4, which is the primary receptor for HIV-1. PRO 542 (CD4-IgG2) is a third-generation, tetravalent CD4-immunoglobulin fusion protein that has demonstrated significant antiviral activity in Phase I/II clinical trials. This study examined the basel
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4331)
Viveros-Rogel M, Soto-Ramirez L, Newburg DS, Ruiz-Palacios GM;;;; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
Sulfated glycolipids (SG) and glycosaminoglycans (GAG) present on the surface of colonic, vaginal epithelial and neuroglial cells bind to HIV gp120, suggesting that these glycoconjugates may have a role in HIV infection. Our objective was to test the ability of SG and GAG from human milk to inhibit HIV-1 in
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4332)
Franscisco MT;;;; University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Introduction: The object of this study is the life and health quality of the community s of Vila Dois Rios, Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil , area of environmental preservation and Campus of UERJ. It is objectified to delineate the social and helath profile and for that community s health and to implement a partici
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4333)
Franscisco MT;;;; University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Introduction: Condering the studies of Van Den Broucke (1997) ande Francisci et al. (2002), the study was selected: the administration of projects in prevention STD/AIDS in the University. Objectives: To describe that experience, defining the managerial style and the resolution of the projects. Methods: The qti-qualita
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4334)
Awojide KK;;;; Alliance Right Nigeria, University Of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Entry of HIV-1 into cells requires the binding of the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env), usually in association with CD4, to a chemokine receptor such as CCR5 or CXCR4. The physical interaction of Env with CCR5/CXCR4 has been difficult to study in detail with traditional cell surface binding assays. While direct Env bi
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4335)
Bukrinskaya A, Stevenson M, Dauphin AB;;;; University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
HIV-1 virions are produced as immature, noninfectious particles lacking a central core. Shortly after budding, virions temporally mature and acquire infectivity. However, we found that there is an early phase during which irreversibly noninfectious virions are produced. We compared the virion proteins, vira
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4336)
Mbaye PN;;;; Swaa, Thies, Senegal
Thies, a tourist region of 1,348635 inhabitants, is characterized by its geographic position. The prevalence rate of HIV in the region is 1,4% with male predominance (500 death cases caused by AIDS have been registered out o 5 500 new HIV infections detected through the national territory. According to the
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4337)
Doherty RS, De Oliveira T, Seebregts C, Danaviah S, Gordon M, Cassol S;;;; HIV Molecular Virology and Bioinformatics Unit Africa Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
Online resources are available for protein information or HIV sequence data, but both aspects must be combined in order to answer important unresolved questions about HIV-1 pathogenesis, transmission, evolution and response to therapy. This is especially true of HIV, due to the extensive post-transcriptiona
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4338)
Herrera B, Robinson WE Jr;;;; University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
The cytoskeleton is involved in cell cycle, motility and morphology as well as intracellular trafficking of macromolecules. After viral entry, the genome of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is transported to the nucleus as part of a large nucleoprotein complex, termed the reverse transcription complex
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4339)
Lopez-Galindez C, Iglesias-Sanchez MJ;;;; CNM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid 28220, Spain
Retrovirus are unique among viruses because they present two complete copies of the genomic RNA in each virion. It is believed that only one proviral DNA is formed from the two RNA copies in the virion. Methods: To check this hypothesis, we have constructed two deleterious HIV-1 variants in gag gene which u
Uncoating is an essential step in viral replication cycle. Little is known about the mechanism and requirement of the uncoating of HIV. This is mainly due to the lack of a reliable model for the study of uncoating process. Methods: We purified intact HIV-1 core particles by a spin-through technique, and mea
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4342)
Alfano M, Sidenius N, Blasi F, Poli G;;;; AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, DIBIT-Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
We have described that uPA, a ligand of uPAR (an independent predictor of HIV-1 disease progression in its soluble form present in plasma), inhibits virus replication in ex vivo cultures of lymphoid tissue and in the chronically HIV-1 infected promonocytic cell line U1. Since uPAR requires association with
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4344)
Thomson MM, Sierra M, Colomo C, Bru F, Perez-Alvarez L, Najera R;;;; Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
HIV-1 proteins are encoded in unspliced and diverse singly and doubly spliced (ss and ds) mRNAs. Data on the expression of alternatively spliced HIV-1 transcripts in vivo are scarce. Methods: Total RNA was extracted from 25 PBMC samples from 16 HIV-1-infected individuals. Transcripts were amplified across s
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4345)
Saadatmand J, Cen S, Kleiman L;;;; McGill University, Lady Davis Institute, Montreal, Canada
The incorporation of Gag-Pol into extracellular particles requires the participation of Gag, since the expression of Gag-Pol alone does not readily generate such particles (21). The Gag interaction with Gag-Pol is clearly an important part of the retroviral life cycle since Gag-Pol carries essential enzymes
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4346)
Cen S, Kleiman L;;;; Lady Davis Institute, Montreal, Canada
During assembly of HIV-1, the major tRNALys isoacceptors tRNALys1,2 and tRNALys3, are selectively incorporated into the virus. tRNALys3 is annealed to the primer binding site (PBS), and used as the primer for initiating minus-strand cDNA synthesis. Methods: in vitro reverse transcription assay. Results: We
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4347)
Guo F, Kleiman L;;;; Lady Davis Institute, Montreal, Canada
Objectives: During the initial stages of assembly of HIV-1, a tRNALys packaging complex is formed whose components include genomic RNA, Gag, GagPol, tRNALys, and lysyl tRNA synthetase (LysRS). Gag is sufficient for the incorporation of LysRS into Gag viral-like particles, but GagPol is required for tRNALys incorporatio
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4348)
Aubertin AM, Cluet D, Bertsch C, Beyer C, Gloeckler L, Gut JP, Galzi JL;;;; INSERM-ULP, Strasbourg, France
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Nef protein exerts several functions during the virus replication cycle, among them, CD4 down regulation is critical for virus infectivity, efficient replication and pathogenesis expression. Several steps of the CD4 endocytosis mediated by Nef have been described and the
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4349)
Liang H;;;; St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
Viral dynamic studies are important to understand pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection and assess the potency of antiretroviral therapies. Many different viral dynamic models and methods for estimating viral dynamic parameters have been proposed and used in different studies. Methods: Based on a clinical study a
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4350)
Pomerantz RJ, Sullivan J, Xu Y, Souder E, Hamer DH, Kulkosky J;;;; Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United States
Introduction: The novel anti-tumor promoting phorbol ester, prostratin, was evaluated for its ability to induce the expression of latent, HAART-persistent HIV-1 from specific sub set of patients peripheral blood cells. Methods: These studies were performed relative to the use of other cellular activating agents, such a
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4351)
Sharova N, Sharkey M, Stevenson M;;;; University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, United States
Although Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 (HIV-1) is generally thought to assemble at the plasma membrane of infected cells, virions have been observed in intracellular compartments in macrophages. In macrophages, virus assembly occurs within cytoplasmic vesicles and leads to the accumulation of morphogenically matu
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4352)
Hamano T, Sawanpanyalert P, Okamoto T, Hibi Y, Takahashi N, Yanai H, Hara T, Yamazaki S, Yamamoto N, Honda M, Matsuo K;;;; AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
We found that 15 HIV-1 seronegative but gag gene positive drug users (gag-pos) who showed high effector CD8+ T lymphocyte activity without detectable HIV-1 antibodies and viral load. Furthermore, the gag gene demonstrated unique sequence in which gag nucleotide position 75 (nt75) was different from common H
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4353)
Cassol E, Page T, Mosam A, Dwyer E, Friedland G, Cassol S, Coovadia HM;;;; HIV Molecular Virology and Bioinformatics Unit, Africa Centre, Doris Duke Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
During antiretroviral therapy, HIV-1 replication persists in CD14+CD16+ monocytes and CD4+CD45RO+ memory T-cells. Understanding the factors that enhance or suppress HIV-1 replication in these cellular reservoirs is fundamental to the design of more effective treatment strategies. Methods: Twelve HIV-1 infec
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4354)
Pires A, Hardy GA, Gotch F, Gazzard B, Imami N;;;; Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Establishment of a pool of latently HIV-1-infected cells during acute infection results in lifelong persistence of the virus, even in patients receiving potent antiretroviral therapy (ART). Methods: We quantified HIV-1 DNA in peripheral blood samples from 42 HIV-1-infected subjects; 27 patients initiated non
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4355)
Martinez MA, Parera M, Ibanez A, Clotet B;;;; Fundacio irsiCaixa, Badalona, Spain
The mechanisms involved in maintaining a latent replication-competent integrated HIV-1 reservoir after successful HAART have not been fully described. The objective of this study was to assess whether low level, persistent HIV-1 replication can be detected within the protease gene in 10 HIV-1 infected patie
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4356)
Matsushita S, Kimura T, Shirai N, Koito A, Yoshimura K;;;; Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
Even in patients whose plasma viral load were undetectable for certain period of time by HAART, persistence of proviral DNA (pDNA) of HIV-1 in PBMCs has been reported. The persisting pDNA was mainly derived from a residual virus replicated in lymphoid organ. Using highly sensitive assay to detect pDNA and t
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4357)
Schupbach J, Tomasik Z, Gunthard H, Battegay M, Vernazza P, Bernasconi E, Hirschel B;;;; University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Stop of HAART is followed by a rapid rebound of HIV-1 RNA. It is unknown how p24 antigen, a viral marker which can be measured by an inexpensive but highly sensitive test, responds to treatment cessation. Methods: P24 was measured in 65 participants of a structured treatment interruption study, in whom afte
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4358)
Naver L, Bohlin AB, Belfrage E, Casper C, Ehrnst A;;;; Department of Clinical Science, Division of Pediatrics, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
We investigated how infectious viral load in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) changed over time in perinatally HIV-1 infected and prospectively followed children, and how it related to quantitative HIV-1 RNA, coreceptor tropism and disease progression. Method: Virus culture of plasma and
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4359)
Christo PP, Greco DB, Aleixo AV, Livramento JA;;;; Eduardo de Menezes Hospital, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Introduction: plasma HIV RNA levels reflect systemic viral replication but in CNS it may occur relatively independent of systemic infection, yet clinical application of CSF HIV-1 RNA levels is not clearly defined. to quantify CSF and plasma HIV-1 RNA levels in AIDS patients and the association between viral
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4361)
Goodenow MM, Rose SL, Sleasman JW;;;; University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
Subsets of CD4 T cells express CD45RA and CXCR4 or CD45RO and CCR5 or CXCR4 coreceptors. The study objective was to determine a temporal relationship between virus and host cells by using emergence of protease [PR] resistance as a genetic marker. Methods: Purified CD45RO or CD45RA CD4 T cells were isolated
To corroborate declining HIV trends using syphilis as a marker of common sexually transmissible infection. Uganda started to observe a decline in HIV infection/prevalence rates around 1996. Explanation for this event has taken several dimensions including the stage of maturity of HIV/AIDS epidemi
Int Conf AIDS 2004 Jul 11-16; 15:(abstract no. TuPeA4363)
Mologni D, Zanone Poma B, Citterio P, Menzaghi B, Rusconi S, Galli M, Riva A;;;; Institute of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Milan, Italy
HIV-1 Vpr is a small soluble protein that is expressed late during viral replication. A higher frequency of R77Q Vpr mutation has been recently demonstrated: in Long Term Non Progressor (LTNPs) patients compared to patients with progressive disease. Methods: We have examined 14 LTNPs, 20 antiretroviral ther
